Scaling Silicon *anophotonic Interconnects

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1 Scaling Silicon *anophotonic Interconnects "#$%& '()*+',-.$&. #*//0- )"1,$23+4/1/%&,. 0/4$'/# S+#$6+%,. 7+%$*+,8"%$- 7$'.+1 9$*#(% 1

2 Silicon *anophotonics2 Opportunities Optical I/O Capacity x distance (bit.km/s) ! 10 every 4 years PETA 10 1/1000 Raman 100 FEC (>1999) DM, C+L 10 TERA WDM /1000 EDFA 100 GIGA coherent 1.5µm DSF µm SMF 1/ µm MMF MEGA J.Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004 year Evolution of telecommunications; E. Desurvire, 2006 High Performance Computing Scalable Devices for Web 3.0 I"#$%&racle,-un$%01$%Intel$%3lcatel$%4orn6n7$%-and6a%Labs$<u=6tsu$%N??$%06tac@6$% 3A-?3R$%I#C4,"el76um$%LuEtera$%Fotura% 2

3 Silicon 5hotonic Devices 2 Interconnect Integrated Devices Silicon Microring Modulator 3D#Poly#Modulator#OE#002 Broadband#Switch#OE#002 Wavelength Divison Multiplexing using Silicon Micro-rings,#OE 2010 Complete#Interconnect#OE#002# 3

4 9esonant Silicon :lectro-optic Modulators 4

5 9esonant Silicon :lectro-optic Modulators 5

6 Micro-ring Silicon :lectro-optic Modulator ON OFF! :%0/; '.+%&/# +8/,8+%#1+,/0 $%,( 1+8&/ )(0"1+,$(%# $% (",*", *(3/8<! T./ )(0"1+,/0 1$&., '+% >/ #3$,'./0 (% +%0 (?? +, +.$&. #*//0< Laser In 6

7 1> Gb/s micro-ring Silicon :lectro-optic Modulator ON OFF Laser In Castest Modulation 9ate on Silicon using Micro-rings S. Manipatruni, M. Lipson et al LEOS 2007 S. Manipatruni, Q.Xu, M. Lipson Opt. Express Vol. 15, No. 20, (2007 ) 18 Gbps, Mar

8 Scaling the Modulation DandEidth 8

9 F0 Gbit/s Wavelength Divison Multiplexing System S" $ani(atruni, -" Chen an1 $" -i(son, 45ltra 7i1e 8an1 79$ usin: Silicon $icro-ring Modulators " Optics Express

10 F0 Gbit/s Wavelength Divison Multiplexing System S" $ani(atruni, -" Chen an1 $" -i(son, 45ltra 7i1e 8an1 79$ usin: Silicon $icro-ring Modulators " Optics Express

11 F0 Gbit/s Wavelength Divison Multiplexing System Highest Modulation Bandwidth on Silicon using Microrings S" $ani(atruni, -" Chen an1 $" -i(son, 45ltra 7i1e 8an1 79$ usin: Silicon $icro-ring Modulators " Optics Express

12 DandEidth Density for Cuture Microprocessors * ( kb ( g log 7.6kB e ' 6.7z $ % " & ) 0 # 1 0 Bandwidth Density : Data rate per micron pitch cross section 12

13 DandEidth Density for Cuture Microprocessors $!" &" '(it+s-.. %" $" #" $"" #!" #""!" 'lo(al 6ire Pitch :n.< /ear >/A(%0 BC G>$,E#<)$'8(% $# + '.+11/%&/ 3$,. /;$#,$%&,/'.%(1(&$/#< 13

14 DandEidth Density for Cuture Microprocessors $!" &" '(it+s-.. %" $" #" $"" #!" #""!" 'lo(al 6ire Pitch :n.< /ear >/A(%0 BC G>$,E#<)$'8(% $# + '.+11/%&/ 3$,. /;$#,$%&,/'.%(1(&$/#< 14

15 DandEidth Density for Cuture Microprocessors $!" &" '(it+s-.. %" $" #" $"" #!" #""!" 'lo(al 6ire Pitch :n.< /ear Here, we show a bandwidth capacity of 33 Gbit/s.µm and ~ 100 Tbit/s mm 2 modulation density. 15

16 1F0 ml Silicon :lectro-optic Modulator MoEards Direct Digital Nogic Driven Modulators

17 Loltage Scaling in Digital CMOS *" // /5678/9:: &""" Gate Nength!M5O Gl ph " ') '" &) &" ) '"&" '"&' '"&( '"&! '"&$ '"'" '"'' '"'( +,-. Q00R %"" $"" #""!"" Stringent conditions on voltage seing can be expected for future CMOS integration 9 ::/ ;<9=

18 Snalog Driver Complexity Analog drivers significantly 1. Decrease the bandwidth density 2. Increase the energy/bit Luxtera 2005 Snalog drivers limit the bandeidth density and the minimum energy achievable.

