kjjk mrséfc oh ;=,s; wdr\ólh iy ;sridr ixjr\okh ye#oskaùu

Transcription

1 kjjk mrséfc oh ;=,s; wdr\ólh iy ;sridr ixjr\okh ye#oskaùu Y%S,xldfõ wdr\:sl ixjr\ok.uka u#. iy fhdod.;a Wmdhudr\. ms<sn#oj;a, jr\;udkfha rg uqyqk fok wdr\:sl ixjr\ok wnsfhda. fudkjdo hkak ms<sn#oj;a, ;=,kd;aul ú.%yhla lsrsu fuu mrséfc\ofha uq,sl wruqk fõ. tysos ft;sydisl jyfhka,nd.;a w;aoelsï ;=<ska jr\;udk wdr\:sl ixjr\ok uqf,damdhka ;SrKh lsrsfïos W.; yels oe ms<sn#oj i<ld n,hs. w;s;fha os iajhxfmdis; wdr\:slhla jyfhka mej; os.= l,la hg;aúcs;.%ykhg,lajq rgla jyfhka lghq;= lr bka ksoyi,nd mrïmrd follg ^oyl yhla& miqj jr\;udk f.da,sh wdr\:sl ixjr\ok wnsfhda. ch.eksu Wfoid úuid ne,shhq;= úl,am ixjr\ok m%fõyhka fudkjdo hkak ms<sn#oj ;=,s; wdr\:sl ixjr\ok odiagshlska flfrk wjf,dalkhls. w;s; w;aoelsï Y%S,xldj we; w;s;fha os fmros. OdkHd.drh hk úreodj,sfhka msÿï,;a bxoshka id.rfha msysá l=vd osjhskls. ft;sydislj f,dal wdr\:slfha fjf<#o flaj-%ia:dkhla jyfhka meje;s njg idcis fndfydah. merks fiao udr\.h Tiafia Bidkos. iq,#. wdodrfhka Ök fjf<ka#oka o ksrs;os. iq,#. wdodrfhka wrdì fjf<ka#oka o osjhskg meñk ;u fjf<#o lghq;= iduldój isÿlr we;af;a tjlg meje;s újd; fjf<#o wdr\:sl l%uh hgf;a úh yelsh. tls fjf<#odfï os foaysh jyfhka w;srsla; ksiamdok úfoaysh fjf<kaoka úiska,nd.;a w;r foaysh jyfhka ksiamdokh fkdl< tfy;a rgjeishkag wjyh we;eï NdKav úfoaysh fjf<kaokaf.ka,nd os.kakd,os. fuu NdKav yqjudre l%shdj,sh ys#.hlska fyda w;srsla;hlska f;drj isÿùu ieneúkau ;=,s; wdr\:slhla i;= uq,sl.;s,cikhls. ngysr cd;ska úiska hg;a úð;hla jyfhka osjhsk md,kh l< uq,a ld,isudfõ rg ;=< oaú;aj wdr\ól,cik fmkakqua lr we;. tkï wmkhkh wnsuql lr.;a jdksc fnda. j.dj iy foaysh wjyh;d imqrd.eksu fjkqfjka idïm%odhsl hemqï ldislr\udka;h hk wfkhdakh jyfhka tlsfkl yd iïnkao fkdjq wxy folu tljr wdr\ólfha l%shd;aulùuhs. fuu jljdkqfõ os f.da,sh jyfhka wdr\:sl wr\nqo iy wdydr wr\nqo meje;sh o foaysh wdr\:slfha meje;aug tajd t;rï wnsfhda. fkdùh. tfy;a miqld,skj foaysh hemqï ldislr\udka;h flfrys hg;aúð; md,lhskaf.a wjodkh fhduq fkdlsrsu ksid tf;la meje;s foaysh iajhxfmdais; wdr\:l%uh ì#o jegqkq w;r wdkhkh lrk,o wdydr we;+#m NdKav yd fiajd u; hefmk mrdëk wdr\:slhla ìyslrk,os. th md,lhska úiska ;u hg;aúcs; md,kh myiq lr.eksfï Wmdhudr\.hla jyfhka ys;d u;du isÿlrk,oaols.,xldj ;=< j;= j.dfõ kshq;= bkaoshdkq iïnjhla we;s lïlrejkag ;u mrsfndackh fjkqfjka wdkhksl wdydr we;=#m úúo NdKavj,g yqre lrjkq,enqfha foaysh wdydr ksiamdokh w;srsla;hla meje;s jljdkqjlh. ngysr md,lhka úiska fou< j;= lïlrejkag yd Wvrg isxy,hkag iyôjkfhka Ôj;aùug wejeis miqìu ilia fkdlsrsu, ta fjkqfjka idkqn,,nd fkdosu iy 1

2 iajndúlj tjekakla we;sùug meje;s bvlv mjd wiqrd oeóu u.ska rg;=< úi#ÿï,ndosug b;d wisre m%yak rdyshla ksr\udkh lrk,os. tjeks miqìula hgf;a cd;ska jyfhka fjkafjkaj lghq;= l< rgjeishka w;s;fha os mukla fkdj jr\;udkfha o tlsfkld ms<sfkd.eksu ;sridr ixjr\okh yuqfõ mj;akd m%odk ixfrdaolhls. tlu rgla ;=< cd;ska jyfhka fíoùug tls ;;a;ajh uq,sl jyfhka bjy,a jqjd úh yelsh. hï fyhlska j;= lïlrejkag foaysh ksiamdolhska iu#. hym;a fjf<#o iïnjo;d mj;ajd f.k hdug md,lhska úiska wjia:djka,ndÿkafka kï fuu ;;a;ajh fndafydaÿrg fjkia ùug bv ;snqks. fujeks miqìula ;=< cd;ska w;r iyfhda.s;dj iy iycsjkh jr\okh lsrsu wm yuqfõ ch.; hq;=j mj;sk m%odk wnsfhda.hla fõ. újd; wdr\:slhg fmr iy miq Y%S,xldj jr\i 1948 os ksoyi,nd.eksfuka wk;=rej o tf;la meje;s wdhd; ksr\hd; fjf<#o wdr\:sl l%uh wlkavj l%shd;aul lrk,os. fuhg iu.dój foaysh hemqï ldislr\udka;fha m%.ukh Wfoid md,lhska úiska úúo idkqn,,nd os we;. ta hgf;a f.dúckmo jhdmdrhg uq,sl;ajhla,enqks. jr\i 1977 olajd rg md,kh l< úúo wdkavq hgf;a idfmacij wvq jeä jyfhka foaysh wdr\:slh k#.disgqùu Wfoid úúo wdr\:sl Wmdhudr\. wkq.ukh l< o fmdÿfõ.;al< wnhka;rdjf,dalk wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s m%uql l%shdudr\. fuys os lems fmfka. fuu Wmdudr\. hgf;a foaysh jyfhka w;hdjyh fkdjk NdKav úfoaysh jyfhka wdkhkh lsrsua idfmacij b;d wvq uügul meje;=ks. ta nj 1970 isg 1977 olajd meje;s iu.s fmruqk md,k ld,fha wdr\:sl