Y%S,xldfõ.egqï iu:kh iïnkaofhka iu: ukav, l%ufha jeo.;alu ms<sn`o úuiqula cs'î'ta't,a'.=kfiak 4

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1 Y%S,xldfõ.egqï iu:kh iïnkaofhka iu: ukav, l%ufha jeo.;alu ms<sn`o úuiqula cs'î'ta't,a'.=kfiak 4 ixfciamh.egqu hk ixl,amh uq ñksia j¾.hdu flfrys n,mdkq,enqjls' we; w;s;fha mgkau,xldfõ fukau f,dalfha o.egqu mej;=ks' udkj j¾.hd Wm;,o fudfydf;a mgkau uq,sl wjyh;d bgq lr.eksug hdu ;=<.egqu iudch ;=< we;s jq w;r th kq;kh jk úg f,dal ikao¾nh ;=< fkdkj;sk iudc ixisoaêhla ù we;' fufia ks¾udkh jk.egqu ksrdlrkh lr,su Wfoid úúo wdh;kh ixúodkh úh' tfia we;s jq wdh;k w;r wêlrk moao;sfhka neyerj we;s jq m%dfoaysh wdh;khla f,iska iu: ukav,h ye`oskaúh yelsh' fï yryd m%dfoaysh ck;djg ish.egqï ksrdlrk lghq;= ld¾hëu lr.; yelsh' fuf,iska m%dfoaysh iu: ukav, l%ufha l%shdldí;ajh úuisu fuu,smsfha wruqkhs' fuu,smsh ielisu i`oyd oaù;sl o;a; f,i fmd;am;a" i`.rd",sms"jd¾;d wdosh fhdod.kq,eîh' wdrïnfha isg j¾;udkh olajd fuys úldykh fukau iu: ukav, l%uh l%shd;aul ùu ;=< ta ;=<ska ck;djg,efnk m%;s,dn fuka u" wdrjq,alrejka fukau iu:lrejka uqyqkmdk.eg tkï fkdoekqj;andjh" lsisª wdh;khla fyda ixúodkhl iyfhda.hla fkd,eîu ;=< fuu iu: ukav, l%uh l%shd;aulndjh ms<sn`o.eg ldí ;;a;ajhlg uqyqk os we;s nj fuys ks.ukh f,i oelaúh yelsh' uqlh mo.egqï" iu:lrkh" udkj j¾.hd" iudch ye`oskaùu,xldfõ iu:lrk l%shdj,sfha wdrïnh yd j;auk iu: ukav, l%uh olajd úldykh iu:lrk l%shdj,sh ue; ld,fha ìys jq ixl,amhla fkdj os¾>ld,sk úldyhlg Wreulï lshkq,enqjls' thg o" ñksidgu ;rïu b;sydihla mj;s' wdrjq,a ksrdlrkh lsífï l%uhla f,i iu:lrkh fhdod.eksfï iïm%odh Y%S,xldfõ ixiald;sfhau wx.hla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' nqÿrcdkka jykafia iu:lrk ueosy;alrefjl= f,iska.egqï ksrdlrkh l< wdldrh w;s; uq,dy%j, i`oyka fõ' fuu iu:lrkhg ñksidg ;rugu b;sydihla mj;s' tfukau nqÿrcdkka jykafia ;=ka jrlau,xldjg jevu lrkq,enqfõ o fomd¾yjhla w;r we;s jq.egqula úi` ug jk w;r tys iu:lrefjl= f,i lghq;= lrk, ^is,ajd" 2004" 15&' fï wkqj ;=kajk md¾yjhla ueosy;a ù.egqï ksrdlrkhg iyh jq wjia:d ms<sn`o ls¾;su;a b;sydihla mj;s' w;s;h ;=<.egqï ksrdlrkhg iyh jq jeo.;a wdh;khla f,iska.ï indj ye skaúh yelsh' fuu.ï indj fyj;a.fï Widúh.ï m%odk m<mqreÿ ñksiqkaf.ka iukaú; úh' Tjqyq wïn,ul" remamdjl fyda wkh uohia:dkhl /ia ù udhsï" Kh" fydrlï" w~onr wdosh ms<sn`o isú,a iy wmrdo wdrjq,a úhjq,a ;SrKh lrkakg úh' Tjqyq o~qjï osug jvd fomlaih iïu;hlg meñk tluq;=lñka fííug W;aidy oerey ^l=udriajdñ" 1962" 3&',xldfõ l%shd;aul lrkq,enq Widú l%uh o" uq,a ld,fha mgka u fjkia fjñka mj;akd tlls' isxy, rc oji fuys b;d oshqkq Widú moao;shla ;snq w;r tys OQrdj,sfha by<skau isáfha rc;=udh' md;=.sis md,k hq.fha os mjd isxy, rc oji ;snq.ïind jeks wêlrk os.gu mej;=k w;r rdch ks,odßkaf.a iukaú; wêlrk yd fiakdm;s wêlrk o" msysgqjkq,eîh',kafoais md,k iufha os j¾. lsmhl Widú ;snq w;r wmrdo wêlrk lghq;= i`oyd Tjqka md,kh l< fmfoia l,dm ;=klg fnos ;sìks 4 Ydia;%fõoS foaymd,k úohdj ^úfyai&" f;jk jir 32

2 ^fldia;d" 1985" 3-4&' j¾;udk Widú l%ufha uq,drïnh,kafoais hq.fhka mej; wd nj lsj yelsh' ñka miqj ueosy;aùu i`oyd ks;hdkql+, wdh;khla ìys lrk w;r th iu.s ukav, kï úh' wfma rfü wdrïn jqfha" óg jir 42 lg fmr iïu; jq 1958 wxl 10 ork idu ukav, mk; u`.sks ^jkakswdréñ" 2002" 25&' wêlrkfhys kvq f.dv.eisug ms<shula jyfhka 1958oS.%dóh kdhlhkaf.ka ieÿï,;a iu.sodhl ukav, ks;hdkql+,j ia:dms; l< w;r tu`.ska iq wdrjq,a fyda idmrdë jroj,a iu:lrkh lsíu wfmalaid úh' lrekq lsmhla fya;= fldgf.k tkï foaymd,kslrkh ùu" idudcslhkaf.a l%shdldí;ajh" mqyqkqjla fkdue;slu yd Tjqkg jd;a;shla f,i lghq;= lsíug fkdyels ùu hk fya;+ka u; 1978 os tu ukav, wfydais lrk,os ^uqj¾" chiqkaor iy ;srkdiqlriq" 2011" 33&' fuu ;;a;ajh wjfndao lr.;a rch 1988 wxl 72 ork iu: ukav, mk; f.k tk,os' tu mk;a wkqj ieu m%foaysh f,alï fldügdihla i`oydu iu: ukav,hla m;afõ' iu: ukav, m;a lsíï iy wfkl=;a lghq;= lrkqfha iu: ukav, fldñika indjhs ^id,sh" 1996" 15&' iu: ukav, fldñika indj uq osjhsfkau m%dfoaysh f,alï fldügdi wdjrkh jk mßos msysgqjkq,enq iu: uq, ukav,h ish l%shdldí;ajh md,kh lrkq,nkafka iu: ukav, fldñika indj ;=<sks' th ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq,nk miafofkl=f.ka hq;a indjls' thska ;sfofkla fy%aiagdêlrkfha fyda wnshdpkdêlrkfha OQrh oere wh fj;s' thska tla wfhla fldñika indfõ indm;sjrhd f,i m;alrkq,efí ^udmd" 2001" 46&' fldñika indfõ hï /iaùul >K mq¾kh i`oyd fldñika indfõ iudcslhka ;=kafofkla isáh hq;= w;r