wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,j wfma je,.sh uq,.sh ;eka ßp¾â,Sls ck iudc lvd jefgkafka cdfrâ vhukaâ wohdmksl jdr iõrdj äðg,a uqøkh l,dm

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1 wfma je,.sh uq,.sh ;eka ßp¾â,Sls ;;= wohdmksl jdr iõrdj äðg,a uqøkh l,dm wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,j fld,ska nrdia ck iudc lvd jefgkafka cdfrâ vhukaâ ;;= 1

2 ;;= thathu.com wohdmksl jdr iõrdj äðg,a uqøkh ;;= m%ldykhls m,uqjeks l,dmh 2 ;;=

3 úfyaidx. wfma je,.sh uq,.sh ;eka ßp¾â,Sls iodpdrh wfma iyc Wreuhla jqfka wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,j fld,ska nrdia ck iudc lvd jefgkafka cdfrâ vhukaâ ;;= 3

4 l;=jelsh wdos udkj úúo;ajh fïid isñ; jqfha wfma wdè udkj uq;=ka ñ;a;ka wm%sldfjka ìysjq njg idlals l.kkska ;snqk;a Tjqka mq¾j udkjhkaf.a isg udkjhka olajd mßkduhg,lajqfha ukao hkak l,la hkf;lau meyeè,s fkdùh' udkjhka úiq iqúfyai mßirh;a ta mßirfha jmißh mq,a lsíug odhl jq ;dlaiksl ÈhqKqj ksid;a wdè udkjhka mßkduhg,la úkehs lsj yels nj ksõ ihkaáiaü iõrdjg,sms fm<la,shñka le,sf*dakshd n¾la,s iriúfha udkj mßkdu m¾fhaik uohia:dkfha wohlai uydpd¾h áï ã jhsü mjihs' wdè udkqi ^homonid& úfyai j, mdidksn+; jq idlais fidhd.eksu myiq jevla fkdfõ' tfy;a ;ukao ñysmsg úiq nj ysá yeáfha wmg fmkajd fokakg l< jehula fuka óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk 2'5 lg fmr isg wdè udkjhka Tjqkaf.a.,a whqo iefyk m%udkhla wmg b;sßlr f.dia we;' óg jir ñ,shk 1'5 lg fmr fydafuda bfrlagia udkj úfyaihg hqfrdamh iy bkaÿksishdj olajd mjd me;sr hdug yelsjk f,i wdèudkjhkaf.a jdi N+ñ ksfla;k iy Nqf.da,Sh l,dmh iqúyd, jyfhka mqæ,a lsíug.,a wdhqo ;dlaikh buy;a f,i odhl úh' iuia; udkqi j¾.h ms<sìuq lrk mjq,a.y.ylg jvd fnfyúka w;=m;r we;s m rla jeksh hkqfjka wefußldkq mqrdôj úohd{fhl= jk keis.sh iaàjka fê f.da,aâ 1977oS m< l< Y%dia;%Sh,smshl i yka lf<ah' wo jk úg udkqi l=,hg wh;a úúo udkjrems úfyai 25lg wêl m%udkhla fidhd oekf.k we;s neúka f.d,aâf.a wkdjelsh yßnj mejish yelshs' tfy;a u;l ;ndhq;= lrek jkafka fuhska fndfyda úfyai ild,slúfyai (Chronospecies) f,i kï l< yels mßè tl úfyaihla fl,skau ;j;a úfyaihla njg mßkduh ùfuka we;sjqkq udkj úfyai njhs' thg WodyrKhls uq,au Tiag%f,damsf;lia udkj úfyai jk Tiag%f,damsf;lia w*dfrkaisia iy Tiag%f,damsf;lia wekdfukaisia udkj úfyai' j¾;udkfha Ôj úfyaihkaf.a ffcj úúo;ajh úuik úohdf{fhla tlu wjêhl Ôj;ajQ {d;s iïnkaolï we;s Ôùka ljqrekaoehs úuisug,la lsíu iajdndjhls' tfy;a ta wdldrfhka udki úfyaij, f*dis, úuiqug,la l< úg wmg oel.kakg,efnkafka m rlg jvd lelagia.ila jeks w;= lsysmhlg isud jq udkqi fm<m;a lsysmhla muks' we;a; jyfhkau udkqi úfyaij, Wmßu úúo;ajh mej;=fka óg jir ñ,shk follg fmr flá l<la ;=< fm<m;a y;rl udkqi fm<m;a tlu wjêhl wm%sldfõ jdih lrk úg h' tfy;a uq,sl m%yakh jkafka udkqi fm<m;a lshla ;snqkdo hkak fkdj m<;=re jjq,ka iy ol=kq wfußldkq j rka jeks i;=ka yd iei fï wfma mßkduh ms,sn jdlaifha udkqi úfyai úúo;ajh fu;rï isñ; jqfha wehso hkakhs' jir ñ,shk yhlg fmr wfma wdè udkqihkag kscìu jq i¾jnlaisl >k jkh miq lf,l, ;eks iys; jvd t<suyka mßirhka njg m;aùu;a ;dlaikh ksid,enqkq wu;r yelshdjka j,g wkqj udkqi úfyaij, kek kqjk mqæ,a ùu;a we;eï úg thg fya;=jkakg we;' 4 ;;=

5 wfma je,.sh uq,.sh ;eka we;a;gu wm lshk tlhs wmg yeuodu ;snqk f,dl=u m%yakh' yßhg neæfjd;a wm hkqfjka woyia lrkafka fl,ska ysg.kak mq,qjka" fomhska weúèk" f,dl= fud<hla ;sfhk" fndfydu nqoaêu;a jdkr úfyaihla' wm whs;s fydañksfâ lshk i;aj mjq,g' wm tu mjqf,a fydafuda fiamshka fiamshka hk i;aj úfyaihhs' wfma j¾;udkh iy wkd.;h.ek l,amkd lrk úg fï wdldrfha j¾. lsßula wmg we;s nj u;l ;nd.eksu yß jeo.;a' ta jf.au oekg f,dalfha Ôj;afjk mkaodia mkaishla muk jq laisrmdhs i;aj úfyai j,ska wm;a tla j¾.hl' ta;a fï md:súfha fuf;la jdih l< ish u i;aj úfyai j, m%udkh i,ld ne fjd;a mkaoyia mkaishla hkq b;du;a w,am m%udkhla'.;jq wjqreÿ ñ,shk wgl ú;r ld,h i,ld ne fjd;a wm jkdys ta ld, mßéfpoh ;=< mßkduh ù ke;sù.sh fl,ska ysgf.k weúèk jdkr úfyai 16 lska b;=re jq tla úfyaihla mukhs' ta ksid fndfkdafnda j¾.fha Ññmkaiska yefrk fldg oekg ñysu; Ôj;afjk fl,ska ysg f.k fomhska weúèkakg mqˆjka tlu jdkr j¾.h wmshs' udkj úohd{ ßp¾â,Sls úisks fndfkdafnda Ññmkaiska wmg ;;= 5

6 fldhs;rï iómo lsõfjd;a wm fo f.d,a,kaf.au cdk ixhq;sfhka 99]lau tl iudkhs' wfma uqf,d;am;a;sh ke;akï iïnjh wm yd tlaj fnod.kakd uyd jdkr úfyaihka w;f,diaila ;ju;a ñysmsg bkakjd' jeo.;au foa wm mßkduhg,la jq i;aj j¾.hla nj u;l ;nd.eksuhs' iuyrla whg mßkduh fkdreiaik jpkhla' ta;a f.dß,a,ka" idudkh Ñïmkaiska iy fndfkdafnda Ñïmkaiska o iu. wm meje; tkafka tlu fmdÿ mq¾jc ó uq;af;laf.ka' ta ksid f.dß,a,kao Ññmkaiskao we;= wm ish,a,kagu we;af;a fmdÿ w;s;hla iy fmdÿ wkd.;hla' fï ish uyd jdkr úfyai wm jf.au ¾> ld,sk mßkdóh.uklska úldih jq whhs' fï mßkdóh.uk fldhs;rï l=;=y,h okjk fohlao lsõfjd;a uf.a mjqf,a idudðlhka mrïmrd ;=klu wjodkh fhduqjqfka kef.kysr wm%sldfjka fmdis, kiagdjfyai u;=fldg.,mñka ta mßkdóh C%shdj,sh flfia isÿù oehs f;areï.eksughs' yl= weghl fldgia ;SlaIK weilg mukla wiqjk ;rï l=vdhs' fmdis, weglgq fidhk fujeks.fõik fnfyúka l,a.;jk" mqyqkq Y%ñlhka úyd, msßila wjyh b;d m%fõifuka yd bjis,af,ka l,hq;= foaj,a' fmdis,hla yuq jq jydu wm lrkafka th yuq jq ;ek yßhgu i,l=kq lrk tlhs' wo ldf,a ;sfhk ÔmStia ;dlaikfhka fï lghq;a; lèug bgq lrkak mqˆjka' B<Õg wm lrkafka fidhd.;a fmdis, øjhfha ;%sudk äðg,a mska;+rhla.eksuhs' ta ksid wr fidhd.;a fmdis, lene,a, ;snqkq úèhgu ;sh, W;=re flkahdfõ l< wfma tla.fõykhlè fidhd.;a jir ñ,shk 4'1 lg fmr úiq fomhska ysgf.k weúèk jdkr úfyaihl ßp¾â,slSf.a fouõmsfhda fïß iy úia,sls udkj úohdjg úisiag fiajhla l<d udß,sls wkqiaurkh lrñka 2013 os ì%;dkh fï uqÿorh ksl=;a l<d' 6 ;;=

7 1974 os mqrd;;aj úohd{ fvdk,aâ fcdkaika kef. kysr wm%sldfõ T,aâjdhs ñáhdjf;a l< leksï j,ska jir ñ,shk 3'2la merks ia;%s weg iels,a,l fldgila fidhd.;a;d' is hkqfjka kï ;enq fï iels,a, ysñldßh Tiag%f,dms;slia úfyaihg wh;a mq¾j udkj j¾.hla' fï Wml,amkh l, isf.a wkqqrejla' tkak wmg mq jka' túg fï úèhg jd¾;d lrk f;dr;=re mßkduh ms<sn f.da,sh f;dr;=re ixñ;lhkg we;=,a lrkak m jka' ta wkqj md:súh mqrd udkj mßkduh isÿjq wkaou ksíkaikh lsíu myiqhs' fyd hs ug oeka wjyh Tfí wjodkh wjqreÿ ñ,shk follg fmr ;snq wm%sldkq uydoaùmh fj;g fhduq lsíughs' wm%sldkq uydoaùmfha is;shu;a yßhg mq¾j udkjfhl=f.a ysia ln,la jf.hs' oeka wms wm%sldkq is;shfï kef. kysr we;s f.a%ü ß*aÜ je,s ke;akï uyd úfnaok ñáhdj; kñka y kajk Nqñ,laIKh foi n,uq' we;a;gu fï úfnaok ñáhdj; W;=f¾ we;s tavka uqyqÿ fndlafla isg u,dú ú, olajd me;srekq È.á my;a ìula' fomi we;s l j, isg fï my;a ìug.,d wd c,h iu. meñks frdka uv j,ska jeis wdrlaid jqkq f*dis, kiagdjfyai j,ska ñáhdj; fndfydu fmdfydi;a' we;a;gu wdè udkjhka.ek wfma j¾;udk oekqu uq ukskau mdfya f.dv ke.s we;af;a fujeks ;ekaj,ska,nd.;a f*dis, o%jh ksihs' fï ñáhdjf;a f*dis,.fõykh werö ;ju jir mkylg jeä keye' ñáhdjf;a flkahdjg wh;a fldgfi msysá ;=¾ldkd ú, winv fmfoi j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 20"000 la ú;r úyd,hs' wm fï fmfofika fidhd.;a f*dis, o%jh j,g wkqj wjqreÿ ñ,shk follg muk fmr fï fmfofia fydafuda bfr- ;;= 7

