Microelectronic Circuits II. Ch 8 : Frequency Response
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1 Micrelectrnic ircuits h 8 : Frequency esnse 8.2 Hih-Frequency Mdel f the MOSFET and the BJT 8.3 Hih-Frequency esnse f S & E Alifier NU EE 8.-
2 nternal aacitive Effects and Hih-Frequency Mdel f MOSFET - Gain fall-ff at the l-frequency end : culin & byass caacitrs - Gain fallff at hih frequency : caacitive effects internal t the transistrs - aacitive effects & device sall-nal taken these effects int accunted nternal caacitances in the MOSFET - Assutin: steady-state chares n the ate-t-channel caacitance are acquired instantaneusly : cnstant alifier ains indeendent f frequency à finite tie is required t chare & dischare the varius internal caacitances Gate caacitive effect: - arallel-late caacitr ith ate electrde (lysilicn) & the channel, - the xide layer as the caacitr dielectric à ate caacitance x Surce-bdy and drain-bdy deletin-layer caacitances: - the caacitances f the reverse-biased n junctins fred by - n surce rein (surce diffusin) and the -tye substrate, - n drain rein (drain diffusin) and the substrate. Five caacitances :, d, b, sb and db The ain f MOSFET alifiers falls ff at se hih frequency NU EE 8.-2
3 MOSFET nternal aacitances Gate caacitive effect:, d & b - x : xide caacitance (e x t x ) () When v DS << in TODE rein d Wx 2 (2) n SATUATON 2 W 3 (3) n UT-OFF v d W v x x ; 0; b d (4) Overla caacitance 0 W here v 0.05~0. W x : ate-channel caacitance x Junctin caacitances: t reverse biased n junctins sb db sb0 SB db0 0 DB 0 here 0 : junctin built-in vltae (0.6~0.8 ) SB, DB : reverse bias vltae NU EE 8.-3
4 Hih-Frequency MOSFET Mdel sall-nal del f the MOSFET includin, d, sb and db redicts hih-frequency resnse f MOSFET alifier is liited t cuter siulatin, SPE NU EE 8.-4
5 Hih-Frequency MOSFET Mdel When the surce is cnnected t the bdy d lays a nificant rle in the hih frequency resnse When db is nelected. NU EE 8.-5
6 MOSFET Unity-Gain Frequency (f T ) MOSFET Unity-ain frequency (f T ): the frequency at hich the shrt-circuit current-ain f the cn-surce cnfiuratin beces unity : transitin frequency 0 - s d» i s ( ) d i d << at the frequencies f interest s ( ) d NU EE 8.-6
7 MOSFET Unity-Gain Frequency (f T ) i s ( ) ( ) d i d fr s j The anitude f the current ain beces unity at \ T T ( ) 2 ( ) d f d Since f T is rrtinal t and inversely rrtinal t the FET internal caacitances, the hiher the value f f T, the re effective the FET beces as an alifier. f T : 00 MHz at 5 MOS rcess r any GHz at 0.3 rcess NU EE 8.-7
8 MOSFET Hih-Frequency Mdel Suary NU EE 8.-8
9 The BJT internal aacitances and Hih- Frequency del Transistr del includin caacitrs r inductrs - tie r frequency deendence - chare strae henena that liit seed f frequency resnse - add caacitances t the hybrid- del The Base-harin r Diffusin aacitance de - Q n : inrity-carrier chare stred in the base rein eratin in the active de Q n 2 W i t Fi here t F 2D n 2 W 2D - t F : frard base-transit tie : averae tie a chare carrier (electrn) sends in crssin the base (0 s ~ 00 s) - Since i ~ exnentially v BE & Q n ~ v BE à nnlinear caacitive effect - sall-nal diffusin caacitance de : n de º dq dv n BE di t F t F dvbe t F T NU EE 8.-9
10 BJT nternal aacitances Base-Eitter Junctin caacitance je - deletin-layer caacitance at the base-eitter junctin - æ ö BE je je 2 0 ç - je0 0e» è ø hen EBJ is frard biased in the active de here je0 : je at zer vltae, 0e : EBJ built-in vltae (~ 0.9), : 0.5 llectr-base Junctin caacitance - deletin caacitance hen BJ is reverse biased in active-de eratin æ ç è B ç 0 0c ö ø - here 0 : at zer vltae, 0c : BJ built-in vltae (~ 0.75), : 02~0.5 BJT internal caacitances - eitter-base caacitance de je (a fe F ~ a fe tens f F) - cllectr-base caacitance ( a fractin f F ~ a fe F) NU EE 8.-0
11 Hih-Frequency Hybrid- Mdel BJT internal caacitances - eitter-base caacitance de je (a fe F ~ a fe tens f F) - cllectr-base caacitance ( a fractin f F ~ a fe F) Added esistr r x - resistance f the silicn aterial f the base rein beteen the base terinal B and a fictitius internal base terinal B - a fe tens f hs, r x << r - dinant effect at hih frequency NU EE 8.-
12 utff Frequency h fe, E shrt-circuit current ain t deterine & b c ( - s ) b ( r ) r s h fe º c b» s - s r s ( ) ( ) r s( ) r r b 0 hen here b 0 : l-frequency value f b b ( ) r NU EE 8.-2 >> s - h fe : sinle-le (ST) resnse ith a 3-dB frequency at b