fldñika indfõ ish /iaùïj, uq,dikh indm;s úiska oeßh hq;=h' fldñika indfõ n,;, iy ld¾hh jkqfha iu:lrejka m;a lsíu" fiajfhka my lsíu iy Tjqkaf.a úkh md,kh lsßu" iu:lrejka úiska mk; hgf;a ;u ld¾hhka iy l¾;djh bgq lsíu wëlaikh lsíu iy md,kh lsíu" iu:ldrjreka fj; wjyh úh yels úodk ksl=;a lsíu hkdèhhs' ^jkakswdréñ" 2002" 36&' fï wkqj meyeos,s jkqfha iu: ukav, fldñika indjg úyd, j.lsula mejfrk w;r tys Wmfoiaj,g ndysrj lsisÿ iu: ukav,hlg l%shd;aul ùug fkdyelsh' hï iu: ukav,hla úfyai lghq;a;la isÿ lrkqfha kï ta ms<sn`o iu: ukav, fldñika indjg oekaúh hq;=h' tfukau hï iu:lrefjl= wmlaimd;s f,i lghq;= lrkafka kï ta ms<sn`oj iu: ukav, fldñika indjg oeka jq miq ta ms<sn`o fldñika indjg únd. lsífï n,h ysñfõ' fï wkqj iu: ukav, mk;g wkqj m%dfhda.sl f,iska iu: ukav, fldñika indj lghq;= lrk wdldrh oel.; yelsh' iu: uq, ukav,h osjhsfka ieu m%dfoaysh f,alï fldügdihla mokï lr.ksñka iu: uq, ukav, we;s lr ;sfí' iu: ukav, m%foayhla i`oyd fldñika indj úiska indm;sjrfhl= m%uql iu: uq, ukav,hla m;a flf¾' tu m%foayfha mosxñj isák fyda fiajfha fhfok wh iy wod< mßmd,k osia;%slalfha osidm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq,nk rcfha ks,odßfhl=f.ka iu: uq, ukav,h iukaú; fõ' w;s úfyai wjia:djl iu: ukav, m%foay fyda msg; mosxñ isák fyda fiajh lrk wfhl= o" m;a lsíug fldñika indjg n,h we; ^is,ajd" 2004" 26&' fï jk úg Y%S,xldj mqrd m%dfoaysh f,alï fldügdi mqrd l%shd;aul iu: uq, ukav, 329 la tu msysgqjd we;s iu: uq, ukav,j, idudcsl ixlhdj 8425 la jk w;r thska msrsñ iu:lrejka 6672la o".eyekq iu:lrejka 1753la fõ ^ld¾hidok jd¾;dj" 2015&' iu: ukav,h 1988 wxl 72 ork iu: ukav, mk; u`.ska iu: ukav,h we;s lrk,os' th bx.%sis NdIdfjka Mediation board f,i y`ÿkajhs ^jkakswdréñ" 2002" 25&' fuu iu: ukav,h 33

3 Widúhla fkdfõ' tjeks l%shdj,shla o" wkq.ukh fkdlrk w;r blaukska" myiqfjka" wvq úhoulska fuu.egqï ksrdlrkh lrkq,nhs' fuu iu: ukav, l%uh yryd fmd,sish" Widúh lrd fhduqjk kvq m%udkh wvqjk w;ru tys ;on,h o" j<lajd.; yels w;r fomd¾yjhgu idodrkhla bgqjk wdldrhg.egqu úi`od.; yelsh' tfukau ck;dj w;r mj;sk wiu`.sh" ffjrh" iel is;=ú,s o" bj;aj hhs' fï wkqj ish u m%dfoaysh f,alï fldügdi ksfhdackh jk f,iska,xldj mqrd iu: ukav, msysgqjd we;' tfukau fuu iu: ukav, idudcslhska o" ck;djf.a f.!rjhg fuka u m%idohg o",la fõ ^udmd" 2001" 45&' iu: ukav, m%foayhla i`oyd fldñika indj úiska indm;sjrfhl= m%uql iu: uq, ukav,hla m;a flf¾' tu m%foayfha mosxñj isák fyda fiajfha fhfok wh iy wod< mßmd,k osia;%slalfha osidm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq,nk rcfha ks,odßkaf.ka iu: uq, ukav,h iukaú; fõ ^is,ajd" 2004"26&' fï wkqj osfkka osk iudch ;=< W.% jk.egqïldí ;;a;ajhkag wêlrkh fyda fmd,sishg fkdf.dia m%n+;ajh u; iu: lr.eksug fuu iu: ukav,h ;=<ska yels fõ' fuu wdh;kh ;=<ska úyd,.egqï m%udkhla úi`oñka md¾yhjka w;r iduh iyfhda.h fukau wkfhdakh úyajdih we;s lrñka lghq;= lrkq,nhs' fuu iu: ukav, l%uh ;=<ska.%dóh jyfhka ck;djg isÿ lrk u`. fmkaùu fukau Wmfoia iemhsu w.h l< hq;=h' tfukau lsis`ÿ uq,huh w.hla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdù iu:lrejka jk m%foayfha m%n+ka,ndfok fiajh o" w.h l< hq;=h' fï wkqj osjhsk mqrd iu: ukav, l%uh m%dfhda.sl jyfhka l%shd;aul ùu ;=< iudch ;=< mj;sk.egqïldí iajndjhka wju lrñka iduldó iy iyfhda.fhka hq;= mßirhla ks¾udkh lsíug yelsfõ' fï wkqj 80 j¾ij, w. Nd.fha os we;s jq woyil ìchlska u;=j wd iu: ukav, l%uh wdrjq,a ksrdlrkhg j¾;udkfha mq,a f,i odhl ù we;' iu:ldrjrhd hkak y kd.eksu' iu: uq, ukav,h i`oyd iu:lrejka 12 fofkl= m;a lrkq,efí' fuu iu:ldrjrekaf.a ld¾hndrh úksiqrejrekaf.a ld¾hndrhg jvd ÿialrh' iu:ldrjre wêlrkhl fuka f,a {d;sjrfhla" ks;s{jrfhla fyda ksfhdacs;fhla fkdjk w;r wêlrk wud;hxy ;=< l=i,;d iy mqyqkqjla,nñka lghq;= lrkq,nk mqoa.,fhls' fuu iu:ldrjre f,i m;ajkqfha wod< n, m%foayfhau W.;a" nqoaêu;a iudchg fiajhla l< yels rdch fiajlfhls' m%dfhda.sl f,iska fuu iu: uq, ukav,hla wohhkh lsíu ;=<ska oel.; yels jqfha úy%du,;a úÿy,am;sjre".