8 lagia kï udkj úfyaih Ôj;a jq nj ;yjqre jqkd' fydafuda bfrlagia Ôj;a jq ta wjêfha wvqu jyfhka fuf,dj ;j;a udkj úfyai ;=kla Ôj;a jq njg idlais,eî ;sfnkjd' fldákau lsúfjd;a yeuodu f,dalfha ysáfha wm jeks tlu udkj úfyaihlah hk u;h i;hla fkdfjhs' ld,h Tiafia we; we; w;s;hg.sfhd;a we;a;gu wmg oel.; yelsfjkafka udkjhkaf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;ka jyfhka ie,elsh yels wdè udkj úfyai lsysmhlau tlu ld,hl Ôj;a jq njhs' fï wdldrhl úúo wdè udkj úfyai we;s jqfka hk mekhghs wm oeka ms<s;=re fidhñka isákafka' uf.a foudmshka flkahdfõ ;=¾ldkd ú, wi, wdè udkjhkaf.a f*dis, fidhk wjèfha Tjqka iu.uhs ud we;s oeä jqfka' ug jhi wjqreÿ 8 ;;= gq¾ldkd orejd f.a wdo¾yhla 12la fjk fldg uf.a fouúmshkag fydafuda bfrlagia j¾.fha <ufhl=f.a iïmq¾k weg iels,a,la mdod.eksug yelsjqkd' f,dj mqrd udkj úohd{hka wukaodkkaohg m;a l< gq¾ldkd orejd' hk kñka yeèka jqkq ta weg iels,af,a ysñ ldrhd jqfka uf.a jhfiau isá fydafuda bfrlagia j¾.fha <ufhla' <ud ld,fha lsishï wk;=rlg,la jq,l=kq Tyqf.a fld wegfhka oel.kakg,enqkd' Tyq lsishï wdldrhl ye,l jegqkq nj;a bka f.dvùug fkdyelsj ñhefokakg we;s nj;a wkqudk l< yelsj ;snqkd' Tyqf.a isrer jyd je,,s.sh neúka weg iels,a, ukdj ixrlaikh ù ;snqkd' fï gq¾ldkd orejdf.a weg iels,a, Tyqf.a urkfhka jir ñ,shk 1'6 lg miqjhs uf.a fouõmshka úiska mdod.kq,enqfõ' fydafud bfrlagia úfyaihg wh;a fï <uhdf.a isrer fndfyda ÿrg ñksia weg iels,a,lg iudk jqk;a ie,elsh hq;= fjkialï o olakg,enqkd' fï fidhd.eksfuka miq fydafuda bfrlagia j¾.fha ;j;a weg iels,s.kkla W;=re wm%sldfjka" fcda¾ðhdfjka" Ökfhka iy

9 muk fmrhs' ta;a fl,ska isgf.k weúèk ;j;a wdè udkj úfyai ;=klaj;a óg wjqreÿ 30"000 lg muk fmr;a wm iu. fï md:súh u; jdih l<d' bkaÿksishdfjka o fidhd.kq,enqjd' fï wkqj fydafuda bfrlagia úfyaifha udkjhka óg mrïmrd 90"000 lg muk fmr wm%sldfjka ksl=;a ù wkqc%ufhka f,dalfha úúo fmfofia j,g jhdma; jq nj fmfkkjd' wm wh;ajk udkj úfyaih jk fydafuda fiamshkaia fiamshkaia udkjhka wfma j¾;udk iajremhg mßkduh jqfka kef.kysr wm%sldfõ óg jir fo,laihlg muk fmrhs' wm wm%sldfjka msg;a ù f,dj mqrd jhdma; ùu weruqfõ óg jir 70"000 lg fldfydu jqk;a m%yakh we;a;gu wms ljqo hkakhs' wka udkj úfyai yd ii k úg hï hï hym;hehs lsj yels,laik ;snqko wm jkdys mßirh IKh lrk" kdia;sldí i;aj úfyaihla njhs fmakafka' wmg fmr úiq wdè udkjhkag jvd wfma fud<h úyd,hs' úyd, fud<hla ;sîu hym;a mßkduhl,laikhla o keoao hkak ;yjqre fjkafka fldhs;rï l,la wfma fï fydafuda fiamshkaia fiamshkaia úfyaih ñysmsáka j fkdù isàúo hk ldrkh u;hs' we;eï úg,enqkq úyd, fud<h ksis f,i fhdod ;;= 9

10 fkd.eksu fya;=fldg f.k fuf;la ñysu; wvqu ld,hla ðj;a ùug kshñ; udkj úfyaih wm jkakgo ms<sjka' wm wms hk jpkfhka ye kaùug wm iqÿiqlï,enqfõ ud ys;kafka wfkl=;a wdè udkj úfyaihkaf.ka wm fjkia jkafka wfma iduqysl nqoaêh wiu iu jq fohla ksihs" l;d lsíug yd,sùug wmg we;s iú{dksl yelshdj wfma iduqysl nqoaêfha jeo.;a ;ekla f.k ;sfnkjd' b;du;a rˆ.,a fuj,ï j,ska mgkaf.k b;d ixls¾k fuj,ï ;kd.eksug wmg yelsj ;sfnkjd' wõyre f,dj u; iajhxc%sh r:hla heùug;a wfma uˆ udkj fcfkdauhu iúia;rj o;a;.; lsíug;a wmg yelsj ;sfnkjd' f*dis, jd¾;d j,g wkqj wmg fmr úiq yeu udkj úfyaihlau idudkhfhka jir ñ,shkhla.;ùug fmr ñysmsáka ke;sj f.dia 10 ;;= ;sfnkjd' fydafuda fiamshka fiamshka udkj úfyaih jyfhka wm ;ju;a.;lr we;af;a jir 200"000la mukhs' tfy;a oekgu;a ixlhdfjka ì,shk 6'5 la blaujd we;s wfma udkj úfyaih ñka fmr úiq lsisÿ udkj úfyaihlg jvd ck.ykfhka iy me;sífuka jeähs'.sh jif¾ mukla wfma ck.ykh ñ,shk 80lska jeä jqkd' fïjd w;syhska oejeka; jeäùï' ck.ykfha fï jeäùu md,kh lr.; fkdyels ùu wfma udkj úfyaifha meje;aug uy;a ;¾ckhla úh yelshs' uf.a mshd mejiq wkaoug wm jkdys i;aj úfyaihla jyfhka wfma meje;aug wys;lr foaj,a iú{dkslj f;dard.kakd tlu i;aj j¾.hh' ta wkqj wm oeka bkafka m%md;hl woaor' tfy;a m%md;hg jeàu je,elaùug.;hq;= mshjr ish udkjhka fj; ixksfõokh lsíug wjyh lrk ;dlaikh iy fuj,ï wm w;r ;sfnkjd' m%yakh ta i yd wjyh lrk oekqu ksis mßè ish,a,kagu ixksfõokh lrkjdo hkakhs' Ñïmkaiska iy fndfkdafnda Ñïmkaiska o iu. wm meje; tkafka tlu fmdÿ mq¾jc ó uq;af;laf.ka ta ksid f.dß,a,kao Ññmkaiskao we;= wm ish,a,kagu we;af;a fmdÿ w;s;hla iy fmdÿ wkd.;hla'

11 ojilg úis jrlaj;a iskdfikak frdka.=üuka iskdfõ uysuh fidhd oek.eksug l< m¾fhaik ud mgka.;af;a le,sf*dakshdfõ n¾la,s úyaj úohd,fha ' wjqreÿ 30la ;siafia m,jqkq úyaj úohd,fha mrk jd¾isl fmd;aj, ;snq YsIHkaf.a PdhdrEm wm úuiqug,la l<d' ta YsI- Hka oeka fudlo lrkafka" ujqkaf.a Ôú; fudk ;rï id¾:lo keoao jeks lrekq fldhs ;rï ÿrg ta PdhdrEm j< ms<sônq fjk iskdj;a iu. ixikaokh lrkak mq jkao lshk tlhs wfma úuis,a,g,lajqfka' iuyrla PdhdrEm j< lsisu iskdjla ;snqfka keye' tfy;a iskdiqk whf.a uqyqkqj, lsnqkq iskduqiq nj wkqj ta YsIHkaf.a Ôú; fldhs;rï mßmq¾ko" újdyh fln tlla úh yelso" wfkla wh m%fndaou;a lrkakg Tjqka fldhs;rï iu;ao hkak ks.uk l, yels l%ufõohla wms fidhd.;a;d' bka tl jd¾isl fmd;l ne/ la Tndudf.a iskduqiq PdhdrEmhl=;a ;snqkd' Bg u la iudk ;j;a m¾fhaikhla 2010 fõka iriúfha isÿl<d' Tjqka lf,a 1950g fmr uqøkh l< fíiafnda,a l%svlhkaf.a PdhdrEm ldùm;a úyd, m%udkhla wm l< wdldrhg iudkj úuis,a,g,lalsíuhs' ta wkqj l%svlhkaf.a iskduqiq nfõ m%udkh wkqj Tjqkaf.a wdhqi fldf;la oehs ks.ukh l< yels nj ta m¾fhailhka oek.;a;d' lsis yskdjla ke;s uqyqkq ;snq C%Svlhkaf.a idudkh wdhqi wjqreÿ 72la jq w;r iskduqiq uqyqkq iys; l%svlhkaf.a idudkh wdhqi wjqreÿ 80la jq ;;= 11

12 nj Tjqka fidhd.;a;d' we;a;gu lsõfjd;a wms W;am;a;sfhkau yskdj;a wrf.kuhs tkafka' ;%sudk w,ag%d ijqkaù ;dlaikh fhdodf.k l< mílaik j,g wkqj ujq l=ih ;=< u wm iskdfjk nj fidhdf.k ;sfhkjd' bmÿk jydu;a <orefjda uq,skau kskafo iskdfjkjd' wkao <orefjla jqk;a ñksia lg yëla weyqkdu yskd fjkjd' iskdj lshkafka ish ukqihkag iycfhka Wreu uq,sl m%ldykhla' ñksia uqyqfkka m<fjk woyia.ek úysiag.kfha m¾fhaik /ila l< fmda,a tlaudka" memqjd ksú.sks mf;a uq ukskau yqfol<dj úiq ñksuia le fmda f.da;%slhka iskdfikafkao wm ish,a,kau uqyqk fok wjia:djkag iudk wjia:dj, nj fidhd.;a;d' memqjd ksú.skshdfõ ú;rla fkfjhs f,dalh mqrd isák ieufokdu fndfyda úg iskdfikafka ;u i;=g" m%fudaoh m%ldy lsíughs' fyd hs` oeka Thf.d,a,ka w;ßka lsfofkla ojilg úis jrlg jvd yskdfjkjdo@ idudkhfhka.;af;d;a jeäysáhkaf.ka ;=fkka tlla mukhs ojilg úis ierhlg jvd iskdfikafka' we;a;gu jeäfhkau yskdfjkafka <uhs' <uhs w;r ojilg 400 j;djlg jvd iskdfik wh fndfydauhs' ks;r yskdfjk <uhs w;r bkak fldg Tng;a iskduqiq 12 ;;= uqyqkla we;sfjk nj Tn ksílaikh lr keoao@ iaùvkfha Wmai,d iriúfhka isÿ l< m¾fhaikhlg wkqj yskduqiq uqúka hful= foi n,k flfkl=g ksrdhdifhka rjd n,kakg neß nj ikd: lr ;sfhkjd' fya;=j iskdj lshkafka flfklaf.ka ;j;a flfkl=g fndafjk fohla njg m;ajqkq mßkdóh udkqisl,laikhla' iskduqiq ;ekl iudkhfhka uqyqfka we;s udxy fmays wmg wjyh wkaoug md,kh lr.eksfï yelshdfjka wm j,lajkjd' wmsg ksrdhdifhkau yskd hkjd' ta;a wms wfma udxyfmays md,kh lsífuka ;uhs fndrejg yskdfjkafka' mßkdujdoh y kajdÿka pd,aia vdúka uqyqfkka lshfjk woyia.ek u;hla m< lrñka wm