13 utff Frequency Unity-ain bandidth T - the frequency at hich h fe Since f T T h fe b 0 2 b ( ) b s b ariatin f f T ith - f T : 00MHz ~ tens f GHz - the hih-frequency hybrid- del is effective u t a frequency f abut 0.2f T NU EE 8.-3
14 BJT Hih-Frequency Mdel Suary NU EE 8.-4
15 Hih-Frequency resnse f S Alifiers Objective : dentify the echanis that liits the hih-frequency erfrance f the S alifiers - f H at hich the ain falls by 3dB bel its value at idband frequencies A M - sile arach t find f H fr discrete-circuit, caacitively culed alifiers and alifiers - At the hih-frequency band, all culin and byass caacitrs behave as erfect shrt circuits Frequency resnse f a direct-culed (dc) alifier. The ain des nt fall ff at l frequency, and the idband ain A M extends dn t zer frequency NU EE 8.-5
16 n-surce Alifier frequency indeendent analysis -, 2, S (F): shrt circuit -, d (F rane): en circuit - A M cnstant in the idband A M º - G G ( r D ) S alifier hih-frequency equivalent circuit del - Eliinatin D surces - D : a assive resistance r the utut resistance f a current-surce lad - Silified by Thevenin there at the inut and the utut à inut : &, three arallel resistance : r D - Midband ain A M by d 0 ( ) NU EE 8.-6 A M - G G
17 Hih-frequency resnse f S alifier - bridin caacitr d that cnnects the utut nde & the inut nde - lad current ( d ) : à utut current f transistr à d current sulied thruh d - At frequency in the vicinity f f H, i d << at the frequency à is arxiated by O d» -( ) - - at XX,the existence f d is knn nly thruh d à relace s d ( - ) d by an equivalent caacitance eq beteen ate & rund as ln as eq dras a sae d s s d d [ ( - (- ) )] s eq > eq s d d ( ( ) ) - d à uch larer eq (ultilicatin effect) because d is cnnected beteen ndes G and D, hse vltaes are related by a lare neative ain (- ). - Multilicatin effect à Miller effect, ( ) à Miller ultilier NU EE 8.-7
18 NU EE 8.-8 Hih-frequency resnse f S alifier ith d relaced ith eq - ST circuit f l-ass tye 2 2 ) ( ) ( in H H in H H M G G G d eq in in G G f s A s s ø ö ç ç è æ - ø ö ç ç è æ - hih-frequency resnse lt l-ass ST netrk ith a 3-dB frequency f H deterined by the tie cnstant in
19 Hih-frequency resnse f S alifier l-ass ST netrk ith a uer 3-dB frequency f H by tie cnstant in 3-dB frequency by G & in d ( ) - ~ since G >> - larer à ler f H in is dinated by eq, hich is ade larer by the ultilicatin effect f d Multilicatin factr ( ) is arxiately equal t the idband ain f the alifier Miller effect causes the S alifier t have a lare ttal inut caacitance in and hence a l f H Multilicatin effect f d because it is cnnected beteen t ndes hse vltaes are related by a larer neative ain (- ) à Miller effect & ( ) : Miller ultilier T extend the hih-frequency resnse, Miller effect ust be absent r at least reduced ST del is based n nelectin d relative t NU EE 8.-9
20 n-eitter alifier frequency indeendent analysis -, 2, E (F): shrt circuit -, (F rane): en circuit - A M cnstant in the idband A M º ( B r ) - ( r ) B ( r three frequency bands - idband : useful band f alifier - l-frequency band :, 2, E - hih-frequency band :, ) bandidth r 3-dB bandidth BW f H f ~ f H hen f << f H ain-bandidth rduct GB A M BW : trade-ff ain fr bandidth NU EE 8.-20
21 Hih-frequency resnse f E alifier E alifier equivalent circuit Thevenin there tice at the inut side: & three arallel resistance r bridin caacitr lad current Since << arund f H Silified circuit at the inut & utut NU EE 8.-2 O» -( s s s ( [ ) - ( - (- - ) ) relace by eq beteen B & rund sae dran s eq > eq s ( ( ) )] )
22 NU EE Hih-frequency resnse f E alifier ST circuit by usin eq ) ( ) ( in H in M B x B B eq in in f s A s r r r s ø ö ç ç è æ -
23 Hih-frequency resnse f E alifier l-ass ST netrk ith a uer 3-dB frequency f H by tie cnstant in 3-dB frequency f H - ~ r if B >> & r x << à ~ r if >>r à if ~ r, influences n f H in is dinated by eq, hich is ade larer by the ultilicatin effect f ultilicatin effect f because it is cnnected beteen t ndes hse vltaes are related by a larer neative ain (- ) à Miller effect & ( ) : Miller ultilier à increased in by Miller effect in E alifier à ler f H Miller effect ust be reduced fr the irved hih-frequency resnse ST del is based n nelectin relative t NU EE 8.-23
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