=rejreka iy rdch fiajfha hï Wiia ;k;=rla oere mqoa.,hska fukau oekg rdch fiajh ;=< lghq;= lrk ks,odßkaf.ka fuu iu: ukav,h iukaú; fõ' fudjqka ish úy%du osúh iudchg fiajhla lsífï wruqk fmroeß lrf.k lghq;= lrkq,nk w;r iafjécd fiajhla f,i w.h l< yelsh' fuf,i m;ajk iu:lrejka úiska l< hq;= jkqfha wjyh ;SrKhlg t<öug md¾yjlrejkag wjyh myiqlï iemhsuhs' md¾yjhska úiska bosßm;a lrkq,nk wkjyh ndysr idol bj;a lrñka fom¾yjhgu ms<s.; yels úi`ÿula,efnk f;la lghq;= l< hq;=h' iu:lrejka ish N+ñldj bgq lsífï os lkavdhula f,i lghq;= lsíug isÿ fõ' tysos úúo ks,odíka ish u;hg wkqj lghq;= lrkq,nk wjia:d ;sfí' tjeks ;;a;ajhka j<lajd,ñka lghq;= lsßug iu:lrefjl= iu;a úh hq;=h' tfukau md¾yjhka ;=<ska t,a,fjkq,nk fpdaokd ú ord.ksñka tu md¾yjhka w;r iduqysl;ajh we;s lsíug lghq;= l< hq;=h' ;j o" fomd¾yjh w;r hï.egqïldí ;;a;ajhla we;sùug u`. mefok hula m%ldy jqfha kï iduodk f,iska th j<lajd,sug lghq;= lsíug iu:lrefjl=g yelsúh hq;=h' fï wkqj iu:lrefjl=f.a N+ñldj.egqula ksrdlrkh lsßug b;du jeo.;a fõ' iu:lrefjl=f.a iqÿiqlï ms<sn wohhkh lsífï " fuu iu:ldrjre wod< m%foayh ;=< iaòr mosxñlrefjl= ùu" w'fmd'i' idudkh fm< iu;a ùu" m%foayfha ck;dj w;r f.!rjhla ms<s.eksula,nd ;sîu iy jhi wjqreÿ 18 g jeäùu hk uq,sl iqÿiqlï imqrd we;s whf.a kdufhdackd i,ld n,d iu: ukav, fldñika indj u`.ska iïuql 34

4 mílaikhlska wk;=rej mqyqkq mdgud,dj i`oyd iqÿiq ;eke;a;ka f;dard.kq,efí' bkamiqj ta wh i`oyd osk 5 l úfyais; mqyqkqjla wêlrk wud;hxyfha iu: mqyqkq ks,odßka úiska,ndfok w;r tys jd¾;d ie,ls,a,g f.k iu:lrejka f;dard.kshs' wjqreÿ 03 ld,hla i`oyd m;ajk iu:lrejka tu ld,h wjika jq miq kjlhka n`ojd.kq,nk w;r wjqreÿ 18 blau jq keu Y%S,xld mqrjeisfhl=g iu: ukav, idudcsl;ajh,nd.; yelsh ^f;kakfldaka" 2012" 175&' fuhg wu;rj w;súfyai wjia:d.; lrekqj,os iqÿiq hehs fldñika indj ;SrKh lrkafka kï" ta iu: ukav, m%foayfhka msg; mosxñj isák fyda ta m%foayfhka msg; hï jevl fhos isák hï ;eke;af;la iy ta iu: ukav, m%foayh msysáfha hï mßmd,k osia;%slalhla we;=<; o" ta mßmd,k osia;%slalfha osidm;sjrhd úiska kï lrkq,nk hï rcfha ks,odßfhla iu: ukav,hg m;a lrkq,eîug iqÿiqlï jkafkah ^1988 wxl 72 ork iu: ukav, mk;&' fuu iqÿiqlï imqrd we;s Y%S,xldfõ ieu mqrjeisfhl=g iu: ukav,h i`oyd iu:ldrjrfhl= f,i m;aùug yelsh' iu: ukav, idudcslhka ùu i`oyd wjyh wohdmk iqÿiqlula kshu lr fkdue;s w;r we;eï m<d;aj, b;d wvq iqÿiqlï we;s idudcslhka m;a lr we;' mk; u`.ska tjeks bvlv i,id we;af;a Y%S,xldfõ ieu mßmd,k fldügdihlu tl yd iudk wohdmk uügula fkdjk nj ms<sn`oj wjodkh fhduq lr we;s neúks' fï whqßka iqÿiqlï imqrkka iu: ukav, i`oyd idudcslhka f,i m;a lr.kq,nhs' /lshdj wkqj o" iu:ldrjre j¾.slrkhg,la l< yelsh' fuysos úúo ia:dkj, /lshdfõ kshq;= yd úy%du,;a mqoa.,hska fndfyda fofkla iu:lrejka jyfhka lghq;= lrkq,nhs' fï wkqj jd;a;ska wkqj iu: ukav,h ;=< iudcsl;ajh,nd.;a wldrh my; mßos oelaúh yelsh' j.= wxl 01( jd;a;sh wkqj idudcsl;ajh wkq wxlh jd;a;sh m%;sy;h 01.=re 19'6] 02 ffjoh 2'4] 03 jhdmdßl 6'25] 04 úy%dñl 36'2] 05 rcfha /lshd 10'1] 06 iajhx /lshd 3'1] 07 f.dú 13'1] 08 Lïlre 0'4] 09 fjk;a 8'8] uq,dy%h ( talkdhl" 2001" 19 jhi wkqj" iu: ukav, ;=< idudcsl;ajh ysñ lrf.k ;sfnkqfha fuf,isks' jhi wjqreÿ 70g jeä msßi 1'1] la o" jhi wjqreÿ 40g wvq 10'5] la o" jhi wjqreÿ 41 isg 50 olajd 26'8] la o" jhi wjqreÿ 51 isg 61'8]la f,i idudcsl;ajh,ndf.k ;sfí ^talkdhl" 2001" 22&' fï wkqj iu: ukav,h ;=< idudcsl;ajh ysñ lr.eksfï os úúo jd;a;skaj, msßi fukau wd.u wkqj o" jhi wkqj o" úúo uügïj, msßia iu:lrk l%shdj,shg iïnkao ù we;s nj Wla; o;a; wkqj meyeos,s lr.; yelsh' iu:lrejka i;=j mj;sk.=kdx. ms<sn`o úuisfï os uohia: yd wmlaimd;sùu" md¾yjhkag iu wjia:d,ndosug yelsùu" ryihndjh mj;ajdf.k hdu" M,oshS f,i ikaksfõokh lsíu" md¾yjhka w;r úyajdih we;s lsíu" bjisu" wjxlndjh ^uqj¾" chiqkaor iy ;srkdjqlriq" 2011" 92-93&' ueosy;alrefjl= f,i lghq;= lrkq,nhs' tysos ueosy;alre ud¾f.damfoaylfhls' ñ;=frls' wdrjq,lg fyda.egqulg iïnkao m¾yjlrejkag b;d 35

5 ixfõosj ijka os bjisfuka hq;=j.egqu iu:lrkhg wjyh ueosy;aùu isÿ lrkq,nhs' tfukau iu:lre bjis,sjka; iy wjxlndjfhka hqla; úh hq;=h' tfukau ryihndjh Wmßu f,i /lsug iu:lre iu;aúh hq;=h' tkï ish fm!oa.,sl.egqula m%isoaêhg,lajkjdg lsisª wdrjq,alrefjl= leu;s fkdfõ' tjeks wjia:dj, o"s tu ryihndjh wdrlaid lsíug lghq;= l< hq;=h' tfukau md¾yj folgu iu wjia:d,nd osu isÿ l< hq;=h' túg fomd¾yjhgu idodrk f,iska iuj woyia bosßm;a l< yelsh' óg wu;rj iqyoys,s ùu" idodrk;ajh" wmlaimd;s wfhl= ùu" idlécdjla f.dvkexùfï yelshdj" mq¾j ks.ukj,ska f;drùu" ksjeros m%fõyh f;dard.; yels ùu hk.