13 iskdfikafka ika;=iaáfha m,hlg jvd ikaf;daiùu Wfoidu nj lshd isáhd' ue;l c¾uksfha isÿl, tla m¾fhaikhl uqyqfka msysá iskd okjk udxi fmayska fndafgdlaia kue;s fnfy; ú fuka wm%dksl l<d' tfia udxyfmays wm%dksl lsíug fmr yd miq.;a fudf<a tï'wd¾'whs ialeka Pdhdjka ii d ne úg im%dksl uqyqfka we;sjk iskduqiq bßhõ ksidu fud<fha we;s ufkdandj m%ldyflfrk iakdhq W;af;ackh fjk nj;a taksidu i;=g cks; jk nj;a ;yjqre jqkd' ta wkqj pd,aia vdúkaf.a u;h yß' iskdùu u m%fudaoh we;s lsíug fya;=jla' fpdl,ü 2000 lska fud<fha we;s lrk W;af;ackhlg iudk W;af;ackhla tl iskyjlg l< yels nj ì%;dkhfha l< m¾fhaikhlska ;yjqre jqkd' ta m¾fhaikhgu wkqj tl iskdjlska,efnk W;af;ackh mjqï 16"000la Èkd.;a wfhl=,nk m%fudaohg iudkhs' ta wkqj ne fjd;a ojilg 400 jdrhla yskdfjk orefjla udla iql¾n¾.a ^uqyqkq fmd; whs;slre fldaám;shd& jf.h' wfkl fpdl,ü f.dvla lkjdg jvd f.dvla yskdfjk tl YÍr fi!lhhg;a fyd hs' iskdfjk fldg wfma isref¾ we;s fldaáfid,a" weùßkd,ska iy fvdamuhska jeks fydafudaka jeäfjkjd' ta ksidu wfma wd;;sh" fjfyi uykaislu wvqfjkjd' ta jf.au iskdfjk fldg reêr msvkh wvqfjkjd jf.au wfma ufkdndj ke;akï uqù tl m%ikak lrjk tkafv%dmska fydafudakh C%shd;aul fjkjd' ta;a uèkï Tfí iskdj wka l=ud¾ ix.laldr wh;=< Tn flfrys m%ikak yeõsula we;s lsíuu uèo@ fmka iriúfha l< m¾fhaikhlska fidhd.;a mßè Tfí iskdj wka wh w;r Tn m%ikak wdpdrys,s mqoa.,fhla jyfhka ie,lsug mukla fkdfjhs Tn ld¾hys,s mqoa.,fhl= jyfhka ie,elsugo fya;= fjkjd' b;ska Tfí wd;;sh wvqlrf.k újdy Ôú;h i;=áka.; lrkak" m%ikak yd ld¾hys,s flfkl= fjkak" fmdfydi;alfï m%s;sh we;s lr.kak wvqu jyfhka ojilg ;;= 13

14 20 jrlaj;a wjxlj iskdfikak' Tfí iskyfõ ta wiu iu uysuh Tng fi!lh iïmkak" m%s;su;a" ¾>dhq" Ôú;hl+;a Tfí iskyj nqla;s úèk whg m%ikak m%fudaohl=;a,ndfokjd' mkia jirlg fmr,xldfõ ckm%sh ñßosh u;ihl= jq b,;a;shd (Scatophagus argus) oeka b;d ÿ,n u;ihfhla' 1998 isg fï olajd tlai;a cd;skaf.a ;eme,a fiajdj úiska úkdy uqlhg hefï ;¾ckhg uqyqk we;s i;aj úfyai iïnkaofhka uqoaor l=,l 22la ksl=;a lr ;sfnkjd' Ñ;% Ys,amS weuäfhda npd¾ úika wèk,o fuys oelafjk uqoaor j,ska ms<sìuq jkafka fikaá óg¾ 15laa È. fvksiaf.a ms.añ uqyqÿ wyajhd (Denise s pygmy seahorse) f,dj úyd,;u u;aihhd jk ;,auia fudard (whale shark) îlal= ñá ysia fudard (scalloped hammerhead shark) iy we;eï ixild;ska úiska jdidkdfõ ixfla;hla f,i ie,flk wdishdkq wefrdjdkd (Asian arowana) hk c,c Ôù úfyaihs' fï uqoaor j,x.= jkafka tlai;a cd;skaf.a ;eme,a ld¾hd, w;r,sms yqjudre lghq;= i yd muks tfy;a f,dj mqrd uqoaor tl;= lrkakka w;r fïjdg b,aæula we;s neúka j ù hdug wdikak i;aj úfyai ms,sn wjodkh Èkd.ekSug uqoaor ksl=;a lsíu jeks l% shdjka m% dfhdackj;a jk nj tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúodkh mjihs' 14 ;;=

15 iodpdrh wfma iyc Wreuhla jqfka uf.a uq,au fmd; ud,sfõ Ñïmkaiskaf.a yeisíu.ek' úïmkais lsh, lshkafka fndfydu n, ldufhka fmf<k i;aj úfyaihlah hkakhs ta fmd;g f;audj jqfka' ta fjk fldg i;aj p¾hdj.ek flrekq fndfyda m¾fhaik j,g moku jqfka i;aj úfyai j, wdl%ukys,s yeisíu yd ;rõldí iajdndjhhs' ukqihkao we;=æj uq i;aj rdcodksfha ieu if;lau mdfya ;u j¾.hd iu. ;rõ lrk we;=,dka;fhkau wdc%ukys,s wh njhs tl, udo we;=æj fndfyda i;aj úoh{hkaf.a u;h jqfka' fldákau lsõfjdf;a wms yeuflfklau yqfola ;u ;uqkaf.a,dnh ;ld jevlrk wh njhs tu.ska ms<s.ekqfka' Ññmkaiska w;r we;s n, wr.,h" wdêm;h iy ;;= 15

16 wdc%ukys,s;ajh.ek m¾fhaik lrk w;r;=r ud ksílaikh l< wmqre fohla jqfka onrhl fhfok Ñïmkaiska fofofkla ieuúglu mdfya onrh wjidkfha tlsfkldg,xù kej; iudodk jk njhs' Wkqka ymd lñka onr lrk ;rek Ññmkais fofofkl=f.a onrh wjika jqfka.ia fon,l msysá w;a; w. ' tf;k tl Ññmkaisfhla wfkld fj; w; È.= lr iudodkhg leue;a; m,l<d' bkamiq Ññmkaiska fofokdu.ia fon,g meñk tlsfkld ism je< f.k iudodk jqkd fï wmqre yeisíu fndfydu l=;=y,h okjk fohla' ta fjk fldg yeu i;aj úohd{fhlau mdfya oere u;h jqfka i;ajhka iajdndjfhkau ;r.ldíh" wdl%ukys,sh hkakhs' ta wkqj 16 ;;= keu if;la tlaflda ch.kak ke" ke;akï mrdch fjkka ke' ta;a onrhlg miafia Èkqï merÿï fkd;ld Ññmkaiska fï wkaoug iudodk fjkafka ne ne,augu tjeks yeisíula ;¾ldkql+, keye' fï iudodkùfï yeisíu fndfkdafnda j¾.fha Ññmkaiska w;r b;d nyq,j we;s nj ksílaikh lr ;sfnkjd' fuhska yefõkafka.egqï ksid b ysg mæÿ fjk kuq;a tlsfkld w;r we;s ksrka;r in ;djh i;aj úfyaifha meje;au i yd b;d jákd tlla njhs' taksidu ta m oao uld.eksug hula l< hq;= ksihs iudodkh wjyh jkafka' m¾fhaik.kkdjlska fy<s jq fï wmqre ksílaik j,g miq ñksiqkao we;=æj i;aj rdcodksfha p¾hdjka ms<sn ud oere u;h iefyk ÿrg fjkia

17 fjkakg mgka.;a;d' oeka foaymd,k úohdj" wd¾:sl úohdj" o¾ykjdoh jeks úihka j, wm we;eï úg wyk fohla ;uhs ñksiqka yeisfrkafka fndfydaúg jdlhkaf.a jf.hs hk lshuk' ta lshkafka jdlhd jf.a hula veye.kakuhs wm;a n,kafka' wkhkaf.a ÿfla ksn j iylïmkhg m;ajk iudcys,s i;aj fldügdyhla' ukqihkaf.a iodpdrd;aul yeisíug ;=vqfok fya;= fudfkjdo hk m%yakhg ms<s;=re jyfhka fndfydaúg jeo.;a idol folla bèßm;a lrkjd' fldáka lsõfjd;a iajdndjfhkau ñksiaiq wd;aud¾:h fmrgq fldg.;a kmqre i;a;= cd;shla hk u;hhs ta wkqj wmg woykakg isÿù ;snqfka' ud ys;kafka fï fhÿu tl me;a;lska jdlhkag lrk n,j;a widodrkhla' fudlo jdlhka hkq b;du;au iyôjkfhka Ôj;a fjk i;aj cd;shl' wfkla w;g ta fhÿu ukqihkag;a lrk widodrkhla' ukao ukqih j¾.hd hkq wm is;kjdg jvd fnfyúka iyôjkys,s bka tlla ukqihhka i;= hqla;sh yd idodrkh u; mokï jqkq wfkdkh m%;swmldí iajndjhhs' wfkl ohdkqlïmdj u; mokï jqkq ukqihhkaf.a iylïmkys,s.=khhs' udkj iodpdrhg fya;= fï idol folg mukla isud fkdjqjo" ta idol foflka f;drj ukqihkag idodpdrd;aul p¾hdjla we;shehs úia;r lsíu wmyiqhs' ;;= 17

18 fuys wfma iodpdrh i;aj mßkdufha odhdohla hkak meyeè,s lsíug ux WodyrK lsysmhla olajkakï' oyl.kkdjlg fmr h¾la m%sudgd uohia:dkfha Ññmkaiska fhdod l< m¾fhaikhlska ud mgka.kakï' fï i yd fhdod.;af;a ;rek Ñumkaiska fofofkla' Tjqkg ;rula ÿßka ;nd we;s fmüáhl wdydr oud ;snqkd' ta;a tu fmüáh tl Ñïmkaisfhl=g mukla weo.eksug fkdyels ;rï nßka jeähs' ta ksid Ññmkaiska fofokdu tlaj ukd ixhuhlska tlúg fmüáh weoaod' bkamiq bka tl Ññmkaisfhla fmüáfha ;snq wdydr j,ska fyd g imamdhï jqkd" ta Ññmkaishd fmüáfha ;snqkq wdydr iïmq¾kfhka bjr l<d' Bg miafia wfkla Ññmkaishdg fmüáh.ek ;snqkq Wkkaÿj iïmq¾kfhka ke;sfj,d.shd' fï isoaofha ksílaikhg,lajqkq jeo.;a lrekq folla ;snqkd' bka tlla kï ;ukag ;ksju fmüáh weo.eksug neßnj jgyd.;a Ñïmkaishd ta i yd wfkldf.a iydh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jq njhs' fofjks ldrkh wdydr.ek Wkkaÿjla fkdoela jq wfkla Ññmkaishd lsisÿ,dnhla n,d fmdfrd;a;= fkdù ish i.hdf.a iydhg meñ uhs' W! tfia iydh oelaùug meñksfha wehsoe~hs hk mekhg Èhyels ms<s;=r tfia iydh oelaùu u;= wjia:djl ;ukag m%;s Wmldr,nd.ekSug fya;=jk njh' Ññmkaiska" f.dß,a,ka jeks m%sudgdjka yd wfkl=;a fndfyda ismdjkao ta wkaoñka m%;h Wmldr olajk njg idlais tughs' fï yd iudk m%;sm, w,s we;=ka fhdojd l, m¾fhaik j,skao,ndf.k ;sfnkjd' ta m¾fhaik j,ska ;yjqre jqfka;a w,s we;=kao tlsfkldg iyfhda.h olajkafka fndfydaúg u;= m%;h Wmldr,nd.ekSu i yd njhs' uf.a m¾fhaik j,g,la jqkq B,. jeo.;a ldrkh iylïmkys,sndjh fyj;a ;u i;aj iudcfha wfkla idudðlhka.ek wjia:dkql+,j we;sfjk iykqnq;shhs' fï lshk iykqnq;sh fyj;a iylïmkh wx. follska iuka ú;hs' bka tlla kï wfkldf.a ixfõokh iy ye.sï f;reï.eksug flfkl=g we;s yelshdjhs' wfkl ta ksidu is;a ii,ùfuka we;sjk ohdkqlïms; 18 ;;=

