ALow-Voltage MOS Cascode Current Mirror for All Current Levels
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1 ALow-oltage MOS Cascode Current Mirror for All Current Levels Bradley A. Minch Mixed Analog-Digital LSI Circuits and Systems Lab Cornell University Ithaca, NY August 6, 2002
2 Cascode Mirrors of Yore With Low Systematic Transfer Errors 1 Each of these mirrors is self biasing, has a high output impedance, and provides alow systematic transfer error. Each requires an input voltage of two diode drops. Each has an output compliance voltage of a diode drop plus a saturation voltage. Neither is suitable for use with a low power supply voltage. Stacked Super Wilson
3 Wide-Swing Cascode Mirrors With Low Systematic Transfer Error 2 Each of these mirrors is self biasing, has a high output impedance, and provides alow systematic transfer error. Each has an output compliance voltage of two saturation voltages. m The Sooch mirror requires an input voltage of two diode drops, which makes it unsuitable for low-voltage applications. R The Brooks-Rybicki mirror requires an input voltage of a diode drop plus a saturation voltage, but requires a different value of R for every. Sooch Brooks & Rybicki
4 Wide-Swing Cascode Mirrors With Low Systematic Transfer Error 2 To facilitate low-voltage operation, we can remove the cascode bias-voltage generation from the input branch. The output compliance voltage remains two saturation voltages. cn I c The input voltage becomes a diode drop, comparable to that of a simple mirror. is limited to I c and the optimal value of cn depends on, which sometimes requires us to generate cn adaptively. Babanezhad & Gregorian
5 Wide-Swing Cascode Mirrors With Low Systematic Transfer Error 2 To facilitate low-voltage operation, we can remove the cascode bias-voltage generation from the input branch. The output compliance voltage remains two saturation voltages. cn I c The input voltage becomes a diode drop, comparable to that of a simple mirror. is limited to I c and the optimal value of cn depends on, which sometimes requires us to generate cn adaptively. Babanezhad & Gregorian
6 Wide-Swing Cascode Mirrors With Low Systematic Transfer Error 2 Mulder et al. recently proposed a wide-swing cascode mirror comprising a simple mirror with source degeneration via ohmic MOS transistors. The output compliance voltage remains two saturation voltages. The input voltage is a diode drop plus a saturation voltage. bn is limited to and the optimal value of bn depends critically on, which mandates that we generate bn adaptively. Mulder et al.
7 Wide-Swing Cascode Mirrors With Low Systematic Transfer Error 2 Mulder et al. recently proposed a wide-swing cascode mirror comprising a simple mirror with source degeneration via ohmic MOS transistors. The output compliance voltage remains two saturation voltages. The input voltage is a diode drop plus a saturation voltage. bn is limited to and the optimal value of bn depends critically on, which mandates that we generate bn adaptively. Mulder et al.
8 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 We recently presented a low-voltage cascode bias circuit that generates a cn appropriate for a unit-width transistor with a channel current of about I c. The degree to which the bottom transistor is saturated depends on m and I c / the larger these values, the closer is to DSsat. m I c + I c cn cn is about a diode drop plus a saturation voltage.
9 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 Suppose we take this circuit and make I c the input current. Then, we produce an output current by adding two transistors, as shown. In this mirror, will be slightly lower than,giving rise to a systematic transfer errror. In fact, it is easy to see that < < +.If, this systematic error is negligible. m +
10 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 Suppose we take this circuit and make I c the input current. Then, we produce an output current by adding two transistors, as shown. In this mirror, will be slightly lower than,giving rise to a systematic transfer errror. In fact, it is easy to see that < < +.If, this systematic error is negligible. m + +
11 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 Suppose we take this circuit and make I c the input current. Then, we produce an output current by adding two transistors, as shown. In this mirror, will be slightly lower than,giving rise to a systematic transfer errror. In fact, it is easy to see that < < +.If, this systematic error is negligible. m + +
12 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 If we make equal to,wecould eliminate the systematic gain error, but we would effectively disable the cascode. Instead, we can inject another copy of into node,asshown. If is generated by a saturated pmos transistor, we can improve the circuit further by adding a diode-connected transistor of width m,asshown. m + = +
13 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 If we make equal to,wecould eliminate the systematic gain error, but we would effectively disable the cascode. Instead, we can inject another copy of into node,asshown. If is generated by a saturated pmos transistor, we can improve the circuit further by adding a diode-connected transistor of width m,asshown. m + +
14 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 If we make equal to,wecould eliminate the systematic gain error, but we would effectively disable the cascode. Instead, we can inject another copy of into node,asshown. If is generated by a saturated pmos transistor, we can improve the circuit further by adding a diode-connected transistor of width m,asshown. m + m +
15 Development of a New Low-oltage Cascode Current Mirror 3 The resulting mirror has a low systematic transfer error and a high output impedance. The output compliance voltage of this mirror is two saturation voltages. The input voltage of this mirror is a diode drop plus a saturation voltage. The bias current,, does not represent an upper limit on and does not need to track adaptively. m + m +
16 Experimental Results: Input Characteristics in () simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / (A)
17 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 1.00 na 4 (na) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
18 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 10.0nA 4 (na) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
19 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 100. na 4 (na) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
20 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 1.00 µa 4 (ma) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
21 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 10.0 µa 4 (ma) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
22 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 100.µA 4 (ma) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
23 Experimental Results: Output Characteristics = 1.00 ma 4 (ma) simple mirror stacked mirror Sooch mirror new mirror, m = 4, = new mirror, m = 4, = /10 new mirror, m = 4, = / out ()
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