EE 435 Lecture 11. Current Mirror Op Amps -- Alternative perspective -- Loop phase-shift concerns. OTA circuits
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1 EE 435 Lecture 11 Current Mirror Op Amps -- Alternative perspective -- Loop phase-shift concerns OTA circuits
2 Review from last lecture: Current Mirror Op Amp W/O CMFB DD M : 1 1 : M M meq m1 Often termed an OTA I T I OUT m 1 : 1 Introduced by Wheatley and Whitliner in 1969 I OUT m IN 2
3 OTA Circuits OTA often used open loop Excellent Hih Frequency Performance Gain can be made prorammable with dc current Lare or very lare adjustment ranes possible m I OUT m K K I I ABC ABC for for BJT circuits MOS circuits I ABC 2 to 3 decades of adjustment for MOS 5 to 6 decades of adjustment for BJT 3
4 OTA Applications m R OUT m R IN m is controllable with I ABC oltae Controlled Amplifier Note: Technically current-controlled, control variable not shown here and on followin slides 4
5 OTA Applications m OUT m R IN R L oltae Controlled Invertin Amplifier 5
6 OTA Applications R IN m R IN m R IN 1 m R IN 1 m oltae Controlled Resistances 6
7 OTA Applications m1 m1 m2 m2 OUT m1 m 2 Noninvertin oltae Controlled Amplifier in OUT m1 m 2 Invertin oltae Controlled Amplifier in Extremely lare ain adjustment is possible oltae Controlled Resistorless Amplifiers 7
8 OTA Applications m m C C sc sc m m OUT in OUT in Noninvertin oltae Controlled Interator Invertin oltae Controlled Interator oltae Controlled Interators 8
9 Comparison with Op Amp Based Interators C R R C 1 src OUT R 1 R 1 1 src OUT OTA-based interators require less components and sinificantly less for realizin the noninvertin interation function! 9
10 Properties of OTA-Based Circuits Can realize arbitrarily complex functions Circuits are often simpler than what can be obtained with Op Amp counterparts Inherently offer excellent hih frequency performance Can be controlled with a dc voltae or current Often used open-loop rather than in a feedback confiuration (circuit properties depend directly on m ) Other hih output impedance op amps can also serve as OTA Linearity is limited Sinal swin may be limited but can be ood too Circuit properties process and temperature dependent 10
11 Current-Mirror Op Amp offers stratey for m enhancement ery Simple Structure Has applications as an OTA But how ood are the properties of the CMOA? Is this a real clever solution? 11
12 Current Mirror Op Amp W/O CMFB DD DD M : 1 1 : M M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 1 M 2 C L I T I T M 9 B1 M 7 M 8 1 : 1 And can use hiher output impedance current mirrors to decrease OEQ A OEQ O O6 O8 meq M m1 M O6 m1 O8 SR MI C L T 12
13 SR of Current Mirror Op Amp DD DD M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 C L M 1 M 2 C L M 1 M 2 C L B2 M 9 B1 I T M 7 M 8 M 9 B1 I T M 7 M 8 SR MI 2C T L SR MI C L T 13
14 Fully Differential Current Mirror Op Amp with Improved Slew Rate DD M M : 1 1 : M M C L C L I T 1 : 1 1 : 1 Need CMFB circuit and requires modest circuit modification to provide CMFB insertion point 14
15 Fully Differential Current Mirror Op Amp with Improved Slew Rate This circuit was published because of the claim for improved SR (Fi 6.15 MJ) DD M 5B M 5A M 3 M 4 M 6A M 6B M 1 M 2 I T M 9A B1 M 7 M 8A M 8B M 9B Need CMFB circuit and requires modest circuit modification to provide CMFB insertion point 15
16 Fully Differential Current Mirror Op Amp with Improved Slew Rate M 5B M 5A DD M 3 M 4 M 6A M 6B SR MI C L T M 1 M 2 SR CMOp Amp MI 2C L T M 9A B1 I T M 7 M 8A Improved a factor of 2! but M 8B M 9B Need CMFB circuit and requires modest circuit modification to provide CMFB insertion point 16
17 Fully Differential Current Mirror Op Amp with Improved Slew Rate M 5B M 8B M 5A M 9A B1 DD M 3 M 4 M 1 M 2 I T M 7 M 6A M 8A M 9B M 6B MIT SR CL MIT SR CMOp Amp 2C Improved a factor of 2! but I 1 P P SR SR CMOp Amp CMOp Amp I L DD 1 T 2 DD T M M P M C 2 1 M DD L P M C 1 2M DD L SR actually about the same for improved SR circuit and basic OTA 17
18 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps with Previous Structures Does the simple mirror ain really provide an almost free ain enhancement? DD A O M 2 O 6 m1 O8 M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 1 M 2 M WL 6 WL B2 M 9 B1 I T M 7 M 8 Ask the apple comparison question! 18
19 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps with Previous Structures Does the simple mirror ain really provide an almost free really lare ain enhancement? DD M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 1 M 2 A O M 2 O 6 m1 O8 B2 M 9 B1 I T M 7 M 8 M WL 6 WL Are we comparin Apples with Apples? In the small-sinal parameter domain? In the practical parameter domain? Does it matter if we are makin a comparison? 19
20 Reference Op Amp Consider sinle-ended output performance : A(s) sc L 2 m1 O1 O3 DD B1 M 3 M 4 A O 1 2 O1 m1 O3 A 0 λ 1 1 λ 3 1 EB1 C L M 1 M 2 C L C m1 GB 2 L GB P 2 C DD L 1 EB1 B2 I T M 9 IT SR 2 C L SR 2 P DD C L 20
21 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps with Previous Structures Does the simple mirror ain really provide an almost free ain enhancement? I IN M 4 M 6 I OUT WL 6 M WL 4 M 4 6 m6 m 4 A O A O M 2 O 6 m 6 m 4 O 6 m1 O8 2 m1 O8 Gain Enhancement Potential Less Apparent but still Improved by m6 / m4 ratio 21
22 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps with Previous Structures Does the simple mirror ain really provide an almost free ain enhancement? A O M 2 O 6 m1 O8 B2 DD M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 9 B1 M 1 M 2 I T M 7 M 8 Consider how the ain appears in the practical parameter domain A 0 EB1 1 2 IT 2 M 2 λ λ I IT λ λ 2λ M6 M8 D8Q EB1 M6 M8 EB1 EB1 λ M6 IT M 2 λ M8 M 2 This is exactly the same as was obtained for the simple differential amplifier! For a iven EB1, there is NO ain enhancement!