19 Ñ;a; ika;dkhs' fï wx. folg wkql+,j olajk m%;spdrhkag iqúfyai jq yeisíï foj¾.hla ;sfnkjd' bka tlla YÍrfha bßhõ yd iïnkaohs' WodyrKhla jyfhka.;af;d;a ÿlauqiq wjia:djl miqjk ;eke;af;l= yd l;d lrk úg Tfí uqyqk o isrero ks;e;skau ÿlauqiq bßhõjla.kakjd' ta wdldrfha YdÍßl m%;spdr Tfí n,a,do we;=ˆ fndfyda ismd i;=kago ;sfnk nj Tng ksílaikh l< yelshs' ;u ksfjiaj, bínka fyda msuqrka fjkqjg n,a,ka iy n< ka we;s lsíug wm fm<fukafka Wr.hkag fuka fkdj ;u iylïmkys,sndjh YdÍßl fndfkdafnda Ñïmkais úfayih.eyekq bßhõ u.ska wfkldg m%o¾ykh lsíug tu ismd i;=kag yels neúkqhs" wfkla yeisíï j¾.h kï wfkld ixcdkkh lsíu fyj;a Woa.;j we;s ;;ajh wfkldf.a odiaáfldakfhka jgyd.eksfï yelshdjhs" ta;a fï fojeks yeisíï j¾.h m%sudgdjka yd w,s we;=ka jeks i;=ka yefrk fldg wfkla isõmdjqka w;r ta ;rï ;Èka keye' iylïmkfha fufia wkhka iu. iylrkh ùug we;s yelshdj bmerks ld,fha isg ismdjka w;r mej; tk,laikhla' ukqihhka w;r fï iylrk,laikh fmkajk tla wjia:djla ;uhs tla wfhla wekqula weß úg ;jfll= wekqula weíu' th wfkld iu. iylïmkh ùug we;s keuqrej ksid msßñ idudkh úïmkais úfyaih msßñ ks;e;skau we;s jk fohla'.eyekq fï m¾fhaik lghq;= j, jvd;a ixls¾k yeisíï.eko wfma wjodkh fhduq jqkd' jrla igklska merÿkq Ñïmkaisfhla,f;daks.iñka je,fmkakg mgka.;a;d' túg W!g,xjqkq fhdjqka Ñïmkaisfhla Wf.a lrjgd w;la oud W! ikikakg bèßm;a jqkd' th iylïmkh ksid we;sjq yeisíula' fï yd iudkj ;;= 19

20 ñksia orejka ;=< we;s jk iylïmkh w;ayod ne,sug fyd l%uhla kï ÿlg m;ajqfjl= f,i mjqf,a wfhl= r.meuhs' túg orejd ;=< we;s jk iylïmkh Tyqf.a bßhõ j,ska lèug oel.; yelshs' ñksiqka fukau Ññmkaiskao ;u iydohkaf.a iqnidokh.ek Wkkaÿ fï mekhg ms<s;=re fiùu i yd wm l< tla m¾fhaikhl Ñïmkaiska fofoffkl= iy Ndckhl oeuq mdg foll fgdalka fhdod.;a;d' Ñïmkaiskag lrkakg ;snqfka jrlg tla wfhl= ne.ska ;uka leue;s mdgl fgdalkhla wrf.k fïihla u; ;eîuhs' fgdalkh r;=kï r;= fgdalkh ;enq Ññmkaishdg mukla leug hula,enqkd' túg wfkld lkiai,af,ka n,df.k isáhd' ta;a ks,amdg fgdalkhla f;dard.;a úg fofofkdgu leu,enqkd' lsysm jrla fufia fgdalka f;aífuka miq Ññmkaiska fofokdu È.ska È.gu ks,a fgdalka mukla f;dard.;a;d' fujeks mílaik lsysmhlskau fmks.sfha Ññmkaiska wfkldf.a iqnidokh ;u hq;=lula fldg i,lk njhs' 20 ;;= fï yd iudkj lemqñka j rka fhdod l< ;j;a m¾fhaik lsysmhlska ta i;=ka ;=< idodrk;ajh ms<sn ye.sï we;s njo wm ;yjqre l<d' fï ish,af,ka wmg jegys.sfha ñksiqka ;=< we;s ine hdjka" ohdkqlïmdj",f;;a.=k wdè iodpdrd;aul ye.sï wmg Wreu jkafka wfma mßkdufhkau njhs' fuf;la ud úia;r l, oeg jvd jeä fohla wfma iodpdrfha ;sìh yels jqjo m%sudgdjkaf. ka Wreu jq iylïmkys,s nj" ÿlg m;ajqjka iekisug bèßm;a ùfï.=kh" m%;h Wmldrh jeks iudcys,s.;s.=k j,ska f;drj wfma iodpdrd;aul yeisíu fï wkaoñka we;s fjfkafka keye' wfma m¾fhaik j,ska fy,sorõ jkafka yqfola mßkdufhkau Wreu jq hy.=k iïmkak udkj iodpdrhla ukqihkag we;s njhs'

21 fjkiajk foay.=kh ksid fjkiajk i;a;aj ixl% ukh fjkia fjñka hk foay.=k ;;ajh wkqj jk i;aj úfyai oylhlhg lsf,daógr yhl fõ.fhka ;u jdiia:dk O% ej m% foay j,g jvd,xlrk nj;" Wia l m% foayj, Ôj;a jk i;=ka oylhlg ógr 61 ne.ska jv jvd Wia m% foay lrd ixl% ukh jk nj;a jd¾;d ù ;sfí fï fjkia ùï rgd fjka ms<sônq jk ;j;a ie,lsh hq;=,laikhla jkafka yeu oylhla mdfyau YsYsr R;=j Èk 23 la l,a;shd meñksuhs' isisr R;=j fmrg jvd l,a ;shd Woa.;ùu foay.=kh fjkia jk njg lèu idolhls' nj hqfrdamsh ksßlaik jd¾;d j,ska fy,s fõ' fjkia jk foay.=kh wkqj läkñka ish yeisíu jdia:dkdèh fjkia lsßug we;eï i;aj úfyi j,g yels jk kuq;a ieu if;l=gu tfia l, fkdyel' l=re f,dalh foi ne úg W;a;rd¾O f.da,fha fjfik uqf¾ kñka ye kafjk uqyqÿ l=re j¾.h ish ìcq,efï jdrh yeu oylhlgu Èk úisy;r ne.ska l,a;shd wdrïn lrk nj jd¾;d ù ;sfí' hqfrdamfha Ydl j¾. /ilu u,a msfmk iuh ue; ld,hl isg yeu oylhlgu Èk 14 isg 31 olajd l,ska werfuk w;r W;=re wfußldfõ È th Èk 12 isg Èk 2 l olajd l,ska isÿfõ' tfiau iuk,hkaf.a meñksu oylhlg Èk 28 isg Èk 32 olajdo ixl% uksl mlaiskaf.a meñksu ieu oylhlgu Èk 13 isg 44 olajd l,skao isÿjk fuys wksis M,h jeä f,iu n,mdkafka tfia foay.=khg läkñka m% ;spdr olajñka ;u jdiia:dk fjkia lsíug iu;a i;=ka f.dÿre lrf.k ðj;ajq i;=ka flfrysh' foay.=k fjkia úï j,g m% ;spdrhla jyfhka ;u f.dÿre ;rï läkñka ixl% ukh ùug we;s wmyiqj ksid wdydr ysõ ùu fya;= fldg f.k f.dÿre fidhd hk tjeks i;=kaf.a meje;au fnfyúka wk;=rg,la ù ;sfí' ;;= 21

22 ysu ñksid l;dj ysud,h wdy%s;j fjfi;ehs ie,l=kq oejeka; ysu ñksid ms<sn l;kaorh fhá" ì.a*qü" fuya)füya wdè kïj,ska ye ka jqkq wä7)10la muk Wi ysu u; oejka; md i<l=kq ;nñka weúo.sh ysu ñksid ms,sn l;ka;r ysud,h wjg áfnü rfgka yd fkamd,fhka mukla fkdj ihsîßhdj W;=re lekvdj W;=re Ökh jeks rgj,skao úáka úg wikakg,enqkls' fkamd,fha úiq n%s;dkh ksfhdað;hd úiska 1832 ksl=;= l< jd¾;djl i yka jk mßè ms<sl=æ iy.; oejeka; ñksfil= Tyqf.a mßjdr fiajl lkavdhulg myrÿka nj mejiq iajfoayslfhda ta i;d rdlaii hk kñka nj i yka úh' 1951 ysud,h wjg l ;rkh l< ;j;a úfoayslfhl= ysu ñksidf.a hehs ie,flk wû,a 18la muk È.e;s wäi<l=kq j, PdhdrEm m< lf<ah' tfy;a idcq ysre t<shg wiqjk úg ysu u; we;s idudkh ñksfil=f.a wäigykla jqjo meh lsysmhla.;jk úg wõ,a 18la muk úyd, úh yels nj fï ms<sn úuiq fjk;a.fõylfhda fmkajd ÿkay' 1976 frdc¾ meg¾ika úiska le,sf*dakshdfõ í,*a l%sla kue;s ysu ñáhdjf;a we;ska.uka lrk ysu.eyeksfhla ie,flk wfhl=f.a rem fm<la iskud leurdjlska mál< kuq;a fndfyda úpdrlfhda th úyd, we ulska ieriqkq flfkl=f.a msk;+r fm<la úh yels nj mjiñka tys i;h Ndjh.ek iel m< l<y' wd;¾ is la,dla f.a 2001 Space odyssey ld;sh ;srhg kexjq wjia:dfõ tys rõme we;eï kˆfjda we;a; jyfhkau Ñïmkais we ñka ieriqkq ñksiqks úh' tfy;a Tjqka kshu Ñïmkais megjqkq welfha rejdf.k isá neúka kròkkkag ta nj jegyqfka ke;' meg¾ika úiska ;ekq Ñ;%mgho tjekakla úh yelshehs we;euqka fpdaokd l<y' tjeks oejeka; ysu ñksfil=f.a meje;aug tfrysjk uq,sl lrekq folls' m<uq fldg tjeks ia;j úfyaihl meje;au ;yjqre jkafka tls i;aj úfyaifha cdk ;gdlh ( gene pool) mj;ajdf.k hdug ;rï ie,lsh hq;= i;aj ixlhdjla úish hq;= njhs' t;rï úyd, i;aj ixlhdjlg È.ska È.gu ñksiqkaf.ka ieõù úish fkdyel' fojeks ldrkh fï jkf;la fuls ysu ñksidf.a flia" iï" wia:s fyda u, wd lsisÿ o%jhuh idlaishla fidhd.eksug lsisfjl=gj;a fkdyels ùuh' fï l;kaorh me;srùug Wkkaÿ jq wfhla tlu tla wjia;djl lsishï lmd,hl fldgila ysu ñksidf.a hehs bèßm;a l<o úu¾ikhg,la l< úg th Ñïmkais lmd,hl fldgila nj ;yjqre úh' 22 ;;=