19 Scaling Micro-ring Modulators Silicon Micro-ring modulator Eith a modal volume of Q Micron 3 D optica l - f, Area vsat ' % nk & ) $ " 2N # + 3

20 Optimum Driving Conditions for Carrier InVection Modulators Current (ma) Analytical Model Electro-optic Simulation Measured IV Current (ma) Voltage (V) V kt 5 I 2. I / ( V 6 IR 6 log t e7 e 3 4 I 0

21 Optimum Driving Conditions for Carrier InVection Modulators Current (ma) Analytical Model Electro-optic Simulation Measured IV Voltage (V) Current (ma) Hole Concentration (10 18 cm -3 ) 2 1 Analytical Model Electro-optic Simulation Voltage (V) 2 1 Hole Concentration (10 18 cm -3 ) V kt 5 I 2. I / ( V 6 IR 6 log t e7 e 3 4 I 0 Q ( It recomb ( t 0 I ' Q $ 16 % Q " & 0 # n

22 Optimum Driving Conditions for Carrier InVection Modulators Charge Injection per mv (10 15 cm -3 mv -1 ) Analytical Model Electro-optic Simulation Voltage (V) Hole Concentration (10 18 cm -3 ) 2 1 Analytical Model Electro-optic Simulation Voltage (V) 2 1 Hole Concentration (10 18 cm -3 ) dq ( dv t 0 G( V ). 16 Q 16 Q 0 Q ( It recomb ( t 0 I ' Q $ 16 % Q " & 0 # n

23 1F0 ml peaw-peaw voltage operation Optical Transmission Wavelength (nm) Optical Transmission Measured Transmission Simulated Transmission Time (ns) S.Manipatruni, K.Preston, L.Chen, M.Lipson, 4 5ltra -ow 9rive >olta:e, 5ltra S?all $o1ulatora, DEFE

24 Oltra NoE Loltage Silicon Micro-ring Modulator Spplied :lectrical Signal Optical Modulation 1 Gbit/s Modulation using 1F0 ml peaw-peaw voltage seing Smallest SEing Loltage for silicon electro-optic seitching to date S.Manipatruni, K.Preston, L.Chen, M.Lipson, 4 5ltra -ow 9rive >olta:e, 5ltra S?all $o1ulatora, DEFE 24

25 MoEards Direct Digital Nogic Drive Digital Nogic Oltra Small Modulator C V I n n mod ula tor t sw ( I n I n http2//eee.itrs.net/linws/q00fitrs/ninwedxq0ciles/q00fciles/systemdriversxq0andxq0design/co4writeup.pdf http2//eee.itrs.net/ninws/q00rim9s/q00rchapterszq00rmables/q00rmableszcocoszczim9s.xls C n I V n n

26 MoEards Direct Digital Nogic Drive Digital Nogic Oltra Small Modulator C V I n n mod ula tor t sw ( I n I n http2//eee.itrs.net/linws/q00fitrs/ninwedxq0ciles/q00fciles/systemdriversxq0andxq0design/co4writeup.pdf http2//eee.itrs.net/ninws/q00rim9s/q00rchapterszq00rmables/q00rmableszcocoszczim9s.xls C n I V n n

27 MoEards Direct Digital Nogic Drive #$%&'(%)*+,-./0).' """ 1"" 1" 1 V nm nm 2016 ~ 16 nm 2020 ~ 11 nm 0.64 V 0.78 V 0.87 V %*%&89+:;*%'+<)=.-&.-+7-%=.+>0--.)&+2?@6 Modulators can be driven with 2 Micron sized transistors at I d,sat of#664#iaklm#

28 Conclusion Smallest seing voltage for silicon electro-optic modulation to date Smallest micro-ring modulator to date

Scalability : 50 Gbit/s Highest Modulation Capacity using microrings

29 Silicon :lectro-optic Modulators2 Duilding DlocWs for Optical *eteorws on Chip 18 Gbps, Mar 2007 Speed : Fastest Microring Modulator Scalability : 50 Gbit/s Highest Modulation Capacity using microrings Robustness : Stability over 15 K Scaling Rules : Based on physical models & ITRS 29

30 Silicon *anophotonic Device 9e[uirements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able 1.3: Device Requirements for sub 100 fj/bit Silicon Nanophotonic Interconnects* * We provide one possible set of device parameters. A large range of devices can meet the requirement with appropriate tradeoffs. 30

31 Compact, Multi-Eavelength, ]igh speed, CMOS Silicon 5hotonic Components G(.-$(&=! )$*+(,-&,./! #>940%(1$&! 9;8#&<'! P!0!2FF!V4#6588 1! Modal Volume ~ 1 μm 3! P$'$<';%!9, Q!1F!>KL!IC0! ZF[!!?(*B!+#$$,! P&'&!%&'$!#$%!<B&))$:! >\!1FM]F!34#6! OJ:'(MA&D$:$)*'B! 9O"+!<;8#&'(4:$! OJ:'(#:$!A&D$:$)*'B! )$'A;%=6! _;A!D;:'&*$L!:;A!<J%%$)'L! _;A!V$8#$%&'J%$! ^)'$%<;))$<'!P$)6('7!-P/!! > 50 Gbps/ μm! R,,L!^,!Q!`FF!8RL!1!8S!! 31

32 Silicon 5hotonics Impact So Car 2 Computing Columbia, IDM Dergman, ^ash et al C. Datten et al Sun, ]5 Nabs S. ^rishnamoorthy, Deausolil et al Most proposed multi-core neteorw architectures are based on Silicon photonic building blocws. 32

33 *anophotonics2 Opportunities Optical I/O Capacity x distance (bit.km/s) ! 10 every 4 years PETA 10 1/1000 Raman 100 FEC (>1999) DM, C+L 10 TERA WDM /1000 EDFA 100 GIGA coherent 1.5µm DSF µm SMF 1/ µm MMF MEGA J.Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004 X 10 5 in 20 years? year Evolution of telecommunications; E. Desurvire, 2006 High Performance Computing Scalable Devices for Web

34 ScWnoEledgements 34

35 END 35

PROBE: Prediction-based Optical Bandwidth Scaling for Energy-efficient NoCs

PROBE: Prediction-based Optical Bandwidth Scaling for Energy-efficient NoCs Li Zhou and Avinash Kodi Technologies for Emerging Computer Architecture Laboratory (TEAL) School of Electrical Engineering and