=kx. o" iu:lrefjl= i;= úh hq;=h ^f;kakfldaka" 2012" 174&' fuysos iu:lre md¾yj fol flfrysu b;d iqyoys,s mqoa.,fhl= f,i lghq;= lrñka tu md¾yjj,g ;ud ms<sn`o úyajdihla f.dvkeõsh hq;=h' tfukau idodrk;ajhg Wmßu ;ek,nd osh hq;=h' tla md¾yjhlgj;a widodrkhla isÿ fkdlr idodrk f,iska lrekq i,ld n,ñka.egqu úi`osh hq;= w;ru wmlaimd;s úh hq;=h' tkï tla md¾yjhlaj;a idodrkslrkh fkdlr tu md¾yjj,g.egqu ms<sn`o idlécd lsßug bv,nd os ueosy;aùu isÿ l< hq;=h' fuysos tla md¾yjhla ksjeros f,i mjid thg fya;= bosßm;a lsßfï yelshdjla iu:lrefjl=g fkdue;' idlécd f.dvkxjkafkla f,i.egqug uq, fya;= md¾yj ;=<skau,nd.eksug lghq;= lrñka md¾yjj,g idlécd ud¾. újd; lr osu is l< hq;=h' iu:lre mq¾j ks.ukj,ska f;drúh hq;=h' iu:lrejka wod<.egqu ms<sn`o uq,ska idlécd lr ks.ukj,g t<t miqj th ;yjqre lsíug lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h' ish woyia,nd.; hq;af;a wod< md¾yj yrydh' tfukau.egqug m%fõyùfï os m%fõyùug wod<j ksjerosu lrekq ms<sn`o ie,ls,su;a ù lghq;= l< hq;=h' fujeks.=kdx.j,ska hq;=j iu:lrefjl= lghq;= lrkafka kï iu:lrk l%shdj,sh id¾:l lr.; yelsh' iu: ukav,hla ;=< ish l%shdldí;ajh f.k hdfï os iu:lrejka l< hq;= iy fkdl< hq;= oe ms<snoj i`oyka lr we;' fuysos l< hq;= oe úuisfï os iajhx ;SrK.eksfï uq,o¾uj,g wkql+,j hk wdldrfhka iu:lrk l%shdj,sh wkq.ukh lr mj;ajdf.k hdu oelaúh yelsh' thg wu;rj iu:lrefjl= úiska l< hq;= oe f,i md¾yjhska úiska.kakd,o ;SrKhlg fyda úi`ÿulg taug Tjqkag myiqlï ie,isu" ish u md¾yjhkag uohia:ùu" md¾yjhkaf.a wfmalaidjka mßos ryihndjh mj;ajdf.k hdu" md¾yjhkaf.a wod< fkdjk hï Wjukdjka ms<sn`oj ie,ls,su;a ùfuka je<lsu" iu:lrkhg fkd.e<fmk foa bj;a lsíu" md¾yjhka ie,ls,su;a jk foa ms<sn`oj mq,a wjia:djka,ndosug bjis,sjka;ùu" idlécdfõ os tl`.;ajhg m;a jq lrekqj,ska neyerj idlécdj fhduqjk úg ld,h wmf;a fkdheùu hkdèh oelaúh yelsh^uqj¾"chiqkaor iy ;srkdjqlriq" 2011" 91&' tfiau iu:lre" iu:lrk l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdfï os md¾yj fol flfrysu wjodkh fhduq lrñka fomd¾yjhgu idodrkhla bgq l< hq;= w;r hï meñks,a,la iïnkaofha lrekqj, ryihndjh wdrlaid lrñka Tjqkaf.a wd;au.re;ajh ydks isÿjk lrekq ms<sn`oj ie,ls,su;a ù tajd fjk;a msßila oek.eksfuka je<lsh hq;=h'.egqug wjyh fkdjk hï ldrkd bosßm;a fõ kï tu ldrkd hgm;a lrñka lghq;= l< hq;=h'.egqu iu:lrkh lrk wjia:dj, md¾yjlrejka bosßm;a lrk lrekq flfrys wjodkh fhduq l< hq;= w;r tysos md¾yj fndfyda f,i ie,ls,su;a jk oe ms<sn`oj jeä wjodkhla fhduq lr tajd,nd osug lghq;= ie,ish hq;=h' ;jo" iu:lre idlécd isÿ lr thska úi`ÿulg t<tqkq miq o" fjk;a ndysr ldrkd iïnkaoj idlécdj,g fhduqjkafka kï thska je<lsh hq;=h' iu:ldrjrfhl= fkdl< hq;= oe úuisfï os ks;s Wmfoia osu" md¾yjhka i`oyd ;SrKoSu" wdrjqf,a tl`.;d fldkafoaisj,ska jdis,nd.eksu fyda ish mqoa.,sl Wjukdjka bgq lr.eksug W;aidy oeíu" wd{dodhl m%fõyh" n,y;aldr ;¾ckh" fm<tùu" Nh.ekaùu fyda fjk;a ks;hdkql+, fkdjk ud¾.j,ska.súiqula i`oyd md¾yjhka fhduq lsíu" iudc fjkialï u; fjkia f,i ie,lsu fyda ta u; mokï jq ;Skaÿ m%ldyhg m;alsíu iy ljrdldrfha f.ùula fyda jkaos,nd.eksu isÿ fkdl< hq;=h^uqj¾"chiqkaor iy 36

6 ;srkdjqlriq" 2011" 91-92&' fï wdldrfhka iu:lrefjl= ish N+ñldj bgq lsífï os l< hq;= foa ksis mßos lrñka fkdl< hq;= oe j,ska bj;a fjñka lghq;= lsíu iene iu:lrefjl=f.a j.lsuls' iu: ukav,h fj; wdrjq,a bosßm;a lsíu iy úi`osu iu: ukav,h fj; wdrjq,a bosßm;a lsíu fuka u tajd iu:lrkhg,la lr.; yelsh' ta wkqj iu: ukav,h fj; meñks,s bosrsm;a lsrsfï os úúo jq iajndjfha wdrjq,a bosßm;a l< yelsh' fï wkqj Widúfha iy wêlrkfha mj;sk ;onoh wju lrñka md¾yj follg iu:lrkhg t<ôh yels.egqï iu: ukav,h fj; bosßm;a lrkq,nhs' fuysos fmd,sish" Widúh" uq,h wdh;kj,ska".%duks,odí iy fm!oa.,slj meñks,s bosßm;a l< yelsh' wi,ajeishka w;r.=áneg yqjudre olajd j¾okh jqkq iq wdrjq,a tkï uq,h wdrjq,a" bvï wdrjq,a" mjq,a wdrjq,a" myrosï iïnkao wdrjq,a" wdmiq fkdf.jk,o Kh ;=ria ms<sn`o wdrjq,a wdosh iu:lrkh lr.eksug iu: ukav,h fj; fhduqfõ' wdrjqf,a iajndjh wkqj iu: uq, ukav,j,g wdrjq,a fhduq lsíu my; mßos l< yelsh' m%ia;dr 01 ( 2013 iu: ukav,hg,enqkq wdrjq,aj, iajndjh 50% 47% 45% 40% 35% 30% 28% 25% 20% 15% 10% 11% 12% 5% 2% 0% wêlrkh fmd,sish nexl= iy rlaik wdrjq,alrejka wdrjq,alre úi`ÿïj, fldkafoais W,a,x>kh lsíu fyda lvlsíu uq,dy%h( ld¾hidok jd¾;dj" 2013 fuu m%ia;drhg wkqj iu: ukav,h ;=<g wêlrkh" fmd,sish" nexl= iy rlaik wdrjq,alrejka" wdrjq,alre iy úi`ÿïj,g wod< fldkafoais W,a,x>kh lsíu fyda lv lsíu iïnkaofhka jq wdrjq,a bosßm;a lr we;' fuysos nexl= iy rlaik wdh;kj,ska bosßm;a jk wdrjq,a by< uügul mj;s' th 47]l m%udkhls' fmd,sish úiska iu: ukav,h fj; bosßm;a lrk wdrjq,a fojkqjg by< uügul mj;s' tfukau wêlrkh iy wdrjq,alrejka úiska bosßm;a lrkq,nk wdrjq,a my< uügul mj;sk w;r úi`ÿïj, fldkafoais W,a,x>kh lsíu fyda lv lsíu ms<sn`oj wdrjq,a bosßm;a ù we;af;a b;d wvq uügulg jk w;r th 2] l m%udkhls' 37

