Don M Boroson MIT Lincoln Laboratory. 28 August MIT Lincoln Laboratory
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1 Free-Space Optical Communication Don M Boroson 28 August 2012 Overview-1 This work is sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Air Force Contract #FA C Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
2 Factoids Opportunities & challenges The technology An example Overview-2
3 Data The Rates Diffraction and Distances Limit 10 Gbps Two terminals 40,000 km apart supporting 10 Gbps... 1 Gbps GEO AU NEAR-EARTH MARS SATURN URANUS SATS MOON L1 MERCURY JUPITER NEPTUNE PLUTO AIR-TO-AIR LEO SATS VENUS Km Km Overview-3 light second light minute light hour
4 The Diffraction Limit 10 Gbps 1 Gbps can only support 1 if 100x40,000 km apart 1 GEO AU NEAR-EARTH MARS SATURN URANUS SATS MOON L1 MERCURY JUPITER NEPTUNE PLUTO AIR-TO-AIR LEO SATS VENUS Km Km Overview-4 light second light minute light hour
5 All the High-Rate Links Anyone Could Be Interested In (until we travel to the stars) 10 Gbps 1 Gbps Air Links LEO to Ground Links GEO Telecom and Relay Lunar Trunks Over six orders of magnitude of distance = 120 db of technology to span Lagrange Trunks NEO Science Return GEO AU NEAR-EARTH MARS SATURN URANUS SATS MOON L1 MERCURY JUPITER NEPTUNE PLUTO AIR-TO-AIR LEO SATS VENUS Km Km Overview-5 light second light minute light hour
6 All the High-Rate Links Anyone Could Be Interested In (until we travel to the stars) 10 Gbps 1 Gbps Air Links LEO to Ground Links GEO Telecom and Relay Lunar Trunks Highly lossy links means always receive classical signals Far-field means no spatial information about source Lagrange Trunks NEO Science Return GEO AU NEAR-EARTH MARS SATURN URANUS SATS MOON L1 MERCURY JUPITER NEPTUNE PLUTO AIR-TO-AIR LEO SATS VENUS Km Km Overview-6 light second light minute light hour
7 Radio Frequency (RF) vs Optical Hz 0.3 m PHz Visible Fiber Optic Telecom Hz THz 0.3 mm Satellite Comm More diffraction loss for same size transmit and receive apertures Wireless 10 9 Hz 0.3 m GHz 10 db Overview-7
8 Radio Frequency (RF) vs Optical Hz 0.3 m PHz 10 9 photons per second = 128 pw at 1.55 μm Hz THz 0.3 mm Fewer photons per watt 10 9 Hz 0.3 m GHz 10 db Overview-8
9 Radio Frequency (RF) vs Optical Hz 0.3 m PHz Hz THz 0.3 mm Higher frequencies are more power efficient by ~f in freespace* 10 9 Hz 0.3 m GHz Overview-9 10 db *More on this later
10 Opportunity/Challenge Achieve Narrow-Beam Benefits of Optical 10 Gbps 1 Gbps Air Links LEO to Ground Links GEO Telecom and Relay Lunar Trunks 100 Lagrange Trunks times higher NEO frequency has potential Science to Return greatly increase data rate capabilities GEO AU NEAR-EARTH MARS SATURN URANUS SATS MOON L1 MERCURY JUPITER NEPTUNE PLUTO AIR-TO-AIR LEO SATS VENUS Km Km Overview-10 light second light minute light hour
11 Challenge Achieve Optimum Coded Efficiency Photons per Bit (d db) *Channel/noise-limited capacities Arbitrary modulations Pre-amplified QAM or multi-level homodyne can achieve high bandwidth efficiency. Holevo predicts should be able to improve power efficiency by 4-6 db Overview-11 Bandwidth (Channel Usages Per Bit) Heterodyne / Pre-Amplified Homodyne (PSK) Photon-Counting (Binary (Pulsed) Pulsed) (Binary (Pulsed) Pulsed) Quantum Coded (Holevo) Heterodyne Homodyne (PSK) Photon-Counting (Pulsed) (Pulsed) Quantum Coded
12 Challenge Achieve Optimum Coded Efficiency Photons per Bit (d db) *Channel/noise-limited capacities Arbitrary modulations Photon-counted Pulse Position Modulation can achieve high power efficiency. Holevo predicts should be able to achieve that with >10x less bandwidth Overview-12 Bandwidth (Channel Usages Per Bit) Heterodyne / Pre-Amplified Homodyne (PSK) Photon-Counting (Binary (Pulsed) Pulsed) (Binary (Pulsed) Pulsed) Quantum Coded (Holevo) Heterodyne Homodyne (PSK) Photon-Counting (Pulsed) (Pulsed) Quantum Coded
13 Challenge Achieve Optimum Coded Efficiency Photons per Bit (d db) *Channel/noise-limited capacities Arbitrary modulations Note: RF uses pre-amplified receivers. Optical technology has potential to have 7-9 db better efficiency on top of f advantage, in addition to h /kt difference (another 10 db or so) Overview-13 Bandwidth (Channel Usages Per Bit) Heterodyne / Pre-Amplified Homodyne (PSK) Photon-Counting (Binary (Pulsed) Pulsed) (Binary (Pulsed) Pulsed) Quantum Coded (Holevo) Heterodyne Homodyne (PSK) Photon-Counting (Pulsed) (Pulsed) Quantum Coded
14 Factoids Opportunities & challenges The technology An example Overview-14
15 Parts of a Free-Space Communications System RF RF Osc Antenna 1-50 Digital Processor Modulator RF Waveguide TWTA Diplexer 2 slightly frequency-offset RF carriers Digital Back End Demod Receiver Front End RF (Local) Osc Steering Actuator Steering Control Overview-15
16 Parts of a Free-Space Communications System - Optical Diode Laser Opt Osc (Erbium)-Doped Fiber Amp Telescope 3 36 Digital Processor Modulator Single Mode Fiber EDFA Diplexer Offset (Point- Ahead) Steering 2 slightly wavelengthoffset optical carriers Digital Back End Demod Receiver Front End Opt (Local) Osc Pt/Trk Actuator PAT Control Other Stabilization Devices Various types of receiver/demods Overview-16
17 What s Hard About Optical? In Both Vacuum and Atmospheric Links Finding (acquiring) where to point Stabilizing (tracking) very narrow beam in face of platform micro-vibrations Subsystems must withstand vibrations of launch, wild temperature swings, and radiation Overview-17
18 What s Hard About Optical? In Atmospheric Links Transmitting beam up through atmosphere and preserving high gain in face of turbulence Receiving low-power signal via large aperture and coupling light into single-mode (or other small) receiver in face of turbulence Extremely narrow-band filtering of received light when pointed near sun Dealing with wide power fluctuations Clouds, fog, trees.. Overview-18
19 What s Hard About Optical? Technologies High-optical-power, low-electrical-power transmitters that can achieve high speed, high peak powers, high optical quality, etc Receiver components and architectures t that t can achieve nearoptimum performance at desired rates and desired aperture sizes Present-day photon-counting technologies not simply suitable for space environment Overview-19
20 Factoids Opportunities & challenges The technology An example Overview-20
21 Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Program To be world s first lunar lasercom Space terminal to fly on Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) LADEE Launch August month cruise 1 month lasercom orbits 3 months science orbits Main lasercom goals 622 downlink 20 uplink Sub-centimeter real-time ranging Overview-21
22 Summary Present technologies adequate ate for achieving ing wide range of high-performance (optical) communications systems Stage is set for optical transmission and reception based on quantum properties of light Overview-22
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