l<ukdlrk l%fudamdhka mrscid lsrsfï os ;yjqre fõ. wjdikdjlg fuka tls wdr\:sl l%fudamdhkays hym;a wiajekak,eîug fmr tls l%ufõoh 1978 jk úg md,lhska úiska wjika lrouk,os ^Dissanayaka A.,1997). tfia fkdlf<a kï ue; w;s;fha csú; iy f,a, uia, l#-q#m, oyäh mrs;hd.fhka.kkh l< fkdyels ;rï úyd, lemlsrsua lsrsug wjyh fkdjkq we;. wfkla w;g úi#ÿï,nd osug b;d wisre úúo wr\nqo rg;=< Woa.; fkdjkq we;. ta nj foayys;hsyska iy nqoaêu;=ka úiska fnfyda wjia:djkaj, os m%ldylr we;. Wmka foayhg iy wkd.; mrïmrd flfrys wdorhla fkdue;s ngysr u; mukla ksjeros hhs ieuúgu is;+ md,lhskaf.a woyia mukla l%shd;aul ùu ksid ;=,s; foaysh wdr\:slhla f.dvke#.sug ;snq uy#.= wjia:djka rdyshla rgg wysñlrùu iy rgjeishka ;=< mrdëk udkisl;ajhla jr\okh lsrsu wm,o mrdchka f,i ye#oskaúh yelsh. Y%S,xldj rgla jyfhka hg;aúcs; md,k iufha;a bka miqj;a wdr\:sluh jyfhka b;d hym;aj mj;ajdf.k hdug W;=re m<d; iy kef.kysr m<d; úyd, odhl;ajhla,nd os we;. ldisldr\ñl iy ëjr wxyfha jdr\;d.; ksiamdok rgg ysñlr fokq,enqfha fuu m<d;a folsks. tys m%;s,dn tu m<d;aj, ksiamdolhska we;=#m ck;djg ysñúh. wju myiqlua hgf;a ksiamdokh lrk,o ;u NdKav wf,ú lsrsu i#oyd foaysh fjf<#ofmd<ska lsisu ;r\ckhla fyda ndodjla fkdmeje;=ks. thg fya;= jqfha osjhsk ;=< úúodldr wnhka;r wr\nqo meje;sh;a jr\i 1977 jk f;lau talsh rgla jyfhka foaysh;ajhg ketqrej ish u wdr\:sl lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hduhs. tfy;a jr\i 1978 ka miqj l%shd;aul jq újd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s fya;= fldgf.k tf;la W;=re yd kef.kysr ck;djg ysñj ;snq fjf<#ofmd< wysñ úh ^Dissanayaka A.,1997). 2

3 újd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s fya;=fldg f.k m<uqj foaysh fjf<#ofmd< u; meje;s /#oshdj fjkqjg úfoay fjf<#ofmd< u; jvd;a úyajdih ;nd lghq;= lrkq,nk w;rueos fjf<#o m%cdjla ìysúh. fojekak jkafka tls fjf<#o m%cdj ;u wdkhksl NdKav yd fiajd mrsfndackhg.scq mrdëk mdrsfnda.sl m%cdjla rg;=< ìyslsrsuhs. fufia jr\okh jq újd; wdr\:slfha wksgq M, iu#.u tf;la cd;ska jyfhka iycsjkfhka lghq;= l< foaysh fjf<#o wr\:slh imqrd fjkiaúh. tls ;;a;ajh fya;=fldg f.k msvdjg m;a W;=re - kef.kysr ksiamdolhska iy w;rueoshka ;u wjyh;d bgq lr.eksu i#oyd úl,am l%shdudr\. fj; ketqre úh. ta i#oyd n,me ;j;a m%odk idolhla jqfha rfga meje;s foaymd,ksl miqìu iy m%cd;ka;%jdosj ;u wfmacidjka bgqjk njg Tjqka;=< úyajdihla fkdmeje;suhs. tys wksgq m%;sm,hla jyfhka wdhqo ikakoao fnÿuajdos øúv lkavdhua ìysùug fya;=jqjd úh yelsh. mdruamrsl W;=re yd kef.kysr ck csú;hg ydks isÿlrñka jr\okh jk kj wdr\:sl rgdj wkqu; fkdl< we;eua ck fldgiays.e,jqïlrejd jyfhka fmks isáñka ;u jdr\.sl foaymd,ksl wruqkq bgq lr.eksu fjkqfjka lghq;= l< wdhqo ikakoao øúv lkavdhua wdrcidùug;a, jr\okhùug;a tls miqìu fya;=jqjd úh yelsh. újd; wdr\:slfha m%;súmdl jr\i 1977 ka miqj rg;=< l%shd;aul lrk,o újd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s hgf;a tf;la meje;s ck;d ysff;ys fjf<#ofmd< wdr\:sl rgdj Wvq hál=re lsrsula isÿúh. ldisldr\ñl ksiamdok we;=#m fndfyda NKav yd fiajd úfoaysh jyfhka wdkhkh lrk,os. rgjeishka o fuu wdkhksl NdKavj,g.scqlrjQjd mukla fkdj foaysh ksiamdok iy foaysh ksiamdolhskaj úkdy lrouk l%ufõohla l%shd;aul lrk,os. ta hgf;a tf;la meje;s idror\u yd.=kor\u j,ska iukaú;j meje;s ck;d ysff;ys fjf<#ofmd< l%uh úkdy lroud ta fjkqjg uqo,a iy fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dn u; mukla lghq;=lrk fjf<#ofmd< ysff;ys l%uhla ìys lrk,os ^Wickaramasinghe J. W.,1994). ;uka wkq.uh lrkakdjq l%ufõoh mukla ksjeros hhs is;+ md,lhska ;u foaymd,ksl ia:djr;ajh fjkqfjka ck;d mrudêm;h úkdylr ouk,os. tys m%;sm, f,i rg ;=< wdodhï fnoshdfï úyd, úiu;djla jr\okhùu;a, ú/lshdj iy ;rek wiykh W;aikakùu;a fmkajd os yelsh. fua whqrska rg;=< fkikaiqkaldrs ;;a;ajhla ksr\udkh ùug wejeis mrsirh ilik,os. tys m%;sm,hjqfha ñ, l< fkdyels jákd ;rek csú; oyia.kkla iy uyckhd i;= fmdÿ foafmd< we;=#m fn!;sl iïm;a úyd, m%udkhla rgg wysñùuhs. tu#.ska isÿjqfha rgjeishka;=< miq.dó iy mrdëk udkisl;ajhla ksr\udkh ùuh. mqrd oyl follg jvd jeä l,la hk;=re tls mrdëk udkisl;ajfhka ck;dj uqojd.eksug fkeyels úh. ;u ksiamdok fjkqfjka ol=kska fjf<#ofmd<la ysñj isá W;=re kef.kysr ksiamdolhskag th wysñ jqfha o újd; wdr\:sl fjf<#ofmd< l%ufõoh hgf;a l%shd;aul jq fjf<#ofmd< ysff;ys l%uh u.sks. tys Nhdkl m%;sm, jir lsysmhlska nqla;s ú#osug th ksr\udkh l< rdch md,lhskag mukla fkdj ish rgjeishkag o isÿúh. n,dfmdfrd;a;= lv jq W;=fr\ msrsia ;u foaymd,k wruqkq bgqlr.eksu fjkqfjka m<uqfjkau ;u foaymd,k kdhlhska urd ouk,os. th YSIag iudcfha ms<s.; fkdyelalla jqjo tls NSIKh jr\okh ùug wejeis miqìu 3