7 j.= wxl 02 ( 2016 bosßm;a we;s wdrjq,aj, iajndjh wkq wxlh ixrplh wdrjq,a ixlhdj 01 Widúfhka fmd,sisfhka nexl= uq,h wdh;kj,ska wdrjq,alrejkaf.ka l<ska t<ô tl`.;d tl;=j uq,dy%h( iu: ukav, fldñika ind jd¾;d" 2016 fuu j.=jg wkqj 2016'01'01 osk isg 2016'09'30 osk olajd iu: uq, ukav,hg bosßm;a lrk,o wdrjq,a ms<sn`o úuisfï os jeä wdrjq,a m%udkhla bosßm;a ù we;af;a nexl= uq,h wdh;kj,ska h' fojkqj fmd,sisfhka jeä wdrjq,a m%udkhla iu: ukav, fj; bosßm;aj we;' l<ska t<ô tl`.;d iy Widúfhka o" hï m%udkhlska wdrjq,a bosßm;a ù we;s w;r fuysos wvq m%udkhla wdrjq,alrejkaf.ka bosßm;a ù we;' fï wkqj iu: ukav,h fj; iuia; wdrjq,a la bosßm;a ù we;' m%ia;dr wxl 02( m<d;a uügñka iu: ukav,h fj; wdrjq,a,eîu uq,dy%h( ld¾hidok jd¾;d" 2015 fuu m%ia;drhg wkqj tla tla m<d;a wkqj wdrjq,a iu: ukav, ;=<g,enqkq m%udkh bosßm;a lr we;' tysos jeäu wdrjq,a m%udkhla,eî we;af;a niakdysr m<d;hg wh;a iu: ukav, ;=<sks' tfuka u fuu m%ia;drhg wkqj uohu m<d;" ol=kq m<d; iy jht m<d; ;=< iu: ukav, ;=<ska fojkqjg wdrjq,a bosßm;aùu by< uügul mj;s' W;=re ueo m<d;" inr.uqj m<d; iy kef.kysr m<df;a iu: ukav, úiska uoh uügñka wdrjq,a bosßm;a lr we;' tfukau W;=re m<d; iy W!j m<df;a iu: ukav, ;=<ska wdrjq,a bosßm;aùu wvq uügul mej; we;' fï wkqj wfkl=;a m<d;aj,g idfmalaij 2013 j¾ifha wdrjq,a bosßm;aùu niakdysr m<d; ;=< by< uügul mj;s' wdrjq,a bosßm;a lsíu wvqu uügul mj;skqfha W!j m<d; ;=<h' 38

8 j.= wxl 03( 2015'01'01 osk isg 2015'12'31 osk olajd m%.;sh wkq wxlh ixrplh wdrjq,a ixlhdj 01 iu: ukav, fj; fhduq lsrsï 191" iu:hg m;a lsíï 91"646 m%;sy;h 47'85] uq,dy%h ( ld¾hidok jd¾;dj" 2015 fuu j.=jg wkqj osjhsfkau iu: ukav, fj; 2015 j¾ifha uq, isg j¾ih wjidkh olajd bosßm;a jq wdrjq,a ixlhdj olajd we;' ta wkqj 191"543 wdrjq,a m%udkhla bosßm;a lr we;' tu wdrjq,a w;=ßka iu:hlg m;a jq wdrjq,a m%udkh 91"646la jk w;r th m%;sy;hla f,i 47'85]l m%udkhls' iuia;hla f,i.;aúg fuu j.= igykg wkqj idudkh uügulska iu: ukav, fj; bosßm;a lrk,o wdrjq,a iu:hlg m;a lsíug yels ù ;sfnk nj i`oyka l< yelsh' j.= wxl 04( 2016 wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsíu wkq wxlh ixrplh wdrjq,a ixlhdj 01 meñks wdrjq,a ixlhdj ksrjq,a l< wdrjq,a ixlhdj ksrjq,a fkdl< wdrjq,a ixlhdj ksrjq,a lsíug b;sß wdrjq,a ixlhdj uq,dy%h ( iu: ukav, fldñika ind jd¾;d" 2016 j.=jg wkqj 2016'01'01 osk isg 2016'09'30 osk olajd iu: uq, ukav, fj;,enqkq wdrjq,a ixlhdj w;=ßka ksrjq,a l< m%udkh 69338la jk w;r ksrjq,a fkdl< m%udkh 64115ls' tfukau t;=<ska ksrjq,a lsíug b;sß jq wdrjq,a m%udkh 32392la fõ' ksrjq,a lsíug.kq,nk wdrjq,a w;=ßka o" ksrjq,a lsíug yels wdrjq,a mukla ksrjq,a lrk w;r tysos ksrjq,a lsífï iy;slhla,ndfokq,nhs' ksrjq,a fkdlsífï wdrjq,a i`oyd ksrjq,a fkdlsífï iy;slhla,ndfokq,nhs' fï wkqj iu: ukav, fj; bosßm;a jk wdrjq,a w;=ßka fndfyda m%udkhla úi`od.eksug tu wdh;khg yels ù ;sfnk nj fu;=<ska meyeos,s fõ' iu:lrkfha m%;s,dn.egqula iu:lrkh lr.eksug Widúh" wêlrkh fj; fhduqùu ;=<ska.egqula úi`od.eksug hdfï os mrïmrd.kkla hk ;=re tys ;SrKh fjkqfjka n,d isàug isÿfõ' fuu wêlrk moao;shg fmr.egqu iu:lrkh lr.eksfï wruqkska iu: uq, ukav,h fj; fhduqùu ;=<ska m%;s,dn /ila,nd.eksug.egqu yd iïnkao fomd¾yjhg yelsfõ' md¾yjhkag w;ajk m%;s,dn kï jehjk úhou b;du wvqh" ld,h b;du fláh" wod< md¾yjhkag újd;j ksoyfia woyia m%ldy lsíug wjia:dj,efí" ch ch úi`ÿula ish md¾yjhkag Wodlr.; yelsh" ì`ÿkq in`o;d kej; f.dvkef.a" ffjrh" fl%daoh jeks fé;kdjka we;s fkdfõ" wdrjqf,a uq, îch fidhd th kej; we;s fkdjk whqßka thg ms<shï fhosu" fomd¾yjhgu i;=gqúh yels os¾>ld,sk úi`ÿulg u`. mefoa ^f;kakfldaka" 2012" 174&' wod< md¾yjhkag ksoyfia ish woyia m%ldy lsíug wjia:dj,ndosu o" iu: uq, 39

9 m%;spdr oelajqjka foaymd,k úohd Ydia;%Sh,sms ix.%yh jk fj u 1 jk l,dmh ukav,fhka,efnk m%;s,dnhls' md¾yjlrejkag ish is;a ;=< mj;sk ye`.sï m%ldy lsíug fï ;=<ska wjia:dj ysñ fõ' t;=<ska tla md¾yjhla wfkla md¾yjh flfrys mj;sk ffjrh" fl%daoh jeks is;=ú,s wjfndao lr.eksug yels jk w;r túg iu:lreg tu ;;a;ajhka ue~ meje;aùug yelsh' tfukau wod< md¾yjhkag udkisl ieye,ä jla o" fu;=<ska we;sfõ' thg fya;= jkqfha wêlrk moao;shl fuka fkdj iu: ukav,h ;=< os ;udg wjyh whqre.egqu iïnkaofhka l;d lsßug wjia:dj,ndosuhs' tfukau md¾yj folgu ch w;ajk wjidkhla,nd.; yelsh' fjk;a wdh;k fj; fhduqùfï os tla md¾yjhlg mukla ch w;afõ' kuqÿ fuu l%shdoduh ;=<ska md¾yj folgu ch w;ajk w;r ìÿkq in`o;d h<s f.dv kxjd.eksug o fuh wjia:djla fõ' tfukau fï yryd fomd¾yjh w;r fyd`o ys; o j¾okh fõ' tfukau ffjrh m<s.eksu jeks fé;kdjka h< we;s fkdjk f,iska iu:lrkhg yelsfõ' md¾yjlrejkag woyia m%ldy lsíug wjia:dj,nd osu ;=< wdrjqf,a uq, îch fidhd th kej; we;s fkdjk mßos thg wjyh ms<shï fhosug iu:lrejkag fï yryd wjia:dj,efí' tho.egqfï md¾yjlrejkag iu: ukav,h yryd,efnk m%;s,dnhls' ;j o" fu;=<ska,efnk m%;s,dnhla f,iska fomd¾yjhgu i;=gq úh yels os¾>ld,sk úi`ÿulg.uka lsíug yelsjk w;ru iyfhda.s;djfhka m%yak úi`od.eksug o" yelsfõ' tfukau fï yryd fmd,sish iy wêlrkh fj; meñks,a,la bosßm;a lsífï os thg fndfyda ld,hla.; jk w;ru uqo,a o jehfõ' kuqÿ iu: uq, ukav,h fj; meñks,a,la bosßm;a lsífï os jeh jkqfha remsh,a 5 la jeks iq uqo,ls' wdrjq,a iïnkaofhka ;ud úiska lrkq,nk b,a,su fláfhka i`oyka fldg wod< md¾yjhkaf.a kï iy,smskhka o" iu`. re'5 l uqoaorhla w,jd th wj,x.