23 wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,j fld,ska nrdia tlu mq¾jcfhl=f.ka meje; wd udkjhka yd Ñïmkaiska tlsfkldf.ka fjkia i;aj úfyai f,i mßkduh ùu weruqfka óg jir ñ,shk 6lg muk fmrh t;ekaisg fndfyda l,la hk f;lau t;rï lemsfmfkk fjkilg Ndckh fkdjq fï fofldügdyhu uhs,a msrekq isrerlska hq;= l=vd fud<hla iys; jkjdiska f,i jk.yk j,u Ôj;a úh tfy;a fuhg jir ñ,shk follg muk fmr isg tu ;;ajh fjkia jkakg mgka.;af;ah Bg fya;=j udkj b;sydih fjkia lsíug ;=vqÿka kj fidhd.eksï u.ska kq;k ñksid ìyslsíug iu;ajk f,i udkjhka ish mßkduh ;ukaf.au w;g.eksuhs 1' wdydr msisu wfma wdè;u udkjhska fomhska weúo hkakg we;s kuq;a Tjqkag ;snqfka l=vd ysia ln,ah Tjqkaf.a o;a úyd,h» oe;a È.=h l,a.; jk úg Tjqka ñksia iajremh.kakg we;af;a flfiaoehs lsisfjla yßhgu fkdokakd kuq;a iajdndúl jrkhg wkqj iajremh fjkia jk wksl=;a i;aj úfyai fuka fkdj" wfma isref¾ iajremh wm úiska j.dlr.;a wfmau l=i,;d ksid ksid yevjev jqjla úh yelsh ;;= 23

24 fï iïnkao we;s tla Wml,amkhla fufiahs wdè ld,sk mq¾j udkqjhka wdydrhg.;af;a ;o wuq wdydr j¾. jk w;r Èrùu myiq ùug tajd iqÿiq mßè úld ymlsíug ie,elsh hq;= W;aidyhla.; hq;=j ;snqks tfy;a md,kh lr.;a.skaor Ndú;dfldg wdydr m,yd msi.eksu iu. ta ;;ajh fjkia úh.skafka m,yd.;a wdydr úlsug myiq jk f,i udÿ jq w;r wdydrfha we;s Èrùug wmyiq fl iys; fldgiao isrerg myiqfjka wjfydaikh l< yels isks njg f,aisfhkau m;aúh fï wkqj tf;la meje;s úyd, o;aj, iy È.= w;=kq nykl wjyh;djh ke;sù.sh neúka l,ahdfïè tajdo m%udkfhka l=vd úh tmukla fkdj.skaor md,kh fldg? t<sjk ;=re.sksue, o,ajd ;eîug yels jq ksid ;jÿrg;a jk i;=kaf.ka fííug rd;%sld,hg.ia ke.sfï wjyh;djhla wdè udkjhskag 24 ;;= fkdùh ta ksid.ia ke.sug myiqjk È.=oE;l meje;auo w;hjyh fkdùh ta wkqj flá w;=kqnyka iy flá w;a we;sùujeks YÍrh iïnkaofhka we;sjq fjkialï ksid b;=relr.;a Yla;sh fud<h j¾okh ùug jehúh fjk;a wkaoulska lsõfjd;a fydafï bfrlagia udkjhd iajremfhka wmg iudk jqfha wmfukau Tjqkao msi.;a wdydr wkqnj l< neúks fuls Wml,amkh bèßm;a lrk wh w;=frka m%uqlfhls ydjâ iriúfha wdpd¾h ßpâ õ/ka.ï ^Richard Wrangam&' fydafuda bfrlagia udkjhdg l=vd weureï o;a iy flá w;=kqnykla we;sjqfka Tjqka uyfmdf<dfõ ksod.;af;a jeks lrekq iïnkaofhka fï yer fjk;a úl,am ms<s;=rla fidhd.eksug wmg yelsù keye" hkqfjka Tyq mjihs' tfy;a tawoyi úfõpkhg,lafkdjq Wml,amkhlao fkdfõ Bg

25 tl fya;=jla kï YÍrfha iajremh fjkiaùu jir ñ,shk follg lsügq ld,hl isg isÿjq kuq;a.skaor Ndú;h ms<sn fidhdf.k we;s merksu idlaisj,g wkqj udkjhka úiska md,kh fldg.;a.skaor Ndú;h we;slr.;af;a jir ñ,shklg wdikak ld,hl isgh Bg idlais jyfhka 2011 ol=kq wm%sldfõ.,a.=ydjl ;sî merks w iy oeù.sh weglgq fidhd.;a m¾fhaik lkavdhfï kdhlhd jqfha fgdfrdkafgda iriúfha uhsl,a pidka(michael Chazen) Tyq mjik mßè msiqkq wdydr.eksfuka úma,jldí mßj¾;khla we;sjqfkah hk u;h.ek uf.a we;af;a idkqlïms; wdl,amhla kuq;a fydafuda bfrlagia úfyaihg wh;a udkjhkag bkamiq meñks udkj úfyaihkag ;rïu wdydr msisu.ek Wkkaÿjla ;snqkq njla wmg yßhgu lshkak neye' jvd úyd, fud<hla we;s fydafuda bfrlagia jeks udkjhka ìysùug fya;=j fmdaihodhs mod¾:hkaf.ka hq;= jq udxinlaikh lsíu nj fï iïnkaofhka we;s ;j;a u;hls thska f;areï hkafka fydafuda bfrlagia hkq fyd ovhlaldrfhla njhs f.dÿr fjfyig m;afjk f;lau f.dÿr yudheug ;rï fyd ka wfma isrere yev.eis we;s nj we;a;ls tfy;a ovhïlsßfï l%ufõoh uq ukskau fjkia ùug fya;= jqfha fjk;a wdldrhl kj fidhd.eksula ksidh th ovhïlrk wdldrh mukla fkdj udkj iudcfha iajdndjho ;SrKh lrk kjfidhd.eksulao úh th wdhqo Ndú;hhs' 2' wdhqo Ndú;h jer jehñka oud.ik wdhqohlg fõ.j;a wekáf,dma uqfjl= jqj;a mrojd.uka l< yelsh fõ.fhka b,lalhg oud.eisug wjyh wdldrfha Wrysila iys;jq uq,au udkj úfyaih fydafuda bfrlagia nj miq.sh jif¾ bèßm;a l< m¾fhafik m;%sldjlska fhdackd lr ;snqks fcdaðhdfõ uksis (Dmanishi) m<df;a ;snq fydafuda bfrlagia jdi NQñhlska fidh.;a ñg fud,jk m%udkfha widudkh.,a tl;=j Tjqka oud.ik wdhqoh jyfhka f;dard.;af;a fudkjdoehs f;areï.eksug fyd idlaishls wdhqohla jyfhka oud.ik.,a ydú;d lsíu fydafuda bfrlagia udkjhkag yqfola ovhï Wml%uhla mukla fkdùh th ;ukag úreoaojk i;=frla id¾:lj urd oeóugo fhdod.; yelsúh ol=kq le,sfmdakshdkq iriúfha l%sisfgdam¾ fndfyï ;;= 25

26 (Christoper Boehm) fmkajdfok wldrhg wdè udkj iudcj, isrefrka ;rula ÿj¾j, wfhl= g jqjo uqyqkg uqyqk,d igka lsíulska f;drj w;ska oud.ik wdhqo ksid we;ska isg Yla;su;a m%;sjdèfhl= urd oeófï yelshdjla we;s úh fï fya;=j ksid ishæ ovhï iudc j, olakg,efnk» wka lsisÿ m%sudgd ^Primate& iudchl fkdue;s wkaofï iudkd;au;djhla uq,a ld,sk udkj lkavdhï ;=< mej;=k njo Tyq lshhs we;a; jyfhkau wdhqo ksid Bg;a jvd jeo.;a n,meïla we;sjkakg we; ksõfhdalays iafgdaks ndla iriúfha fmda,a ìk.ayeï (Paul Bingham) iy fcdydka iqid (Joanne Souzaa) fmkajd fok wkaoug oud.ik wdhqo ms<sn ksrka;r ;¾ckh lkavdhfï idudðlhka w;r.egqï wju lr 26 ;;= wfkdkh iyfhda.h mj;ajd.eksu i yd wdè udkj iudc ;=reïmqjla jyfhka fhdod.;af;ah j¾;udkfha md,s;hka k;=lr.eksug md,lhka úiska lrkq,nk wkshï ìh.ekaùï ye kaùug fhdok iudc m%frdaok kshduh (Social Coercion Theory) hk iudc úohd isoaodka;fhka ye kafjkafkao fï yd iudkj ;¾ckhl n,meu fhdod iyfhda.h,nd.eksu nj Tjqyq mji;s 3' wdnrk yd YÍrdf,amk ìka.ayeï iy iqidf.a u;h ksjerè kï wfma iudc yeisíï j, we;eï,laik fyd afud a bfrlagia udkjhdgo ;sfnkakg we; ta flfi a fj;;a wfma fndfyda jeo.;a p¾hdjka yev.efikakg mgka.;af;a fydafuda fi am shk a udkjhkaf.a imeñksfuka miq ñg jir 100"000lg fmr h óg oylhlg muk fmr olkq wm%sldfõ íf,dïfndaia.=ydj, isÿl< leksï j, idhï ;ejre ys,a lrk,o fn,slgq tl;=jla mdod.eksug,enqks fn,slgqj, ys,a úo ;snq wdldrh wkqj tu fn,slgq tl;=j ud,hla fyda j<,a,la f,i ydú; lrk,oehs is;d.; yelsúh fujeks fidhd

27 4' we ï ueisu.eksï wm%sldfõ wfkl=;a leksï ia:dk j,skao fidhdf.k ;sfí' fï fn,slgqj, ;jrd ;snq.=remeye idhu fjk;a o%jh yd l,jï fldg úfyaifhkau ksmojd.;a;la njg iy tajd Yßrh idhï lsíu i ydo fhdod.kakg we;s njg idlais jvd ue;l l< íf,dïfndaia.=yd leksï j,ska fidhd.; yelsúh neæ ne,augu fkdjeo.;a tajd f,i fmkqko we;a;gu fujeks ksmoùï u.ska fmkakqï lrkafka udkj ixksfõokfha yd úyajdihkaf.a úma,jldí fjkila we;s jq njl fydafuda bfrlagia ld,fha isg meje; wd iudkd;au;djh ms<sn yeõsu wnsfhda.hg,la lrñka udkj iudch ;=< we;sjq Wia my;a fnaohl i<l=kq iudc ;;ajh úoydmdk fï wdnrk yd wdf,amk j,ska lshefõ wdnrk j,ska m< l< iudc ;;ajhg w;sf¾lj Yßrdf,amk j,ska lkavdhfï wkkh;djho lshdmdkakg we; mrmqfrka mrmqrg wdnrk yd wdf,amk Ndú;h mj;ajdf.k hdug yelsùfuka fmkshkafka ;uka úiska f.dvk.d.;a iïm%odhka mj;ajdf.k hdug ;rï ixls¾k jq NdIdjla fï jkúg udkjhkag ;snqk njhs' wdnrk iy wdf,amk yefrk úg ish lh jid.eksug iqÿiq jia;%ksmojd.eksuo udkjhka ukqihka njg m;alsífï,d jeo.;a úma,jldí mshjrla úh we ï ueisu ms<sn uq,au idlaishla jyfhka ie,lsh yels wjqreÿ 60"000 la merks b lgqjlg iudk fl!;=l NdKavhla leksï j,ska fidhd.eksug yelsj ;sfí tfy;a ta jkúg;a jia;%ndú;h werö wjqreÿ oyia.kkla f.ú f.dia we;s njg idlais we; fï nj ;yjqre lrk idlaishg we;af;a ;rul widudkh m%njhls ta m%njh kï we ï j, fjfik bksl=kkah bksl=kka hkq udkjhka úiska jia;% mßyrkh lsíu weröfuka miq ysifliaj, isá Wl=Kkaf.ka mßkduh jq i;aj úfyaihls m<uq jrg bksl=kka iy Wl=Kkaf.a cdk ii d neæúg Wl=Kkaf. ka bksl=kka ìysjkakg we;af;a óg jir 70"000 lg muk fmr nj oek.kakg,enqks tfy;a jeäèhqkq l< l%ufõohka fhdod jvd ue; l, ixikaokhlg wkqj m<uq bksl=kkaìysùu jir 170"000la olajd we;g hkakla nj ;yjqre ù we; fudk whqßka neæj;a f,dj mqrd flfuka úisr hdug fmr óg ;;= 27