4 ksr\udkh lr os ;sîu wu;l fkdl< hq;=h. l%ufhka jr\okh jq W;=fr\ wjks;sh ksjersos lsrsug ;rï yelshdjla ol=fka md,lhskag fkd;snqks. md,lhska ksyañ; b,lalhlska f;drj úúo úl,am úi#ÿï fidhñka ngysrg.e;sj lghq;= lrñka wjidkfha os wm ieufokd bmÿk iy ñhefok uõìu folv lsrsu olajd mjdosï isÿlrk,os. mrdëk udkisl;ajhlska iy ngysr u;hg.e;sj lghq;= l< wh tls úi#ÿu mjd ysrsls;shlska f;drj wkqu; lrk,os. uõìug wdorh lrk foayfm%aó rgjeishkag oshfika l=ure meñk uõìug ksoyi Wodlr fok f;la jir 30 lg wdikak ld,hla ;u csú; we;=#m fndfyda oe lemlsrsug isÿùu lsisúfglj;a,>qlr wu;l lr oeñh fkdyelsh. tfia lsrsug miqng fkdjkakka wm w;ru fjiauqyqkq ne#o isák nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=h. tjekakla isÿjqjfyd;a w#m hg we;s.sksmqmqre fuka ie#.j we;s ngysrg.e;s mrdëk wdl,amj,ska wmyg lsis oskl ñosh fkyels jkq we;. tu ksidu tjeks ;;a;ajhla we;sùug fya;=jkakd jq idol ish,a, uq,ska Wmqgd úkdy lr oeóu wm ish fokd i;= mru hq;=lu jkafkah. fnÿïjdohg mrdch W;=r iy kef.kysr fnÿuajdos ;%ia;jdoska iy Tjqkg ys;j;a foaysh fukau úfoaysh n,fõ. úiska jmqrk,o úkdyldrs îc uy jdcihka njg m;aj ;snq fudfyd;l bka rg uqod.eksu;a iu#.u wnsfhda.hka /ilg jr\;udkfha os uqyqk osug wmg isÿj we;. mqrd oyl ;=kla fudark,o jr\.jdohg iy fnÿïjdohg úiÿï,ndosu myiq ldr\hhla fkdjkq we;. ta fjkqfjka tls m<d;a ys fjfik ish ck fldgia h<s k#.d isgqùu;a iu#.u fnÿïjdohg iy ngysrg.e;s mrdëk;ajhg idr\:l úi#ÿï,nd osh yelsh. túg tls ck;dj oskd.eksug yelsjkjd mukla fkdj uõìug OrKSh ixjr\okhla Wod lr.; yelsh. ta i#oyd mci, cd;s, wd.ï iy l=, fío mfil,d ish rgjeishka tld jkaj ;u wkd.; mrïmrd fjkqfjka ;sridr ixjr\okhla lrd.uka lsrsug tla is;aj ne#os isàu wm ieuf.a mru hq;=lu jkq we;. fï i#oyd mj;akd ixfrdaol fudkjdo hkak y#ÿkd.eksu mukla m%udkj;a fkdjk w;r Bg idr\:l úi#ÿï läkñka,nd osh hq;=h. ta fjkqfjka wejeis miqìu iliaj we;s fudfyd;l wmf.a hq;=lï fudkjdo hkak fyd#oska wjfndaolr.eksu iy ta i#oyd l<hq;= lemùu iajdëk cd;shla jyfhka wm úiska ;j ;j;a mud fkdl< hq;=h. ixjr\ok wnsfhda. rgl ixjr\okh Wfoid udkj iy fn!;sl wdr\:sl jr\okh wlkavj mj;ajdf.k hdu w;hdjyh jkakls. tls lghq;= fjkqfjka rg;=< foaymd,k ia:djr;ajhla meje;sh hq;=h. jr\;udkh jk úg ck;dj úiska rgg wjeis foaymd,k ia:djr;ajh,nd os we;. foaymd,k kdhl;ajh ck;d is;=ï me;=ï fukau uq,sl, oaú;sh iy ;D;Sh wjyh;d fyd#oska wjfndao lr.eksu;a tjd bgq lsrsu fjkqfjka m%;sm;a;s iy l%fudamdhka iïmdokh lsrsu;a, wjyh;d ;rdj ^wkqms<sfj<& u; läkñka tajd l%shd;aul lr ck;djg bka m%;s,dn,nd osh hq;=h. tfy;a th isÿl< yelsjkafka ta fjkqfjka rgjeis ish fokdu ;u j.lsï iy hq;=lï fudkjdo hkak fyd#oska wjfndao lr.eksu;a Bg il%shj odhlùu;a hk lrekq folu tljr l%shd;aul lsrsfuks. 4

5 foaysh wdr\:slhla f.dvke#.su fjkqfjka uq,sl ndodjlaj mj;akd jr\;udk mdr\,sfïka;= jhia:dj fjkia lsrsu ixjr\okh fõ.j;a lsrsu fjkqfjka w;hdjyh jqjls. ta i#oyd fya;= ldrl jk lrekq rdyshls. fuu mdr\,sfïka;= ukdm ue;sjrk l%uh hgf;a ck;d ksfhdacs;hka m;a lsrsu ody;r jeks ishjfia f.da;% hq.hl udkj yeisrsï yd iudk jk nj iudc iy udkj úoh{hska fmkajd os we;s lrekls. osia;%slal ukdm l%uh ;=< Pkao odhlhd f.da;% hq.hlg wh;a ck iudchlg f.k f.dia we;. Tjqka ;u ukdmh,nd osh hq;af;a rgg jev l< yelshdj we;s hym;a, nqoaêu;a, ldr\hciu ck;dj fjkqfjka lemjk iene ksfhdack;ajhla fjkqfjks. tfy;a fuu ukdm l%uh hgf;a fndfyda Pkao odhlhka ;u ukdmh,nd osug ;SrKh lrkqfha ;u mcih, ;u cd;sh, ;u wd.u, ;u l=,h wdos lrekq mdol lr.ksñks. fuu f;arsu f.da;% iudc l%uhlg iudk fkdjkafkao hkak is;d ne,sh hq;=h. jr\;udkfha l%shd;aul jk wkqmd; Pkao l%uh hgf;a wfmacilhka ;ukag ysñ ukdm ixlhdj jeä lr.eksu fjkqfjka ish m%pdrl lghq;= úúo Wmdhudr\. Tiafia isÿ lrkq,nhs. th je,elaúh fkdyelalls. tu ksidu mcifha wfkl=;a wfmacilhka iy wdodrlrejka we;=#m iyfhda.h fokq,nk lkavdhï w;r fnaoùï we;=#m wukdm fmdrhla njg m;aj we;s nj ck;dj fyd#oska okakd lrekls. fuu ue;sjrk m%pdrl lghq;= fjkqfjka w;s úyd, uq,h iïm;a iïndrhla fukau udkj iy fn!;sl iïm;a m%udkhla o lem lsrsug isÿùu ieneúkau fydalcklh. mshú weig úohdudk jk úyd, OkialkaOhla uyck ksfhdacs;hka m;a lr.eksu fjkqfjka wfmacilhka we;=#m wdodrlrejkg,enqfka flfiao hkako m%yakhls. úúo uqyqkqjrska jeh lrkq,enqjo ieneúkau tajd rfü uyckhd i;= uqo,a úh hq;=h. fufia jeh lrkq,nk uqo,a kej;;a úúodldrfhka ck;dj w;g m;ajkafka kï túg rfü wdodhu fnoshdfï úiu;dj wvq úh hq;=h. tfy;a th tfia fkdjkafka ukao hkak ms<sn#oj fidhd ne,sh hq;=h. rch úiska kshñ; ld,hg uyck ksfhdacs;hska m;alsrsu fjkqfjka ue;sjrk meje;aùu rch i;= j.lsuls. tysos m%cdj md,kh lsrsu i#oyd uyck ksfhdac;hska m%cdj úiska f;dard m;a lr.kq,nhs. tu ksidu uyck ksfhdacs;hka m;alsrsu fjkqfjka rch uyck uqo,a úhoï lrkq,nhs. tfy;a.eg j jkafka rchg uyck ksfhdacs;hka m;a lsrsfï j.lsu hgf;a uyck uqo,a jeh lsrsu fkdj, tls uqo,a m%udkh fuka wiq.=khlg wdikak uqo,a iïndrhla uyck ksfhdacs;hska m;a lsrsfï rcfha ldr\hndrh fjkqfjka fm!oa.,sl wxyh úiska jeh lsrsuhs. rcfha ldr\hndrh fjkqfjka fu;rï idfmaci OkialkaOhla jeh lsrsug ;rï Yla;su;a fm!oa.,sl wxyhla f,dj lsisu rgl isákafkao hkako fidhd ne,sh hq;a;ls. tfy;a.eg j th fkdjkq we;. Wla; ldr\hhka fjkqfjka fm!oa.,sl wxyh jeh lrkq,nk uqo,ska wdikak jyfhka 80% l muk m%udkhla ue;sjrk ld, isudj ;=< os úfoay.; ùuhs. ksoiqka f,i m%pdrl m;%sld we,ùug ;srs#.=msá úyd, m%udkhla wjyhjkq we;. tajd wdydr jyfhka mrsfndackhlska f;drj ì;a;s, ;dmam, md,ï, fndlal=, úÿ,slkq we;=#m fndfyda ia:dkj, ;jrkq,nhs. tfy;a fujd f.kajkq,nkqfha úfoayfhks. tmukla fkdj lvodis, ;Ska; jr\., uqøk øjh iy ta wdy%s; WmlrK ish,a,lau mdfya wdkhkh l< hq;=h. wä.kka Wi úyd, m%pdrl mqjre iy f;drk jeks m%pdrl ksr\udk ìyzj we;. ta fjkqfjka o w;s uy;a uqo,a m%udkhla úfoay.; fõ. wfkla w;g ue;sjrk jhdmdrh fjkqfjka Odjkh lrk hdk jdyk yd fudagr\ r: i#oyd bkaok fukau tajdfha wu;r fldgia f.kajkq,nkqfha o úfoayfhks. ;u ue;sjrk lghq;= j, kshef<k 5

6 wdodrlrejkg wdydr fõ,la fokafka kï tys we;af;ao wdkhkh lrk,o øjh jkq we;. fufia úyd, uqo,a iïndrhla flá l,la we;=<; ráka neyerùu rg;=< úfoay úksuh wr\nqo we;s lrjkakla mukla fkdj ;=,s; wd:slhla mj;ajd.eksu fjkqfjka mj;akd úyd, ndodjls. wfkla lrek jkafka Pkao odhlhska wvq ue;sjrk n, m%foay ksfhdackh lrk wfmacilhskaf.a ue;sjrk n, m%foayh ish mcih ch.%ykh l< o Tjqka mrdchg m;aùuhs. túg tls n, m%foayfha ck;dj ksfhdackh lrk ck;d ksfhdacs;hska fkdue;sùfuka m%foaysh ixjr\okfha úiu;djka iy jhdl+,;djka we;sùfuka ck;d wfmacidjka ì#o jefgkq we;. Wla; ;;a;ajh yuqfõ mj;akd ue;sjrk l%ufha fjkil wjyh;dj nqoaêu;a ck;d ksfhdacs;hska mukla fkdj uyck;dj o fyd#oska wjfndao lr.; hq;=h. ta i#oyd mj;akd wkqmd; ue;sjrk l%uh fjkqjg rgg hym;a ck;d ksfhdack l%uhla we;s l< hq;=h. tfy;a th isÿúh hq;af;a ;=,s; wdr\:slhla ìys lsrsfï wruqkq we;sj ;sridr ixjr\okhla fjkqfjks. khdhd;aul m%fõyh jr\i 1948 os hg;aúcs; md,kfhka ksoyi,enqjdhska miqj jr\i 1977 g fmr iy miq jyfhka mrïmrd foll w;aoelsï rdyshla wm i;=j we; g fmr meje;sfha idfmaci jyfhka rch wdr\:sl lghq;= i#oyd Rcqj ueosy;ajk wnhhka;rdjf,dalk rdch jhjidhs wdr\:slhls. tfy;a jir 1977 g miqj idfmacij fm!oa.,sl jhhidhs ndysrdjf,dalk wdr\:slhla njg rg mrsjr\;kh lrk,os ^Dissanayaka A.,1997). wdr\:slhl ksiamdok yelshd udhsu kï khdhd;aul Wmlrkh u.ska fuu hq. folys uq,sl wdr\:sl fufyhqï ys m%;sm, ms<sn#oj i<ld ne,sh yelsh. P ksiamdok yelshd udhsu wdy%s; ú.%yh A P3 P2 a b SWI2 P1 d c SWI1 0 G1 G2 G3 B G igyk 8.01 igyk 8.01 ys isria wcih u.ska fm!oa.,sl wxyh (P) iy ;sria wcih u.ska rdch wxyh (G) ksremkh lrhs. wr\:l%uh i;= ish u ksiamdok idol iïm;a Wmrsuj rdch iy fm!oa.,sl wxy w;r fnodyrsñka mj;akd ;dcikh hgf;a 6