= fkdfldg uq, ukav,fha indm;sjrhd fj; ;Emef,ka fyda w;ska fyda Ndrosh hq;=h ^pkaøfiak" 1998" 22&' iuia; meñks,a, bosßm;a lsífï isg th wjika jk ;=re jehjk uqo, tmukla fõ' fuh ck;djg,efnk úfyai m%;s,dnhls' tfukau b;d flá ld,hla ;=<.egqu iu:lrkhg,la lrk w;r tu ld,h Wmßu osk 60 ls' osk 60 la.;ùfuka miq ksrjq,a lsífï fyda fkdlsífï iy;slhla,ndfokq,efí' tfukau wdrjq,alrejkag ks;s{hl= u`.ska fmks isàu whs;sjdislula fyda wjirhla fkdue;s fyhska ks;s{.dia;= jyfhka úhoula oeíug isÿ fkdjk fyhska fuu l%shdud¾.h úhoï wêl fkdjk tlla o" jkafkah ^pkaøfiak" 1998" 12&'my; m%ia:drfhka iu:lrkh Ndú;d l< ;eke;a;ka tys ÿgq m%;s,dn oela fõ m%ia;dr wxl 03( iu:lrkh fhdod.;a ;eke;a;ka iu:lrkfha ÿgq m%;s,dn m%;s,dn uq,dy%h (.=Kj¾Ok" 2011" 21 40

10 fuu m%ia;drh 2010 mj;ajk,o iu: ukav, jevigyk ms<sn`oj we.hsfuka,nd.;a o;a; mokï lrf.k ks¾udkh lrk,oaols' ta wkqj m%;spdr oelajq msßig 350 fofkl= w;=ßka 327 wvq ld,hla ;=< wdrjq, úi`od.eksug yels jq njg bosßm;a l< w;r 258 fofkl= wvq úhoñka wdrjq,a úi`od.eksug yels nj bosßm;a lr we;' tfukau jvd idodrk l%shdj,shla njg 158 fofkl= m%;spdr olajd we;' md¾yjhka w;r iïnkao;djh jeä oshqkq jk njg 135 fofkl= m%;spdr olajd we;' jvd idodrk úi`ÿula,efnk njg 126 fofkl= o" fjk;a woyia oela jq m%;spdrlhska 22la o" iu: ukav,fhka,efnk m%;s,dn ms<sn`o lsisÿ woyila fkdue;s 16 fofkl= o" fuu woyia oela jq wh w;r úh' fuu iuia; m%;spdíka wkqj iu: ukav,fhka,efnk m%;s,dn ms<sn`oj b;d by< m%;spdr olajd we;s nj meyeos,s fõ' fï wkqj iu: ukav, l%uh yryd wfkl=;a wêlrk l%uj,g jvd m%dfoaysh ck;dj fjkqfjka fndfyda m%;s,dn w;a lr fok nj fu;=<ska meyeos,s fõ' iu: uq, ukav,fha mj;sk.eg iu: uq, ukav,hla m%dfoaysh uügfuka l%shd;auùfï os thg fndfyda.eg ldí ;;a;ajhkag uqyqk meug isÿ ù we;' iu: ukav, uqyqk fokq,nk tla m%odk;u.eg jla jkqfha øúv NdIdj l;d lrk mqyqkqlrejka fkdue;sùuhs' wdishd moku úiska iu:lrk mqyqkq uohia:dk msysgqùug iyh jk,os' Y%S,xldj tn`ÿ uq,au mqyqkq lsífï uohia:dkh jk w;r tys NdId ;=fkkau tkï isxy," øúv iy uqia,sï ld¾h ukav,hla we;' 2004 isg uohia:dk úiska øúv NdIdj l;d lrk mqyqkqlrejka 14 fofkl= mqyqkq lr we;' Tjqka úiska iu:lrejka 1500 lg wêl ixlhdjla fkajdislj mqyqkq lr we; ^úl%ukdhl" 2011" 29&' fuf,i mqyqkqjla,nd ÿkak o iu: ukav,j,g wjyh lrkq,nk øúv NdId fyda uqia,sï NdId l;d lrk iu:lrejka fkdue;' tu ksidfjka.egqï ksrdlrkfha os tu md¾yjhka wmyiq;djhg m;a fõ' tfukau iu: ukav,h uqyqk fokq,nk.eg jla jkqfha iuyr wjia:djkays os idlépdjla i`oyd iu: ukav,h bosßhg meñksug md¾yjh olajk wlue;a; iy m%;slafiam lsíuhs ^úch;s,l" 2011" 20&' fuu ;;a;ajh fndfyda ÿrg oel.; yels w;r tla md¾yjhla fkdmeñksu ;=<.egqu iu:lrkh lsíug fkdyelsh' iu: ukav,h úiska md¾yjlrejka fj; wdrjq, iïnkaofhka úia;r i`oyka lr,smshla fhduq lrk w;r tysos ;%s;aj oekqï osulska miqj o" iu: ukav,h u`. yßkq,nk md¾yjhka isá;s' w;s;h ;=< fuh m%n,.eg jla njg m;aúh' kuqÿ j¾;udkh ;=< fuf,i iu: ukav,hg fkdmeñfkk md¾yjhka.%du ks,odí ud¾.fhka f.kajd.eksug lghq;= lrkq,nhs' tfukau iu: ukav,h mj;ajdf.k hkq,eîug f.dvke.s,s fkdue;slu o".egæjls' oekg jeä jyfhka iu:lrk lghq;= i`oyd fhdodf.k we;af;a rcfha mdgyd,djkah' i;s wka; oskj, tu mdi,aj, flfrk úúo lghq;= ksid;a wdrjq,alrejka meñksfuka mdi,a f.dvke`.s,sj,g isÿjk ydks ksid we;eï úÿy,am;sjreka mdi,a f.dvke`.s,a,,ndosu m%;slafiam lrhs ^talkdhl" 2001" 45&' iu: ukav,hla ia:dms; lsßssfï os th iaòr ia:dkhl mej;su jeo.;a' tfia fkdfõ kï th ixpdrl iu: ukav,hla njg m;afõ' th tys meje;aug ydkshls ^m%sh,d,a" 1993" 31&' fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< iu: ukav,h l%shd;aul ùfï os iu:lrejka fukau md¾yjlrejka o" oeä wmyiq;djhg m;a fõ' tfukau j¾;udkh ;=< fndfyda iu: ukav, mj;ajdf.k hkqfha iaòr ia:dkhl fkdfõ' t;=<ska wdrlais;j mj;ajd.; hq;=,sms f,alk ;nd.eksug ia:dkhla fkdue;sùu" ksoyia mßirhl mj;ajdf.k hdug fkdyelsùu ;=< fndfyda ÿialr;dj,g uqyqk osug isÿfõ' j¾;udk iudc rgdj ;=< wdrjq,aj,g ;rekfm< f.dÿrejkq olakg,efnk w;r tu wdrjq,a ksrjq,a lsíu i`oyd ;rek ye`.sï iy ;rek woyia ms<sn`o ukd wjfndaohla we;s ;rek iu:ldrjreka fhoúh yels jkafka kï jvd;a M,odhS jkq we; ^talkdhl" 2001" 49-50&' iu: ukav, ;=< fndfyda úg olakg,efnkqfha úy%dñl iu:ldrjrekah' ;rek msßia w;r.egqula we;s jq úg Tjqkaf.a woyia fyda ye.sï wjfndao lr.ksñka tu.egqug wjyh 41