28 jir 60"000lg muk fmr wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka wm%sldfjka ksl=;a fjk úg;a jia;% mßyrkh lrñka isá nj ;yjqre fõ bksl=kka iy Wl=Kkaf.a cdk iïnkaoh ms<sn uq,a m¾fhaikh l< c¾uksfha,smais.a kqjr msysá mßkdóh udkj úohj ms<sn uelaia ma,ekala m¾fhaikdhd;kfha udla iafgdkalska.a (Mark Stoneking) fmkajdfok mßè Ys;, Tfrd;a;= kqÿka ksrej;aj úiq wdè udkjhkagg fuka fkdj jia;%me< udkjhkag YS;, m<d;a j,g ixl%ukh ùug yelshdjla we;s úh yqfola f,dï iys; i;aj yïj,ska,sys,aj.; fmdfrdjd.eksu fjkqjg b lgq Ndú;d fldg weõg ;ojkfia we ï uid.eksug yelsùfuka ish isref¾ WKqiqu ukdj r jd ;nd.eksug jia;%ndú;d l< udkjhkag yelsúh ta tfia jqjo wm%sldkq ijkakd ;eks;,dfõ ìysjq wdè udkjhkag ysu ñÿkq YS;m,d;aj,g ixl%ukh ùu l,la hk f;lau uy;a wnsfhda.hlaj mj;skakg we; jvd ue;l lrk,o m¾fhaik j,ska ks.ukh jk mßè f,dj mqrd úisr hdug wdèudkjhkag yelshdj we;sjqfha f.da,sh foay.=kfha isÿjq ie,elsh hq;= fjkia lï ksidh' 5'Ndck Ndú;h wfma wdè udkjhka wm%sldfjka ksl=;ajkúg jia;%wdèhg wu;rj fjk;a foj,ao fmdè.idf.k hkakg we; óg jir 100"000 lg muk fmr ol=kq wm%sldfõ úiq udkjfhda Èh n kaf,i Tiag%sÉ ì;a;r lgq Ndú;d l< njg idlais yuqù ;sfí fï wkaoñka wfkl=;a m%sudgd úfyai j,g l< fkdyels whqßka ;ukag wjyh oe n kaj, nyd f.khdug yelshdjla j¾okh lr.eksu udkjhkag úfyai jdishla úh fuys Tiag%sÉ ì;a;r lgq j, fldgd ;snq i,l=kq j,ska f;areï.; yels oe w;syhska u jeo.;a jkafka úisr jdih l, udkj lkavdhï w;r hï wdldrhl fj<fy<odï iy iïnkao;djhka mj;ajd.eksu bka ms<sìuq jk neúks 28 ;;=

29 1999 isgu m%kaifha fndafvda iriúfha wdpd¾h msh¾)ôka fglaish¾ ^Pierre Jean Texier& m%uql m¾fhaik lkavdhula ol=kq wm%sldfõ flama gjqka kqjrg lsf,daógr 150la W;=ßka msysá vhsmalä *a.,a f.a wdikakj isÿ l< leksï j,ska lems fmkfk f,i i<l=kq fldgk,o Tiag%sÑ ì;a;r lgq fidhdf.k ;sfí wjqreÿ oyia.kkl ld, mrdihlg wh;a jk fï ì;a;r lgqj, ksrka;rfhkau Ndú;dlr ;snqfka mia wdldrhl uq,sl i,l=kqh bka woyia jkafka fï mxp wdldr i,l=kqj,ska lshfjk oe wjfndao lr.eksfï yelshdj mrmqfrka mrmqrg fkdlvjd mej;=k njls fglaish¾ iy Tyqf.a i.hka l,amkd lrk wkaoug fï udkj lkavdhï msgia;r udkj lkavdhï iu. iïnkao;d meje;ajq neúka ;ukaf.a lkavdhï wkkh;djh ;nd.eksu msksi Tjqkag whs;s Ndkavj, ksyañ; i,l=kq fldgd ;eîh 6' ks;sh yd iduh NdKav yqjudre fj<odu werôu;a iu. ;u lkavdhfï idudðlhka iu. mukla fkdj wka lkavdhï iu..kqfokq lsíuo iduldój iy idodrkj mj;ajd.eksug wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;kag isÿúh tneúka ks;sh yd hqla;sh y kajd fï,d fj<odï lsíu uq,sl jyfhka odhl jkakg we;ehs lsj yelsh ks;sh úldyh jqfha flfiao hkak ms<sn lsishï woyila we;slr.eksug Ys,d hq.fha úiq ovhlaldrhka fuka iudkd;aujd ye.sulska lghq;= lrk kef.kysr wm%sldkq cx.u tfâr f.da;%slhka jeks we;eï ck fldgia j, iudc wdl,am úuisfuka f;areï.; yelsh' WodyrKhla jyfhka.;af;d;a msgia;r tfâr f.da;%sl lkavdhï j,g wh;a i;=ka meyer. eksu jeks fnfyúka wk;=reodhl lghq;a;l kshef,k úg uoh.; foaymd,k wêldßhl n,meula ke;s fï tfâr f.da;%sl msßñ ;u mjqf,a fkdjk idududðlhka iu.o fkdmels,j iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lr;s fï wkaofï iduqysl fydrlï iodpdrd;aulj úh fkdyels kuq;a tys wkh idudðlhka yd iyfhda. ;;= 29

30 fhka lghq;= lsíug fm<öu u.ska ms<sìuq jkafka kq;k ks;s iïm%odfha we;s wkq.;ùu ms<sn wdl,amhhs weßfidakd rdch úyaj úohd,fha wpd¾h idrd ue;sõ jd¾;d lrk wkaoug tjeks i;=ka meyer.eksfï l,a,shlg iynd.sùu m%;slafiam lsíu lkavdhfï wksl=;a idudðlhka úiska kshu lrk ;on, ovqjulg hg;aùug isÿjk jrols fujeks wjia:dj, kshu wêlrkhlg iudkj úksyaph lsíu yd ovqjï lsíu isÿjk neúka ks;sh yd úksyaph hk ixl,am uohh.; wêldrhla iys; iudc ìysùug fmr we;s jqjla nj ue;sõ mjihs 7' ld, igyk bkami%q.;jq wjqreÿ oyia.kkdj ;=< me;sr.sh fj<fy< du ksid yqjudrejqfha o%jhuh nvqndkav mukla fkdfõ fj<fy< dï iu. u;s u;dka;r yd ixl,amo.kqfokq ùh ta u.ska m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha uq,au úohd;aul Ñka;kOdrdjo ìysfjkakg we; 30 ;;= fï w;r ;u mßirh úohd;aulj ksílaikh l< uq,au ck lkavdhï j,ska tlla j¾;udkfha iafldü,ka;h hk kñka yeèkafjk fmffofia tl, ovhï lsífuka yd jk m,je< tl;=lsífuka Ôj;a jq njg idlais ;sfí Tjqka úiq wen¾ãkaih¾ fmfofia wjqreÿ 10"000la ;rï merks ld,hl isg bèl< uoh Ys,dhq.hg wh;a kgnqka ia:dk / ila olakg,efí ta w;ßka jeo.;a ;ekla.kakd tla kgnqka ia:dkhl Bidk È. isg jhu olajd pdmdldrj msysgd we;s j,j,a fod<yla olakg,efí fï j,j,a wenraãkaih¾ m%d.a ft;sydisl le,ekavrh msysá pdmh ;sfnkafka YS; id;= iq¾h ksjd;a;sfha lais;scfhka ysre ke. tk wkaou uekúka kerôh yels ksïkhlg uqyqk,d nj n¾ñkayeï iriúfha úkaikaü.e*aks iy Tyqf.a i.fhda ksílaikh

31 l<y j,j,a 12 ia:dk.; lr ;sfnkafka pkaø udi.;fjk wdldrh oel.eksu msksi nj ks.ukh l< m¾fhaylfhda wen¾ãkaihrfha pkao% ld,igyj jyfhka yeèkaúh yels fï Èko¾Ykh" fuf;la fidhd.;a merks;u m%d.aft;sydisl Èko¾Ykh fuka fo.=khla merks nj fmkajd fo;s f.ù hk ld,h igykalr ;nd.eksug wjyh jq úg yeu ixiald;shla th lf<a pkaø udih.;fjk wdldrh wkqjhe~hs mjik.e*aks ld,jljdkq ms<sn úêu;a ixl,amhla we;slr.eksu ieuka uiqka ì;a;r oeóu msksi Wvq.x n,d msysksu jeks id;= wkqj we;sjk isÿùï l,a;shd oek.eksug wdè udkjhkag yelsjq njo fmkajd foh Tng tjeks.=ma; oekqula ;sfnkafka kï iudch md,kh lsífï wjia:djo Tng,efí hehs o.e*aks mjihs 8' k.=,a yeu iafldü,ka;fha úiq ovhï lsífuka yd jk m,je< tl;=lsífuka Ôj;a jq wdèjdis ck iudc tfia pkaø udi wkqj ld,jljdkq ñkqï.;lrk w;r;=r ue;fmrè. úiq wdèjdisyq f.dú;eka lghq;=j, ksr;ùu wrud ;snqk f.dú;eka lsíu.;fjfyilrjk lghq;a;la jq neúka ta lghq;a; jvd myiq lrjk fuj,ï ksmojd.eksug uq,au f.dùyq fm<uqky fufia ksmojd.;a fuj,ï w;=frka jvd;au jeo.;a jq fuj,u k.=, jq w;r tksid iudch flfrys we;sjq n,meu úu;sh okjk iqæh ovhï lsífuka yd jk m,je< tl;=lsífuka Ôj;a jq w;s; iudc j, ovhu mqreihkag;a jkm<je, tla lsíu ia;%skag;a jyfhka wo fukau ia;%s mqrei fnaoh wkqj Y%u únckh mj;skakg we;' flfia fj;;a f.dú;eka lsíu wdrïn jq uq,a wjêfha ia;%s mqrei fnaohlska f;drj fof.d,a,kau ifudaifï f.dú;efka fhèk tksid l,la hkf;lau f.dú;ek ia;%smqrei iudkd;au;djh mj;ajd.eksu iïnkaofhka jeo.;a fufyjrla bgq lf<ah tfy;a isiefï uq,sl jyfhkau mqreihka úiska fufyhúh hq;= jq nrm;, fuj,ula jq k.=, y kajd fuka miq ta ;;ajh ke;sj.sh ;;= 31