7 ksiamdokh l< yels úl,am ksiamdok wjia:djka A - B hk ksiamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá a, b, c hk,ci u.ska fmkajhs. Y=oaO ixjd; ke;skï rdch jhjidhs wdr\:slhla mj;skafka kï wr\:l%uh i;= ish u ksiamdok idol rdch l<ukdldrs;ajh hgf;a B kï ksiamdok uügfï mj;skq we; ^fm!oa.,sl wxyfha odhl;ajh 0 fja&. wfkla w;g Y=oaO újd; ke;skï fm!oa.,sl jhidhs wdr\:slhla mj;skafka kï wr\:l%uh i;= ish u ksiamdok idol fm!oa.,sl l<ukdldrs;ajh hgf;a A kï ksiamdok uügfï mj;skq we; ^rdch wxyfha odhl;ajh 0 fja&. ^fujeks iajndj wdr\:sl ixl,amuh ;;a;ajhka jk w;r m%dfhda.slj f,dj lsisu rgl oel.; fkdyel&. by; igyk 8.01 u.ska ksoyiska miq Y%S,xldj ;=< ls%shd;aul lrk,o ixjd; iy újd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s ms<sn#oj idfmaci jyfhka i<ld ne,sh yelsh. Y%S,xld wdr\:slh ksoyi,nk úg W!K Wmfhdackh ;;a;ajhla hgf;a ksiamdok yelshd udhsu we;=<; msysá d jeks,cihl lghq;= lr we;. jir 1948 isg úúo wdkavq hgf;a jir 1977 olajd rdch jhjidhl wdr\:sl l%fudamhka l%shd;aul lrk,oafoa d,cifha isg yelshd udhsu u; msysá c,cih fj;,#.dùfï n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;sj úh yel. túg rdch wxyfha ksiamdok odhl;ajh G3 jk w;r fm!oa.,sl wxyfha ksiamdok odhl;ajh P1 f,i mj;skq we;. tfy;a tu b,lalh fj; oyl ;=kl ld,hla lem l<o,#.dùug fkdyelsúh. jir 1978 isg újd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s hgf;a 2007 olajd idfmacij fm!oa.,sl jhjidhl wdr\:sl l%fudamhka l%shd;aul lrñka yelshd udhsu u; msysá a,cih fj;,#.dùug W;aidy ork,os. ta hgf;a wfmacid lrkq,enqfha fm!oa.,sl wxyfha ksiamdok odhl;ajh P3 jeks by< uügul iy rdch wxyfha ksiamdok odhl;ajh G1 jeks my< uügul mj;ajdf.k hduhs. tfy;a tu b,lalh fj; o oyl ;=kl ld,hla ;=<,#.dùug wm wdr\:slhg fkdyelsúh. ksoyiska miq f.jk,o fuu mrïmrd fol ;=< wfmacid l< tfy;a,#.dùug fkdyels jq b,lal imqrd.kq,enqjo tu#.ska,#.dúh yelafla SWI1 iudc iqnidok WfmaCId jl%h u; msysá iudc iqnidok uügulg muks ^a iy c,cij,g wod,j&. ^SWI u.ska olajd we;af;a wr\:l%ufha ke;skï iudcfhau Wmfhda.s;dj ke;skï iudc ;Dma; uügu ksremkh flfrk iudc iqnidok WfmaCId jl%hhs&. Y%S,xld jeks hg;a úcs;lrkhg,la jq W!K ixjr\ê; rgj, by; wdldrfha wdr\:sl ;;a;ajhka meje;su ms<sn#oj wdr\:slúohd{hska úiska mr\fhaik.kkdjla isÿlr we; ^Dasgupta P., 2001). tls mr\fhaik u.ska fmkajd os we;af;a ixjd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s hgf;a c,cih fj;,#.jqj;a, újd; wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s hgf;a a,cih fj;,#.djqj;a, wdr\:slhg w;am;a lr.; yelafla SWI1 jeks my< iudc iqnidok ugagula njhs. fuls a iy c,ci fj;.uka lsrsug lghq;= lrkjd fjkqjg rdch wxyh iy fm!oa.,sl wxyh taldnoaoj lghq;= lr ksiamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá b,cih fj;.uka l< hq;=h hkak úl,am ixjr\ok udos,s (Alternative Development Models) ms<sn#oj woyia olajk wdr\:slúohd{hska u;hhs ^Dasgupta P., 2001). Tjqkaf.a u;hg wkqj wdr\:slh ish m%;sm;a;s fufyhúh hq;af;a d,cifha isg b,cih olajd.uka lsrsu Wfoidh ^fuh úyd, ;,a khdh hgf;a fmkajd fokq,nhs&. fuls l%ufõoh wdr\:slúohd{hska úiska y kajd os we;af;a ;=,s; wdr\:sl ixjr\ok udos,sh ke;skï ;=,k wdr\:slh (Balanced Economy) fjkqfjka m%fõyh hkqfjks. fuu m%fõyh hgf;a ksiamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá b,cihg meñk SWI2 kï iudc iqnidok WfmaCId jl%h u.ska fmkajk by< iudc iqnidok uügula 7

8 w;am;a lr.eksfï yelshdjla mj;s. fuu wjia:dfjaos A-B ksiamdok yelshd udhsfï iy SWI2 iudc iqnidok WfmaCId jl%fha nejqï tlsfklg iudk jk w;r th wdr\:sl iu;=,s; fldkafoaishla imqrd,sula jkq we; ^Andersson L. and B. Thomas, 1998). úl,am ixjr\ok m%fõyh ;=,s; wdr\:slhla hkq wka lsisjl=g nrla fkdù ish wdr\:sl lghq;= iunrj mj;ajdf.k hduhs. fuh úl,am ixjr\ok m%fjay hgf;a y kajd fok,oaols. hg;aúcs; jyfhka meje;s fndfyda rgj, ;u ixjr\ok Wmdhudr\. jyfhka f;dard.kq,enqfha ngysr rgj,a wkq.ukh l< ixjr\ok wdld;ska yd ix.;jh. tfy;a tu#.ska wfmacis; ixjr\ok b,lal imqrd lr.eksug fkdyels jq rgj,a rdyshls. tfia ùug fya;= fudkjdo hkak ms<sn#oj wohhk l< ixjr\ok wdr\:slúoh{hska úiska ;u rfü wdr\:sl jhqyhg.e<fmk wdldrfha kj úl,am fj; m%fõy úh hq;= nj fmkajd os we;. tu#.ska ;sridr ixjr\okhla