23 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps with Previous Structures How does the GB power efficiency compare with previous amplifiers? M : 1 DD 1 : M GB P C meq L m1 M 2 C L MIT 2 C I 1 M DD T EB1 L M 1 M 2 I T GB MIT 2 C EB1 L 2 EB1 P DD C L M 1 M GB for Telescopic Cascode and Ref Op Amp! GB efficiency decreased for small M!! 23
24 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps M : 1 with Previous Structures How does the SR compare with previous amplifiers? DD M 1 M 2 1 : M I T SR P SR Ref Op Amp SR DD I T P 2 C DD L IT 2CL MI 2 C SR Improved by factor of M! but 1 M M 1 M P SR Ref OpAmp 2 C DD L SR Really Less than for Ref Op Amp!! L T 24
25 Comparison of Current-Mirror Op Amps with Previous Structures DD How does the Current Mirror Op Amp really compare with previous amplifiers or with reference amplifier? M : 1 1 : M Perceived improvements may appear to be very sinificant M 1 M 2 Actual performance is not as ood in almost every respect! I T But performance is comparable to other circuits and the circuit structure is really simple Widely used architecture as well but maybe more for OTA applications 25
26 meq Gain Enhancement Stratey I B MQC m1 M m is increased by the mirror ain! 1 : M C L Foldin is required to establish the correct bias current direction Consider usin the quarter circuit itself to form the op amp M 1 Consider this quarter circuit Could have done this for other quarter circuits as well but there is a particularly important reason we are followin this approach with this quarter circuit What is it? Output conductance of QC: OQC 26
27 meq Gain Enhancement Stratey I B MQC m1 M m is increased by the mirror ain! 1 : M C L Foldin is required to establish the correct bias current direction Consider usin the quarter circuit itself to form the op amp M 1 Consider this quarter circuit Could have done this for other quarter circuits as well but there is a particularly important reason we are followin this approach with this quarter circuit What is it? Output conductance of QC: OQC 27
28 Other Methods of Gain Enhancement BB Recall: DD Counterpart Circuit Quarter Circuit C L A 0 OQC GB MQC mqc C Two Strateies: L OCC So what happened with the Current Mirror approach to increasin the numerator? 1. Decrease denominator of A 0 2. Increase numerator of A 0 Previous approaches focused on decreasin denominator Consider now increasin numerator 28
29 Current-Mirror Op Amps Another Perspective! DD M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 1 M 2 B2 M 9 B1 I T M 7 M 8 Differential Half-Circuit
30 Current-Mirror Op Amps Another Perspective! M 4 M 6 M 2 M 8 Differential Half-Circuit Cascade of n-channel common source amplifier with p-channel common-source amplifier!
31 Current-Mirror Op Amps Another Perspective! M 2 M 4 M 6 M O O m m m A O O m m m O O m O M A Differential Half-Circuit Cascade of n-channel common source amplifier with p-channel common-source amplifier! From Current Mirror Analysis :
32 Comparison of Different Circuit Desins An objective comparison of different desin approaches is often a critical part of the desin process Different objective functions or different comparison approaches often lead to different conclusions Textbooks and the technical literature do not always identify the most appropriate objective functions Critical to identify metrics that capture the important characteristics of a desin when makin comparisons but this is often a challenin task? 32
33 Current-Mirror Op Amps Another Perspective! DD M 5 M 3 M 4 M 6 M 1 M 2 B2 M 9 B1 I T M 7 M 8 Differential Half-Circuit
34 Current-Mirror Op Amps Another Perspective! M 4 M 6 M 2 M 8 Differential Half-Circuit Cascade of n-channel common source amplifier with p-channel common-source amplifier!
35 Current-Mirror Op Amps Another Perspective! Differential Half-Circuit M 4 M 6 A 1 2 m 2 m 4 O6 m 6 O8 M 2 M 8 A O From Current Mirror Analysis : M 2 O 6 m1 O8 m 6 m 4 O 6 2 m1 O8 Cascade of n-channel common source amplifier with p-channel common-source amplifier! Current mirror op amp often used open-loop as an OTA If feedback is applied, there may be concerns about becomin underdamped or oscillatory
36 Current Mirror Op Amp Summary Current-mirror op amp offers no improvement in performance over the reference op amp Current-mirror op amp can be viewed as a cascade of two commonsource amplifiers, one with a low ain and the other with a larer ain Current-mirror op amp is useful as an open-loop prorammable transconductance amplifier (OTA) Current-mirror op amp will work in feedback applications as well but performance would often be better with alternative Op Amp architectures If used in feedback applications, excessive phase shift may cause feedback circuit to become under-damped or oscillatory
37 End of Lecture 11
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