32 nj fvkaud¾la cd;sl ldis wd¾:sl úfyai{fhl= jq tiag¾ fndfirema 1970.Kkaj, fmkajd ÿkafkah fï woyi mílaidjg,la lrkq jia f,dia wekac,aia ys le,sf*dakshd úyaj úohd,fha m,d.shq,shdfkda iy wef.a i.fhda f,djmqrd f.dú;ek i yd k.=,fhdod.;a iudc iy k.=,fhdod fkd.;a iudc w;r ia;%s mqrei Y%u únckh ms<sn ixikaokd;aul wohkhla lf<ah wohkhg wkqj fndiremaf.a k.=,a wdksixih ms<sn woyi ;yjqre l<d mukla fkdj wo olajdu k.=, mqrei Ndjfha ixfla;hla jyfhka mj;sk njo m,d fmkajd ÿkafkah ia;%s mqrei Y%u únckh ;SrKh jk tlu ldrkh k.=, Ndú;d lsíu fkdfõ tfy;a tl iudk ck lkavdhï folla w;ßka tla iudchla mukla k.=, Ndú;d lrkafka kï ta iudch ia;%smqrei fnaoh jeäfhka i,lk iudchla he~hs m,d mjihs 9' u<dmjykh udkj b;sydifha nrm;,u je/ oao f.dú;ekhe~hs cdfrâ vhukaâ kue;s udkj úohd{hd jrla m%ldy lf<ah fldkao lefvk jevla jqj;a f.dú;ek ksid úyd, jyfhka wdydr ksmoùug yelsùu k.r ìysùugo fya;= úh kd.ßl ðú;h ksid fndfyda jdis ie,iqko c,h u.ska me;sr hk úiîc fya;=fldgf.k we;sfjk frda. jix.; wdèfhka.e,ùu fndfyda k.rj,g ;snq m%odk;u iksmdrlail wnsfhd.h úh k.r wdrïn jqfha hï ojilo tod isg kd.ßl u<dmjyk l%uo meje;=k njg idlais ;sfí jir 5000la merks bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a merks k.r f.dvk.d ;snqfka wmjyk lghq;= i yd fhdod.;a NQ.; ldkq moao;shla u;h ta ld,hgu wh;a iafldü,ka; ckdjdij, jeisls,s l%uhla meje;sks wjqreÿ 3500la merks l% Sg YsIagdpdrfha k.rjdisyq wmøjh c,fhka bkaÿ ksïk u,dmjyk k,hla bkaÿ ksïk k.r 32 ;;=

33 fia hk jeisls,s iy u<dmjyk moao;s Ndú;d l<y tfy;a,kavkfha bïmsßh,a fldf,ê iriúfha wdpd¾h f;dauia fndkaâ fmkajdfok mßè fï lsisjla ie,iqï lr ;snqfka iksmdrlail fya;= i,ldf.k fkdfõ fï u<dmjyk moao;s w;ßka fnfydauhla Wiia uüüul isú,a bxðfkare Ys,amhla ksremkh l<o tajdfha wruqk yqfola kqÿßka msysá.õg fyda tjeks fjk;a ;eklg li, c,h heùug mukla isudúh wmjykfha li, c,h msßisÿ fldg heúh hq;= nj ñksiqka jgyd.;af;a 1850,kavka k.rh mqrd me;sr.sh fld<rd frda.h yd tjlg meje;s wmsßisÿ c,iïmdok l%ufha iïnkaohla we;snj kd.ßl ffjoh fcdaka iafkda úiska fmkajd ÿka miqjhs úyd, m%udkfha uoh.; kd.ßl u<dmjyk moao;s m%:u jrg y kajd fokafka 20jeks Y;j ¾Ifha uq,a oyl lsysmfha h ld¾hlaiu u<dmjyk moao;sj, wjyh;djh l,l isgu meje; wdjls th bgqùfuka miq uyck fidlh súma,jldí f,i ÈhqKq úh' 10'f,aLk l,dj ãmalä *a j, ;sî fidhd.;a Tiag%sÑ ì;a;r lgqj, fldgd ;snq ixfla; j,ska fmkshkafka wju jyfhka wjqreÿ 100"000 l muk fmr isgu udkj j¾.hd wre;a oelaùu msksi.%dmsl ixfla; fhdod.;a njhs tfy;a kshu f,alk l,dj weruqfka óg jir 5000lg fmr h f,alk l,dj ìysùu;a iu. f;dr;=rejd¾;d fldg ;nd ÿrneyer ;ekaj,g mukla fkdj mrmqfrka mrmqrlgg wkd.;h lrd heùugo yelsúh fuh ñka fmr fkdjq úre wdldrhl ixiald;sl mßkduhlg fya;= úh blaì;s we;sjq úúo ksmehqï flf;la ÿrg ñksia ika;dkhg n,mdkakg we;aoehs fy,sorõ jk wkaoug f,alk l,dj ñksiqka ;=< we;sjk ìh iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= miq mrïmrdjkag ixksfõokh lf<ah fuf;la fidhdf.k we;s merks;u f,alk w;rg wh;a fuifmdf;añhdfõ,.dia fm!rj rdchfha Is; md,l mx;sh úiska wêl nÿ wh lr.eksu g tfrysj,shejqk j.ka;s fï iïnkaofhka WodyrKhlg.; yelsh fuls úfrdaoh f,alk.;fldg jeäl,la.;ùug fmr,.dia ys rclï l< Wrel.skd rcq úiska m<uq,så; ks;s ix.%yh f,i ie,lsh yels f,alkhla rpkdfldg m%isoao lf<ah fuifmdf;añhdkq wlair ;;= 33

34 iudc m%;sixialrk.ek Wkakÿjla oelajq rfcl= jyfhka ie,elsh yels Tyq ;u ks;s ix.%h u.ska fmdfydi;=kaf.a wêl iqrdleu isud lsíug úè úodk ie,ish tfy;a tls ks;s ix.%yh i;%skag oelajqfha mqreihkag jvd wvq ie,ls,a,ls WodyrKhla jyfhka.;fyd;a mrodr fiajkfha fhfok ia;%skag l< hq;= oëqjï tys i yka jk kuq;a mrodr fiajkfha ksr; jk mqreihkag l<hq;= oëqjï tys i yka fkdfjhs fïksid fldf;l=;a mßkdñl úma,j j,ska yev jev jqjo ukqih;ajh hkq ;j;a fndfyda ÿrg ÈhqKq úhhq;=j we;s fohla nj lsj yelsh msxñ mßkduhla Ñ,S rgg Tífnka msysá.,mf.daia Èjhska f,dalhdf.a úfyai wjodkhg,lajqfha 1830.kkaj,È pd¾,ia vdúka f.a Ñrm%isoaO ixpdrfhka miqjhs iajndúl jrkh ksid mßkduh isÿjk njg ;¾l l, vdúka ish m%n, u;jdoh ;yjqre lsíug.,mf.daia Èjhska j, fjfik *skapia ^finches& kï l=vd mlais j¾.h fhdod.;a;d' ÿm;aj, yqol,d nj ksid tys jejqkq.yfld," mlais" isõmdè i;ajhka j¾okh jqfha thgu wdfõksl mßirhlhs' 1977 È tys tl m;l úuiqï lghq;=j, fhfoñka isá Ôj úohd{fhda tls mf;a úiq l=vd *skaé mlaisj¾.hlska w;f,diaila yefrkag wfkla ish u mlaiska oeä kshõh ksid urkhg m;ajkq ksílaikh l<d' kshõhg fmr 1300 la muk isá mlaiska w;=frka wka;sug b;sßjqfha 180 fofkl= mukhs' fï b;sßjq mlaiskaf.a úfyai;ajh jqfha Wka ish,a,kagu ta j¾.fha ñh.sh mlaiskag jvd È.= fydgla ;sîuh' È.= fydg ksid oeä f,,a,la we;s weg j¾. jqjo úo m,d uoh wkqnj lsßug yelsùu fï mlaiskag jdishla jqkd' fufia b;sßjq mlaiska 180 ka 150 lau msßñ i;=ka jqkd' fï ksid j¾id ld,h kej; meñksúg b;sßj isá.eyekq i;=ka iaj,amfokd ysñ lr.eksu msksi WKqka w;r úyd, ;rõhla we;s jqkd' tys o jvdu È.= fydg we;s msßñ mlaiska ;rõfhka ch.kakd nj fmkqkd' fï oaú;aj jrkh ÿmf;a mlaiskaf.a fydg j, È. wnsj¾okh lsíug fya;= jqkd' fï mlais j¾.hdf.a fydg j, ñkqï jd¾;d jir 150la ;siafia /ialr ;snq neúka jvd È.= fydgla we;s kj mlais m%fnaohl wd.ukhlg idlaislrejkaúug Ôj úohd{hkag yels jqkd' 34 ;;=

35 ck iudc lvd jefgkafka Biag¾ mf;a kiagdjfyai ක,la b;d únq;s u;a j mej;s udhd» hqldgka» wkidis» wka. aflda¾ jü uyd isïndífõ jeks ckiudc iyuq,skau ke;s ù.sfha ukao@ we;eï mqrd úohd{hkag wkqj Bg fya;=j w;syhska W;aikak jq mdßißl.eg`: we;sùuhs tfy;a tjeks lvd jeàulska f;drj jir oyia. Kkdjla ;siafia wlkavj mej; tk ckiudc wo o fj;s' cmdk" cdjd yd fgdka.d tjeks ckiudc j,g WodyrKhhs' ta w;r fidaud,shdj» brdlh jeks rgj,a wiu;a iudc njg m;a fjñka lvd jefgñka ;sfí' flfia fj;;a wo wm uqyqk fok nrm;< m%yak j,g úi ï fidhd.eksfï we;eï ck iudc wlkavj mj;sk w;r ;j;a tajd lvd jefgkafka ukao hkak ksis f,i jgyd.eksu jeo.;a fõ' cdfrâ vhukaâ úiska ckiudc lvd jeàï j,g we;af;a tl u tl fya;=jlhs ie,lsu wkqjk luls' tu lvd jeàï fnfyúka ixls¾k fya;= ksid o isÿ úh yelshs' tfy;a ta ixls¾k;ajh;a ;=< mjd ;;= 35

36 lsishï y kd.; yels rgdjla o olakg,efnk nj lrekq fyd ka úuik úg fmks hhs' uf.a m¾fhaikj,g wkqj ck iudchla lvd jeàug fya;= jk uq,sl lrekq myla y kd.eksug ug yels úh' l,la.%ska,ka;fha mej;s fkda¾ia ckiudch kg m;a ù.sh wdldrh weiqfrka ta lrekq my mxp lreuhka f,i úia;r lsíug fuys uu woyia lrñ' fkda¾ia iudch uq,ska u ìys jqfha l%s'j' 984.%Ska,ka;hg ixl%ukh ù mèxñ jq jhslskajrekaf.k' tfy;a 1450 jk úg wjidk fkda¾ia cd;slhd o ñhf.dia fï fkda¾ia iudch iyuq,skau kg m;a j.sfha h' fkda¾ia iudch ms<sn,så; jd¾;d ;sfnk neúka fkd¾iajrekaf.a wej;=ï mej;=ï.ek fyd oekqula wmg,nd.; yelshs'.%ska,ka;fha leksï tfll= ker iuia; fkd¾ia iudch u tfia ld,hd;%d lf<a wehs@ uf.a m¾fhaik ksid ilia l< mxp l¾u rduqjg wkqj tys Tjqkaf.a m<uqjeks lreuh jkafka wkjodkfhka ish iïm;a moku úkdy lsífuka ñksiqka úiska ;uka jik mßirh o úkdy lr.eksuh' fkda¾ia iudcfha fuh nyq, jyfhka isÿ jqfha hlv ;eksug wjyh oej wõ=re,nd.eksug jk.yk úyd, jyfhka úkdy lsíu;a ta ksid we;sjq oeä mdxyq Ldokh;a ksidhs' wjidkfh m%udkj;a ;rï oej wõ=re,nd.eksug fkdyels ùu ksid fkd¾iajrekag hlv ;kd.eksug o fkdyels jq w;r mdxy= Ldokfhka ksire jq mi ksid f.dú;ekska ie,lsh hq;= wiajekakla,nd.eksug o wisre úh' fojeks lreuh foay.=kh fjkia ùuhs' mßirh jvd WKqiqï ùu fyda jvd YS;, ùu hk fol u foay.=kh fjkia ùu ksid we;s ùh yels M,hka h' tfy;a fkd¾ia iudch iïnkaofhka isÿ jqfha l%s'j' 1300.Kka j, wjidkfha yd 1400.Kka mqrd.%ska,ka;fha foay.=kh jv jvd 36 ;;=