ke;skï OrKSh ixjr\okhla w;am;a lr.; yels nj Tjqkaf.a u;hhs ^Dasgupta P., 2001). f.da,sh wjyh;d imqrd,su hgf;a rgl ;=,s; wdr\:sl ixjr\okhla Wfoid w;am;a lr.;hq;= uq,sl ;=,k wjyh;d ;=kla ms<sn#oj fuys os wjodkh fhduql< hq;=h ^Sterner T., 2003). wnhka;r ;=,kh (Internal Balanced) ndysr ;=,kh (External Balanced) mdrirsl ;=,kh (Environmental Balanced) wnhka;r ;=,kh wnhka;r ;=,kh hkq rgla wnhka;rsl jyfhka trg wdodhu iy úhou iunrj mj;ajd f.k hduhs. fuh wdruan l< hq;af;a mjq, ke;skï l=gquanh hk l=vdu wdr\:sl tallh ;=<sks ^Dasgupta P., 2001). mjqf,a úhoï mshjd.eksug ;rï m%udkj;a wdodhula ish mjq,a tallh ;=< meje;sh hq;=h. tfia ;u mjqf,a wjyh;d imqrd.eksug ;rï m%udkj;a wdodhï fkd,efnk l=gqïn mjqf,a wdodhu jr\okh lr.eksfï Wmdhudr\. wkq.ukh l< hq;=h. ta i#oyd m<uqfjkau.dy l<ukdlrkhla isÿúh hq;=h. wvq wdodhï,dnskag ;u mjqf,a wdodhï jr\okh lr.eksfï m%fõyhka ìys lsrsu fukau ksjerosj.dy l<ukdlrkh fkdjq l=gqïn ta fjkqfjka fhduq lrùu l< hq;=h. fuu l%shdj,sh idr\:l lr,su Wfoid m%cdj oekqj;a lsrsfï jevigyka l%shd;aul lsrsu, m%dfoaysh jyfhka ysñ udkj iy fn!;sl iïm;ays únj;djka ksjerosj y#ÿkd.eksu, tls iïm;a l<ukdlrkh iy Ndú;h. f.j;= j.dj,.dy lr\udka;, kj fjf<#ofmd< wdlr\ykh, wka;r\ iïnjëlrkh, w;rueos ;dcikh wdos l%shdudr\. wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj fmkajd osh yelsh. wvq wdodhï,dnska, iykdodr u; hefmkakka, /ljrkh wejeis mjq,a, y#vla ke.sug wfmdfydi;a msrsia, yqol,d iy wdka;sllrkhg,lajqjka, iún,.ekaùfï úúo jhdmd;s m%foaysh jyfhka wjyh;d y#ÿkd.ksñka l%shd;aul l< hq;=h. 8

9 l=gqïn wdr\:slh iu;=,s;hg m;alsrsu m<uq ldr\hh jk w;r tjeks l=gqïn rdyshlf.ka.ula o, tjeks.ï rdyshlf.ka m%foayhla o, tjeks m%foay rdyshlf.ka osia;%slalhla o, tjeks osia;%slal lsysmhlska m<d;la o, tjeks m<d;a rdyshlf.ka rgla o ìys lsrsfuka trg wh-jeh iunrj mj;ajdf.k hdfï yelshdj ksr\udkh jkq we;. wnhka;r ;=,kh mj;ajd.eksu u.ska ;sridr ixjr\okhfha uq,sl wjyh;d imqrd.; yels jk w;r tu#.ska ;=,s; wdr\:slhla f.dvke.sfï m<uq mshjr bgq jkq we;. ndysr ;=,kh ndysr ;=,kh hkq rgla ;u wka;r\cd;sl fjf<#odu iunrj mj;ajdf.k hdfï l%shdj,shhs. rglg wejeis ishæu NdKav trg ;=< ksiamdokh lsrsfï YdlH;djla fkdmej;sh yelsh ^Sterner T., 2003). tfukau idfmaci msrsjeh jdis fyda ;r#.ldrs msrsjeh jdis ;;a;ajhka mokï lr.ksñka NdKav ksiamdokh lsrsu, mrsfndackh lsrsu, wdkhkh iy wmkhkh lsrsu fmdÿfõ isÿjkakls. tu ksidu rgj,a wka;r\cd;sl fjf<#odug iïnjo fõ. fuu uq,or\uh hgf;a ndysr ;=,kh hkq rgl wdkhk úhoug irs,k wmkhk wdodhula mj;ajd.eksuhs. oaúudk chdñ;sl wdld;shla u.ska ndysr ;=,k ;;a;ajh ú.%y l< yelsh. idr\j wdr\:sl iu;=,s;h Xn X EB IEC X1 k IB SWI M1 igyk 8.02 Mn X igyk 8.02 ys isria wcih u.ska wmkhk tkï foaysh jyfhka ksiamdos; NdKav yd fiajd (X) iy ;sria wcih u.ska úfoaysh jyfhka wdkhkh lrkq,nk NdKav yd fiajd (M) ksremkh lrhs. ta wkqj 0-Mn f,i wdr\:slh i;= ish u iïm;a Ndú;fhka wdkhkh l< yels NdKav yd fiajd tall m%udkh olajk w;r 0-Xn f,i rfga ish u iïm;a Ndú;fhka wdmkhkh l< yels ^foaysh jyfhka ksmoúh yels& NdKav yd fiajd tall m%udkh olajhs. fujeks 0-Mn iy 0-Xn jeks ;sria iy isria wka;hka f,dj lsisu rgl jr\;udkfha fkdmj;sk w;r th fuu ú.%yh i#oyd fhdod.kakd ixl,amuh ;;a;ajhla mukls. tkï fuys woyi jkafka f,dj lsisu wdr\:slhla fuu wka;hla foflys lghq;= fkdflfrk njhs. igyk 02 ys Xn iy Mn hd lr we#o we;s 9

10 fr\ldj wdr\:slfha wh-jeh fr\ldj jyfhka i<ld n,hs. uq,,cifha isg 45 0 g we#o we;s fr\ldj wdodhï mrsfndack fr\ldj ke;skï wdodhï úhoï fr\ldj (Income Expenditure Curve - IEC) f,i y kajhs. SWI hkq iudc iqnidok WfmaCId jl%h fõ. wh-jeh fr\ldfõ nejqu;a, SWI WfmaCId jl%fha nejqu;a, k,cifha os tls fklg iuk jkq we;. tu wjia:dfõosu IEC jl%h o k yryd.uka lrhs. th idr\j wdr\:sl iu;=,s;hg wod, tla fldkafoais imqrd,suls ^Starrett A. D., 1988), fuu iu;=,s;hg wkqj foaysh jyfhka ksmojd wdmkhkh l< yels NdKav yd fiajd m%udkh X1 jyfhka mj;sk w;r th wnhka;r ;=,kh (IB) u.ska olajhs. tls wmkhk wdodhñka wdkhkh l< yels NdKav yd fiajd m%udkh M1 jyfhka mj;akd w;r th ndysr ;=,kh (EB) jkq we;. fuu ú.