11 úi`ÿï bosßm;a lsíug ;rek iu:ldrjreka fiajh lrkafka kï id¾:l úi`ÿula,nd.eksug yelsfõ' iu: uq, ukav,hg mj;sk ;j;a.eg jla f,i oelaúh yelafla.uka wmyiqjhs' tkï we;eï wdrjq,a úi`osfï os fo;=ka fofkl=g fndfyda ÿrg hdug l=,s r: wjyh neúka remsh,a ish.kkska jeh lrkakg isÿ ù we; ^pkaøfiak" 1998" 80&' hï.egqula bosßm;a jq úg ta i`oyd lafia;% wohhkhla isÿ lsíug wjyh jq úg tu ia:dk fj;.uka lsíug myiqlï fkdue;sùu ;=< iu:lrejka fukau md¾yjlrejka hk fomsßiu wmyiq;djhg m;ajk w;r tu.eg j i`oyd wjyh id¾:l úi`ÿula,ndosug o" fkdyels fõ' iu: uq, ukav,h wdrïnfha os indm;sjrhdg we;s,shlshú,s ms<sn`oj lghq;= ;< yels jqj;a ck;dj oekqj;a ùfuka wdrjq,a iïnkao lghq;= jeä jkjd;a iu`.u,shlshú,s heùu" f,alk kv;a;= lsífï ld¾hhka nyq, jk neúka Tyqg,smslre iydh,nd.eksfï wjyh;dj u;=fõ' ta i`oyd,smslre osukdjla f.úula fyda tla iu: uq, ukav,hla fjkqfjka,smslrefjl= fyda m;a lrkafka kï jvd;a M,odhS jkq we; ^pkaøfiak" 1998" 72&' tfukau wkjyh wdldrfhka foaymd,k ueosy;aùï isÿùu wdosh ;=<ska wdrjq,alrejka fukau iu:lrejka wmyiq;djhg m;aúu oel.; yelsh' iu: uq, ukav,h flfrys ck;djf.a oekqj;andjh iy wdl,am iu: uq, ukav,h ms<sn`oj oekqj;andjh ms<sn`oj úuisfï os fndfyda ck;dj ;=< mj;skqfha wvq wjfndaohls' ukao iu: ukav,h ms<sn`oj oekqj;aùug ndysr lsis`ÿ wdh;khla fyda jevigykla fkdue;sùuhs' fmd,sish iy Widúh wdos ia:dk ;=<ska iu:lrkhg meñks,s bosßm;a l< úg iu: uq, ukav,h lrd ck;dj fhduq jqjo tys ld¾hndrh ms<sn`oj wjfndaohla fkdue;' tu ksidfjka t;=<ska,efnk m%;sm, úyajdi lsíug md¾yjlrejka ne`os fkd;sfnk wjia:d o we;' iu: uq, ukav,h ms<sn`oj uyck;dj oekqj;a lsrsfï os ck udohj,ska,efnk iyh w,am ù we;' tosfkod mqj;am;a i;s wka; mqj;am;a".=jkaúÿ,sh" remjdysksh u`.ska iu: uq, ukav,h ms<sn`o mq,a oeksula,nd fokafka kï tosfkod.ïj, we;sjk wdrjq,a iu: uq, ukav,hg fhduqjk we; ^.ckdhl" 1998" 64&' fuf,iska úohq;a udoh iy uqøs; udoh yryd ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka lghq;= lrkafka kï úyd, fufyhla l< yelsh' thg fya;= jkqfha ck;dj ta ms<sn`oj oekqj;a ùug mj;sk id¾:lu l%uhla f,i ckudoh ye`oskaúh yelsjk ksidh' tfukau wdrjq,alrejka wdl,am ;=< o" úúo.eg mj;s' tkï iu: ukav,hg wdrjq,a fhduq lrk mqoa.,hska wêlrkhg hdug ;rï j;afmdfydi;alñka wvq wh yeáhg iudch ;=< we;eï wjia:dj,os jeros u;hla f.dvke.s ;sfnkq olakg,enqks' tfia ùug fndfyda ÿrg fya;= ù we;af;a h:d¾:h ms<sn`o oekqu uoslñka yd iu: ukav, bosßhg hdu uoslula fia i,lk iuyr wh ;ju;a.ïj, isàu fya;= fldgf.kh ^talkdhl" 2001" 43&' iu: ukav,h fj; fm!oa.,slj wdrjq,a fhduq lsíu my< uügul mj;skqfha Tjqkag ta ms<sn`oj oekqj;andjhla,nd.eksug l%uhla fkdue;s ùu ;=<hs' fmd,sish" Widúh" wêlrkh ;=<ska fndfyda wdrjq,a iu: ukav,h fj; fhduq lsíu ;=< ta ms<sn`oj oekqj;a fõ' kuqÿ wêlrkuh fyda fmd,sisfha,ndfok úi`ÿula fuka iu: ukav,h ;=<ska,ndfok úi`ÿu ms<s.eksug ck;dj uoslula olajhs' thg fya;= jkqfha m%dfoaysh iu:lrejkau tys lghq;= lsíu ksid Tjqka,ndfok ms<s;=r flfrys úyajdih fkd;sîu ck;dj ;=< mj;sk wdl,amuh odiaáh fõ' tu ksidfjka iu: ukav, l%uh ms<sn`oj ck;djg oekqj;andjhla,ndosug lghq;= l< hq;=h' iu: ukav,h fmd,sish yd.%du ks,odíjrhd w;r in ;dj fmd,sish iy iu: ukav,h w;r mj;sk in ;djfha iajndjh ks;sh yd iduh wdrlaid lsíug ìys ù we;s úêu;a isú,a wdh;khla f,iska fmd,sish ye`oskaúh yelsh' rgg Wiia ;;a;ajfha hym;a fiajdjla,ndosug ksr;=reju ne`os isáhs' 42

12 wêrdchjdoskaf.a ld,fha mgka j¾;udkh olajd l%shd;aul jk fuh iudch ;=< mj;sk jeo.;a wdh;khls' iu: ukav,h yd fmd,sish w;r úêu;a iïnkaohla ke;s jqj o" h:d¾:h jkafka fmd,sish wdrjq,a iu:lrkhg fhduq lsífï jeo.;a ld¾hndrhla bgq lsßu mukla fkdj iuyrúg bka Tíng f.dia iu: ukav,hg md¾yjhka f.kajd.eksug o WmldÍjk,nhs' úêu;a l%shdmámdá we;s lr.eksu ;=<ska,nd.; hq;= yd yqjudre lr.; hq;= f;dr;=re j¾. meyeos,s lr.; yels jk w;r lsishï wdrjq,la iïnkaofhka fmd,sisfhka wfmalais; ld¾hndrh lghq;= lr.eksu m%fhdackj;a jkq we; ^wrkaor" 2011" 43&' fmd,sish yd.u w;r wfkhdakh wjfndaoh iy iqyo;ajh úyajdih we;s lrñka hqla;s iy.; idodrk iudchla ksßudkh lrkqfha iu: ukav,h ;=<sks' jroj,a iïnkaofhka fmd,sia ia:dkj,g meñks,s lsífuka miq ish lghq;=j,g wu;rj fmd,sia ia:dkdêm;s úiska tu wdrjq,a m%foayfha iu: uq, ukav,fha indm;sjrhd fj; fhduq l< hq;=h' tfia lsífïos wdrjqf,a iajndjh fláfhka iy wod< md¾yjhkaf.a kï yd,smskhka o" i`oyka fldg uqoaor.dia;= rys;j heùu m%udkj;a fõ' fï i`oyd fmd,sisfha meñks,s msgm;a yd fjk;a,shú,s bosßm;a lsßu w;hjyh' tfy;a uyck;dj úiska fï i`oyd lsisfjl=g;a uqo,a f.