37 YS;, ùuhs' we;a; jyfhka u.%ska,ka;h jeks ;ekl foay.=kh YS;, ùu hkq ;on, jhikhla fkdfõ' ukao fï lshk ld,fha u.%ska,ka;fha úiq tialsfudajre ;o YS;,g Tfrd;a;= Èh yels wkaoug ;u p¾hdj fjkia fkda¾iajre - wdo¾ykhla lr.;af;a h' tfy;a fkd¾iajrekag ;o YS;, foay.=khg wkqj yev.eisug fkdyels jqfha wehs@ uf.a,ehsia;=fõ we;s ;=ka jeks lreuh wi,ajeis ñ;=re ck iudc iu. we;s iïnkao;d È.ska È.gu mj;ajd.eksug ck iudchlg we;s fkdyelshdjhs' ;uka yd ñ;=re j mej;s ck iudchl iyfhda.h ;jÿrg;a,nd.eksug fkdyels jk úg th o ck iudcj, lvd jeàug odhl fõ'.%ska,ka;fha úiq fkd¾iajrekag ;u uq,a rg jq fkda¾fõ rg iuõ fyd ka fj<fy<odï lr f.k ysáh;a tla w;lska fkda¾fõ wd¾:slh ÿ¾j, ùu;a wksla w;ska ;o YS;, ksid ñÿkq ysfuka uqyqÿ. ukd.ukh wjysr ùu;a ksid fkda¾fõ ñ;=re iïnkao;dfõ M, m%fhdack ;jÿrg;a,nd.eksug fkd¾iajrekag fkdyels ù.sfha h' isõjeks lreuh kï fkda¾ia iudch ish miñ;=re iudc yd lghq;= l< wdldrhhs' fkd¾iajrekag miñ;=re j lghq;= l<.%ska,ka; jeis tialsfudajre iu. wdrjq,a wkql%ufhka ;yjqre ùu ksid tialsfudajre w;ska ksrka;rfhkau uereï leug fkd¾iajrekag isÿ ùh' ta yer wdydr i yd is,a u;aihhka ovhï lsíug yels Èh uxlvj,a fkd¾iajrekag msúisug fkdyels f,i wyqrd oeóug o tialsfudajre lghq;= l<y' uf.a,ehsia;=fõ we;s miajeks ;;= 37

38 l¾uh jyfhka ie,lsh yelafla ;u mdßißl m%yak ksis f,i wjfndao lr f.k wjyh lrk úi ï fidhd.eksug w;hjyh foaymd,ksl» wd¾:sl» ixiald;sl yd iudôh idol ;lafiare lr.eksug fkd¾iajre wiu;a ùuhs' l%sia;shdks wd.u ;Èka weoyq fkd¾iajre ;ukag Tfrd;a;= fkd fok ;rfï úyd, wdfhdackhla oejeka; wdik foõ ueÿre /ila ;eksug jeh l<y' tfukau tialsfudajre my;a fldg ie,lsu ksid flfuka jeä jk ;o YS;, ld,.=khg id¾:l f,i uqyqk ug tialsfudajre ka fhdod.;a Wmdh Wml%u j,ska bf.k.eksu o fkd¾iajre m%;slafiam l<y' wksl=;a tjeks merks ck iudc fkda¾ia kgnqka iïnkaofhka we;sjq fuka u j¾;udk ck iudc iïnkaofhka we;súh yels lvd jeàï iïnka- Ofhka by; ls idol j,g w;sf¾l j ;j;a fkdfhla idol o ;sìh yelshs tfy;a fndfyda ck iudc lvd jegqkq wdldrh iei fï oel.; yels fmdÿ,laik lsysmhla o fjhs' ta w;ßka tlla kï b;d WÉp uügulg ÈhqKq jqk ck iudc ysá jk u b;d flá l,l lvd jeàuhs' WodyrKhla jyfhka.;a úg l%s'j' 800 hqldgka m%foayfha udhd ck iudch uq ukska u lvd jeà ke;s Nx.ia:dk ù.sfha udhd jrekaf.a ck.ykh jeä u uügul ;snqkq úyd,;u iaudrl f.dvke.s,s bè l< wjêh blau f.dia jeä l,la.; ùug;a fmrhs' tfukau fidaúhü foayfha lvd jeàu isÿ jqfka tys únq;sh b;d by< wjêhlg ke. oylhla.; ùug;a fmrhs' fojeks fmdÿ,laikh jyd wjfndao fkd fjk mdßißl m%yak ksid we;eï ckiudc wfkl=;a ckiudc j,g jvd jeäfhka wk;=rg,la ùug we;s bvlvhs' oyia.kkla we;s meis*sla m;a w;ßka Biag¾ mf;a mej;s ckiudch mukla uq ukska u lvd jegqfka lsisÿ wjfndaohlska f;drj ishæ.y fld, lmd oeóu ksid j¾id m;kh wvqj ú,s udre;hkaf.ka jeis m; uq ukska u ksire ù.sh ksidhs' 38 ;;=

39 mqÿuh kï fï úyska lr.kakd úkdyh tls ckiudc l,a ;shd wjfndao lr fkd.;af;a hkakhs' uf.a m¾fhaik j,g wkqj Bg uq,sl fya;= folla ;sfnk nj fmks hhs' bka m<uq jekak fï ck iudc j, ;SrK.ekSfï ksheækq m%nq fm<eka;sh flá ld,sk wruqkq fjkqfjka lghq;= l<d ñi ;u ;SrK ksid ¾> ld,sk j we;súh yels iudc jhik.ek lsis ie,ls,a,la fkd oelajq njhs' fkda¾ia iudch.ek ie,l+ úg tys úúo f.da;% kdhlhka tlsfkld mrhd biau;= ùu msksi bjla njla fkd;ld iïm;a fhdod.eksu fuys tla WodyrKhla jyfhka oelaúh yelshs' wfkld wnsnjd jeäfhka hlv ;eksug" ;u w f.dúhka,jd jeä jeäfhka ìï fldgd wiajeoa ug fhdod.;a úêúodk flá ld,sk j id¾:l m%;sm,,nd ÿka kuq;a ta ksid we;sjq ¾> ld,sk m, úmdl fkd¾iajrekag fnfyúka jhikldí úh' wfkla ldrkh fï ckiudc úiska iudc jákdlï hehs ie,l+ we;eï j;a ms<sfj;a tla l,lg iqÿiq úh yels kuq;a fjk;a ld,j,g kqiqÿiq ùuhs WodyrKhla jyfhka.;af;d;a fkd¾ia ckiudcfha mej;s ;on, wd.ñl lemùu ksid ishjia y;rla mqrd tu iudch ;=< buy;a m%cd iïnkao;djla we;sjq kuq;a tys m%;sm,hla jyfhka wkd.ñl tialsfudajrekag.erysu ;u iudc jákdlula f,i fkd¾iajre ie,l+y' ta ksid jeä jk YS;,g iqÿiq wkaoñka ;u p¾hdj fjkia lr.eksug WÑ; jq jeo.;a mdvï tialsfudajrekaf.ka bf.k.eksu o fkda¾iajre m%;slafiam l<y' ta yd iudk ;j;a WodyrKhla kï n%s;dkh yd ;snq wkkh;djh jir 250la ;siafia iafg%,shdkq fmdÿ iudc ú{dkhg b;d jeo.;a jákdlula jq kuq;a j¾;udk iafg%,shdkq ckiudcfha nyq jd¾.sl ixhq;sh;a iu. w;hjyh wdishdkq wkkh;djhla f.dvk.d.eksfï ;jÿrg;a tu jákdlfï u t,an f.k isàu iafg%,shdkqjkag ;on, wjdishls' kqÿre oylh fyda oyl lsysmh ;=< msmsíug kshñ; fkdfhla wdldrfha fujeks iudôh ld, fndaïn úúo ckiudc ;=< j¾;udkfha o ála ála.dñka mj;skjd' c, iïm;aj, úh<su" mi ksire ùu" ld,.=k ;;= 39

40 úm¾hdih» Ôj úfyai j, ú.ukh" ji úi me;síu" ck. ykh jeä ùu jeks iajrem 12lska oekgu;a y kd f.k we;s ta ld, fndaïn l,a we;=j bj;a l< hq;= tajd hs' fkd tfia kï bèß mkia jir.; ùug fmr ta yeu tlla u mqmqrd hdug kshñ;hs' ta w;ßka we;eï fndaïnj, msmsreï ld,h b;d kqÿre h' WodyrKhla jyfhka.;af;d;a oej ovq lmd.eksug ;u jk.yk úkdy lrk fõ.h j¾;udk uügfï u mej;=fkd;a lj;a jir myla.; ùug u;af;ka ;jÿrg;a oej imhd.eksug yels jkhla fidhd.eksug ms,smskhg fkdyels úh yelshs' tfukau ;j;a jirla j;a hkakg fmr fid,uka m;aj, o oej lmd.eksug yels jkhla b;sß úh fkdyelhs' fuys jeo.;a lrek fjkafka hg ls ld,fndïn j¾. j,ska tfld<yla u bj;a l< o fodf<diajeks ld,fndïnh mukla jqjo iudchla lvd jeàug m%udkj;a jk njhs' jvd;a m%ikak wdldrhhs' jvd wm%ikak wdldrh jkafka tls idol ksid wdl%ukldí hqoao" ler,s.eisï" id.;" jix.; jeks jhik we;sùfuka we;eï ck iudc uq ukska u lvd bysíuh' fuys wiqnjd ùug ud wleue;s fï ishæ u foaj,a wm úiska u we;s lrk,o tksid u wm úiska u úi h yels m%yak ùuhs' oekgu;a fï m%yak.ek ie,lsh hq;= úfyai{ wjfndaohla wm i;= j mj;sk w;r tajd iïnkaofhka fkdfhl=;a m%dfhda.sl úi ï o we;s nj wms oksuq' bka we;eï úi ï wmg m%cd uügfuka l< yels foaj,a' tfy;a we;eï úi ï l%shd;aul lsíug kï ;u flá ld,sk wruqkq.ek mukla l,amkd fkd lrk wkd.;h.ek ys;d wka wh yd f.da,sh uügfuka tldjka j lghq;= l< yels ro¾ys kdhl;ajhla yeu rglska u fidhd.eksu w;hjyhhs' wjidk jyfhka fï ldrkfh fohdldrhlg lrekq lghq;= isÿ úh yelshs' bka tla wdldrhla kï by;ls idol kshu f,i wjfndao fldg f.k flá ld,sk jdis fkd;ld wfkdkhh wjfndaohlska hq;= j f,dal m%cdj f,i tajdg ksis úi ï fidhd C%shd;aul lrk 40 ;;=