%yhg wkqj k u.ska rglg idr\j wdr\:sl iu;=,s;hla w;am;a lr.eksfï we;s yelshdj fmkakqï lrhs. iqnidok wdr\:slúohd{hska úiska fuys k u.ska olajk wjia:dj wdr\:slfha iajr\kuh,cih (Golden Point) jyfhka y kajhs. fufia wdr\:slhla wnhka;r iy ndysr ;=,k w;am;a lr.eksu Wfoid ;u wdr\:sl m%;sm;a;s fudkjdo hkak ksjersosj y kdf.k tajd l%shd;aul l< hq;=h. jr\;udk ixjr\ok wdr\:slúohd{hska úiska ;=,s; wdr\:slhla f.dvke.sfï os imqrd.;hq;= tla fldkafoaishla jyfhka fuu iu;=,s;h fmkajd os we; ^Starrett A. D., 1988),. kj hg;aúcs;jdofha fmdÿ,cikhla jyfhka jr\;udk f,dal wdr\:slh ;=< ixjr\okh fjñka mj;akd fndfyda rgj, wmkhk wdodhug jvd wdkhk úhou by< w.hla f.k we; ^Dissanayaka A., 1997),. ndysr ;=,kh hgf;a wdkhk úhoï wju l< hq;=h. ta i#oyd úi#ÿï jyfhka rgg w;hdjyh wdkhk fudkjdo hkak ;SrKh lsrsu m<uq ldr\hh jkq we;. fojekak jkafka tls wdkhk úhoug irs,k mrsoafoka wmkhk wdodhu jeä lr.eksfï l%shdj,shhs. ta i#oyd trg udkj iy fn!;sl iïm;ays únj;djka ksjerosj y#ÿkd.eksu iy Ndú;h u.ska kj wmkhk NdKav iy fiajd ksiamdokh l< hq;=h. tys os iïm%odhsl wmkhk u; oeä /#oshdjla fkdolaùu iy wmkhk NdKav lsysmhla u; wdr\:slfha r#odmeje;au ;SrKh fkdjk mrsos lghq;= lsrsu u.ska hym;a m%;sm, w;alr.eksug fya;= jkq we;. fuu uq,or\uh hgf;a f.jqï fyai ;=,kh u.ska rglg wejeis ndysr ;=,khla w;am;a lr.; yelsh. fuu ndysr ;=,k l%shdj,sh ch.eksu i#oyd trg ck;djg úyd, jyfhka lem lsrsï lsrsug isÿjkq we;. ta hgf;a úfoaysh jyfhka wdkhkh lrkq,nk tfy;a foaysh jyfhka ksiamdokh l< yels NdKav wdkhk md,kh lsrsu iy tjeks NdKav mrsfndackfhka bj;aùu m%odk jkq we;. ;r#.ldrs fyda idfmaci msrsjeh jdis ;;a;ajhka hgf;a foaysh jyfhka ksmoúh yels NdKav jr\. y#ÿkajdosu, ksiamdolhska osrs.ekaùu iy wjyh idkqn, iïmdokh lsrsu isÿl< hq;=h. mdrirsl ;=,kh mdrirsl ;=,kh hkak tla rglg fyda rgj,a lsysmhlg ;u rdch m%;sm;a;s j,ska mukla w;am;a lr.; fkdyelalls. f.da,sh mrsirh úúo mdrirsl iy iajndúl iïm;a iu#. taldnoaoj ksr\udkh ù we;. tu ksidu tajd whs;sh mokï lr.ksñka fnod ;snqk o tla udkj fldgilf.a l%shdjka uq#m uy;a udkj m%cdjgu oefkkq we;. tu ksidu udkj wjyh;d imqrd.eksu fjkqfjka mdrirsl iïm;a Ndú;fha m%;sm,,>qlr ie,lsh fkdyel. tls wjfndaoh 10

11 ksidu jr\;udkh jk úg f,dj fndfyda rgj,a mrsirh ms<sn#oj b;d wjosfhka lghq;= lsrsfï m%jk;djla olakg,eîu hym;a,cikhls ^Sterner T., 2003). f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a 1980 oylh jk f;lau idr\j wdr\:sl iu;=,s;hla u.ska ;u ixjr\ok b,lal fj;,#.d ùug W;aidy ord we;. tfy;a 1990 oylfha f,dajeishkg uqyqk osug isÿ jq úyd,;u wnsfhda.h jqfha f.da,sh mrsirfha isÿjq úmr\hdihkah. ñksid úiska ;u wjyh;d imqrd.eksu fjkqfjka mrsirhg isÿlrk,o n,meïj, wksgq M,úmdl N=la;s úosug iy ch.eksug wmyiq wdldrfha wkd.; wnsfhda. /ilg uqyqk osug wo wmg isÿj we;. ñksid úiska tlsfkld mrhd hdug lrk,o ;dciksl úma,jh fuhg fya;= úh. kùk hqo wdhqo ksmoùu iy tajd Ndú; lsrsu, f,dal ;%ia;jdoh jhdma; lrùu, wêl f,i n,yla;sh Ndú; lsrsu wdosh f.da,sh mrsirfha hy-meje;aug ndod lrk idol lsysmhla fõ ^Dasgupta P., 2001). flfia kuq;a ñksid ixjr\okfha ñ;hdj miqmi yudhdu mdrsirsl wr\nqo jr\okh ùug uq,slu fya;=j jyfhka fmkajd osh yelsh. tu#.ska ;u rgg wdfõksl isrs;a úrs;a, fmdÿ idror\u, ixiald;sh jeks oe kej; f.dvke.sh fkdyels jk mrsoafoka úkdy ù we;. wkd.; mrïmrdjkays wjyh;d ms<sn#oj lsisÿ ;elsulska f;drj jr\;udk mrsfndackh u.ska mukla ;u b,lal imqrd.eksu ;sridr;ajhla fkdue;s nj jgyd.eksug ld,h t,t we;. fuu wnsfhda.fhka f,dj lsisÿ csúhl=g ñosug fkdyels ;;a;ajhla ksr\udkh ù we; ^Dasgupta P., 2001). fuu tneúka rgl ;sridr ixjr\okh Wfoid m%;sm;a;s ilia lsrsfïos trg mdrirsl ;=,kh mj;ajd.; hq;= nj ixjr\ok iy mdrirsl wdr\:slúohd{hska úiska ;rfha wjodrkh lrkq,nk m%odk lrekla fõ. ñksid úiska ;u wjyh;d imqrd.eksu i#oyd mrsirh iu#..eàfï os mrsirhg lrkakd jq hym;a iy whym;a oe fudkjdo hkak ksjerosj ;lafiare l< hq;=h. mrsir ys;ldó rgj,a ;u jdr\isl.skqï;=<g yrs;.skqula we;=<;a lr we;af;a tls wruqk fjkqfjks. tu#.ska ksoyia fjf<#ofmd< l%uhg yiq fkdjk úúo ndysr;d i#oyd idr\:l úi#ÿï,ndosh yelsh. ta hgf;a iudcsh jyfhka ckkh jk hym;a ndysr;d u.ska jdis Wmrsu lr.eksug;a, iudcsh jyfhka ckkh jk whym;a ndysr;d