ùula l< hq;= fkdfõ ^ùriqßh" 1998"22&' m%dfoaysh f,alï fldügdihlg tlla ne.ska fmd,sia ia:dk,xldj mqrd fndfyduhla l%shd;aul fõ' fuf,iska m%dfoaysh jyfhka l%shd;aul jk fmd,sia ia:dk m%dfoaysh iu: ukav, iu`. in`o;djhla mj;ajk w;r tkï fmd,sia ia:dk fj;g fhduqjk meñks,s w;=ßka hï wdldrhlg iu:lrkhlg,la l< yels meñks,s iu: ukav, fj; fhduq lrhs' fuf,iska iu: ukav, fj; wdrjq,a fhduq jqj o wdrjq,alrejkaf.a leue;a; wlue;a; u; úi`ÿu,ndosug lghq;= l< hq;=h' fuysos tu wdrjq, ms<sn`oj iu:hlg m;aùug wdrjq,alrejkag fkdyels jqfha kï iu: ukav,h úiska wdrjq,a fkdlsífï iy;slhla ksl=;a lrñka kej;;a fmd,sish fj; tu wdrjq, bosßm;a lrkq,nhs' fï whqßka wdrjq,a iïnkaoj fmd,sish yd iu: ukav,h w;r in`o;djhla mj;s'.%duks,odß iy iu: ukav,h w;r mj;sk in ;djfha iajndjh.u ;=< fjfik.fï m%odk mßmd,lhd f,i.u ;=< fjfik ck;dj iu`. ksrka;r iyiïnkao;djhla fukau iïnkaëlrkhla isÿ lrkq,nkafka.%duks,odí úisks' tfukau ÿialr;d uohfha jqj o" ;u rdcldßh fkdmsßfy,d bgq lrñka mq,a jq rdcldßhla.%duks,odí isÿ lrhs' Wmf;a isg urkh olajd ish j.lsï ck;dj fjkqfjka bgq lrk fudyq rdcldßh hqla;s iy.; f,iska bgq lrkq,nhs' fï wkqj.%duks,odí ck;d fiajhg f,dl= Yla;shla fõ' wdréñ, ;k;=r.ïuq,eoeksjrhd olajd o" miqj.%dufiajl f,i o" j¾;udkfha th.%duks,odß olajd o" úldyh ù we;' wog;a w.kqjßka neyer fndfyda m%foayj,.%duks,odß uy;d y`ÿkajkqfha rd<ydñ jyfhks ^iurúl%u" 2011&' fujeks j.lsula orkq,nk.%duks,odí iu: ukav,h iu`. ióm in`o;djhla mj;ajdf.k hkq,nhs' hï ukav,hla úiska 10jk j.ka;sfha ^w& fþoh hgf;a 14 jk j.ka;sfha ^2& jk j.ka;sh hgf;a ;u ld¾h lrf.k hdfï os" wdrjq,alrefjl=g fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l=g hï oekqï osula lsíu msksi ;u iyh fok f,i iu: ukav, m%foayh ;=<.%dufiajd ks,odí fldügdih i`oyd m;a lrk,o hï.%dufiajd ks,orhl=g kshu lrkq,eìh yels w;r" tfia kshu lrkq,enq l,ays ta.%dufiajd ks,orhd úiska ta ukav,hg ta ms<sn`oj wjyh ish iydh osh hq;=h ^ 1988 wxl 72 ork iu: ukav, mk;&' fufia.%duks,odí úiska md¾yjlrejkag oekajqj o" Tjqka iu: ukav,h flfrys kej; fkdmeñks úg ksrjq,a fkdlsífï iy;slhla ksl=;a lrkq,nhs' fï wkqj.%duks,odí iy iu: ukav,h w;r ióm in`o;djhla mj;ajdf.k hkq,nhs' 43

13 ks.ukh Y%S,xldfõ m%dfoaysh jyfhka l%shd;aul jk wúêu;a wdh;khla f,iska iu: ukav,h ye`oskaúh yelsh' w;s;fha isg iu:lrk úê l%uhka mej;=k o m%dfoaysh ck;dj w;r fndfyda ld,hl isg l%shd;aul jk iu: ukav,h m%cdjg iy foayhg jákd fiajhla,ndfokq,nhs' iu:lrefjl= f,i lghq;= lsíu oo úyd, jq f.!rjhla iy jrm%idohla f,i i,lkq,nhs' kuqÿ fuu wdh;kh ms<sn`o ck;djf.a mj;sk fkdoekqj;andjh iy wdl,am ksid o" fuu wdh;kh osß.ekaùug lsis`ÿ wdh;khla fkdue;sùu iy wdh;khg wjyh fn!;sl myiqlï fkdue;sùu ;=< tys iu:lrejka fukau.egqï úi`od.eksug meñfkk wdrjq,alrejka o" fndfyda.eg ldí ;;a;ajhkag uqyqk fokq,nhs' fuu.eg ldí ;;a;ajhkag wjyh iyfhda.h rch fyda hïlsis wdh;khla úiska,ndfokq,nkafka kï fuu iu:lrk l%shdj,sh yryd isÿjk fiajdj by< uügulg m;a lr.; yelsh' tfukau t;=<ska iudcfha mj;sk.egqï hï m%udkhlska wju fõ' flfia jqj o" j¾;udkh ;=< m%foaysh ck;djg jeo.;a wdh;khla f,i iu: ukav,h ye`oskaúh yelsh' wdy%s;.%ka: talkdhl" is'" 2001' Y%S,xldfõ iu: ukav,' fld<u( r;ak fmd;a m%ldylfhda' ld¾hidok jd¾;dj'" 2013' fld<u( wêlrk wud;hxyh' l=udriajdñ" ta" fla'" 1962' uohld,sk isxy, l,d' fld<u( ixiald;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j' fldia;d" fê'" 1985' Y%S,xldfõ ks;sh' fld<t( hq'ã' wdßhodi'.=kj¾ok" tï'" 2011' hqla;siy.; úl,amhla' je,a,ïmsáh(.=kr;ak T*afiÜ' pkaøfiak" weia'weï'" 1998' Y%S,xldfõ iu: ukav, ms<sn`o úoaj;=kaf.a u;' fld<u( tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda' udmd" fê'ms'" 2001' iu:lrkh yd iudc ks;s ix.%yh' l¾;d m%ldykhls' uqj¾" fla' ví" chiqkaor" wd¾ iy ;srkdiqlriq" tï'" 2011' iu:lrk l%shdj,sh' wêlrk wud;hxyh' jkakswdréñ" fê'ms'" 2002' iu: ukav, l<ukdlrkh' fld<u( tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda' is,ajd" à'" 2004' iu: ukav,' fld<u( weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda' 1988 wxl 72 ork iu: ukav, mk;' fld<u( Y%S,xld rcfha uqøk fomd¾;fïka;=j' 44