u.ska wjdis wju lr.eksug;a yels fõ. tu#.ska f.da,sh jyfhka úkdy jkakd jq mrsirh wdrcid lr.; yelsh. mdrirsl ;=,kh u.ska wkd.; mrïmrd fjkqfjka hym;a mrsirhla ksr\udkh l< yels jk w;r tu#.ska ;sridr ixjr\ok b,lal ch.eksu wmyiq fkdjkq we; ^Dasgupta P., 2001). iudf,dapkh oyl ;=klg wdikak ld,hla mqrd meje;s reÿre ;%ia;jdos NSIKfhka uõìu uqod.eksfuka wk;=rej foayfma%óka kejqï n,dfmdfrd;a;= iys;j w ;a,xldjla ìys lsrsu fjkqfjka lemùu ;=<ska f,djg wdor\yu;a mksjqvhla,nd os we;. ieneúkau th w.h l< hq;= lrekls. mci fío, jr\.jdos f.da;% iudc l%ufhka ñosu wksjdr\h jqjls. rfü ixjr\okh fõ.j;a lsrsu i#oyd uyskao Ñka;k bosrs oelafuys i#oyka iduldó, oeyeñ, ksjy,a rgla hkak h:dr\;hla njg m;a lsrsu wm ieufokd i;= hq. j.lsuls. ;u fomhska ke#.sisàug;a, ;u fldkafoka fl<skaùug;a, ;u nqoaêfhka is;sug iy lghq;= lsrsug;a yels iajdëk Y%S,dxlsl cd;shla ìys lsrsfua wnsfhda.h ch.eksug ish rgjeishka 11

12 tldjkaj ;sr wêgkska lghq;= l< hq;=h. wm Wmka ud;dn+ñh ;=< csj;aùug iudk whs;sh wm ish fokd i;=h. rfü ckdêm;sjrhd wm ish#m fokdf.au rdch kdhlhd jkq we;. m%cdj úiska m;a lr.kakd,o jhjia:dodhlhg wm ish#mfokd.re l< hq;=h. wm uõìu wdishdfõ wdyapr\h njg m;a lsrsfï wnsfhda.h h:dr\;hla lsrsu fjkqfjka ishæu rgjeishka ;u hq;=lï iy j.lsï fkdmsrsfy,d bgq l<hq;= ld,h t<t we;. tls wdl,amh iy Ñka;kh u#.ska ;=,s; wdr\:sl udj;la Tiafia ;sridr ixjr\okhla w;am;a lr.; yelsh. tjka l,l wm ieug iqn wkd.;hla ysñ ùu f,dj lsisjl=gj;a je<laúh fkdyels jkq we;. tf,i wm,nd.kakd jq ch.%ykh,dxlsh kj ixjr\ok wdld;shla f,i f,dal m%cdj fj; mila l< yelsh. wdys%;.%ka: iy ksr\foays; lshùï Amanullah R.J., (1992), Energy and Environmental Policy in the Developing Countries, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. Andersson L. and B. Thomas, (1998), Sustainability and Development, Motala Grafiska Unit, University of Karlstad, Sweden. Arrow K. J., (1976), Social Choice and Individual Values, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bergson A., (1938), "Reformulation of Certain Aspects of Welfare Economics", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 52, pp Boadway W. Robin and Neil Bruce, (1984), Welfare Economics, Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd., 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, England. Dasgupta Partha, (2001), Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment, Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Davis O. A. and A. B. Doel, (1995), "Welfare Economics and the Theory of the Second Best" Review of Economic Studies. 32. Pp Dissanayaka A., (1997), Essays in Economics, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Assessing the Evidence from Sri Lanka, Piyasiri Printing Systems, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, pp Freeman A. Myrick, (1999), The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values, (Theory and Methods), Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. Hanemann M., (1991), "Social Choice, Welfare and Individual Values", Journal of Economic Dynamic Control, Vol. 12. New York. Karunasena A.G., (1986), Macroeconometric Model for Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Central Bank Press, Rajagiriya, Colombo, pp Karunathilake H.N.S., (1987), The Economy of Sri Lanka, Sridevi Printing works, Nadimala, Dehiwala, Colombo. 12

13 Randall, A., (1989), Resource Economics, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, SD 10662, New York. Starrett A. David, (1988), Foundations of Public Economics, (Cambridge Economic Handbooks), (Reprinted), Cambridge University Press, New York. Sterner T., (2003), Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management, Resources for the Future, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Wickaramasinghe J. W., (1994), Poverty and Income Distribution in Last Dactes in Sri Lanka Economic Review, Peoples Bank, Colombo. Dr. D.M.Ajith Dissanayaka Senior Lecturer Department of Economics University of Kelaniya Kelaniya Sri Lanka. 13