Research Paper. Future Studies in Brazil CGEE Approach for Bio- and Nanotechnology

Transcription

1 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Vl. 2, Issue 3 September Research Paper Future Studies in Brazil CGEE Apprach fr Bi- and Nantechnlgy Leli Fellws Filh *#, Dalci Maria ds Sants *, Gilda Massari Celh *, Márci de Miranda Sants * * Center fr Strategic Management and Studies CGEE, Ed. Crprate Financial Center, sala 1002/3, Brasília - BRAZIL # Crrespndance t: leli@cgee.rg.br Abstract: Cmpanies and gvernments are increasingly using Future Studies fr the design f their strategic planning. Techniques and methdlgies are in a very accelerated develpment all ver the wrld. S it is necessary t establish the right set f tls and best way t use it in rder t have results that yu culd cmpare and reprduce if yu have in mind t generate inputs fr either cmpanies r cuntries plicy definitin. This article describes the methdlgical apprach adpted by a Brazilian Institutin Centre fr Strategic Management and Studies CGEE, mainly devted t future analyses, and uses the recent examples f the Bitechnlgy and Nantechnlgy fresight exercises in Brazil t shw the real use f their results in the prcess fr definitin f natinal strategies Institute f Business Administratin 126 ISSN

2 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September Intrductin Cnsidering the increasing cmplexity f the decisin making prcess, the speed f the technlgical changes and its ecnmic and scial impacts, the markets interdependence and the need f supprt fr infrmatin cming frm frmal and infrmal surces internal and external t the rganizatin, it is bvius that an rganizatin, nwadays, depends mre and mre n an efficient system f knwledge management. Cnsidering the high levels f uncertainty with which the sciety is cnfrnted, the area f strategic planning is being shifted frm the traditinal apprach t a mre dynamic ne that cnsiders the changes f current times. The studies develped under the denminatin f fresight fill the space where there is an intersectin between the fields f strategic planning, future studies and plicy analysis. Thus, future studies, fresight and technlgical frecast are imprtant fr strategic planning and fr supprting the decisin making prcess and public plicies frmulatin, since they allw the anticipatin f technlgical breakthrughs, trends and discntinuities, new perspectives and pprtunities that are presented fr a sciety frm the identificatin f its challenges and ptentialities. Cncerning different pssible interpretatins, the wrds in Prtuguese prspecçã, prspectiva, exercícis prspectivs r estuds d futur, as well as its English versins, frecast, fresight, future studies, have becme generic denminatins - nt free f cntrversies - fr the diverse methdlgies and appraches that try t answer questins presented by the challenges f the future, either fr technlgies and its impacts, r fr imprtant scial issues. In fact, trying t understand the ptential risks and threats, analyzing the future and glimpsing new ways and pprtunities that allw the chice f reasnable futures is nt a trivial challenge and invlves cmplex questins that must take int accunt many factrs f scial and technical nature and different realities and situatins. It is imprtant t emphasize that fresight, frecasting and future studies are fields in cnstant evlutin and that cuntries and rganizatins are in search f mdels, tls, methdlgies and cncepts that can face the challenges f the future. This paper presents nt nly the cnceptual and theretical mdel elabrated by the Centre f Management and Strategic Studies - CGEE t guide its fresight activities but als sme examples f the use f this mdel, and represent sme results already btained by the Centre. Science, Technlgy and Innvatin and the rle f the Centre f Management and Strategic Studies CGEE Brazil and the wrld are experiencing a significant mvement represented by a new lk at the imprtance f science, technlgy and innvatin as transfrming agents f the sciety. The search fr slutins n emergent scial prblems, the frmulatin f future strategies, as well as the exercise f demcratizatin, that can make pssible the participatin f the sciety in the cnstructin f a desired future, pints ut the necessity t diversify the ecnmic tissue, t rescue cultural values and the prcess f planning and management f public gds and the envirnmental questins, preserving the natinal identity. Despite its recgnitin fr the explitatin f the ecnmic and reginal natinal ptentialities, the Brazilian histrical path in the last decades lacks the strengthening in relatin t the cnstructin f a natin with a mdern ecnmy, integrated t the glbal markets, with internatinally cmpetitive industries, high investments in science and technlgy, strng eclgical cnscience and with an perating structure in the cncretin f citizens scial rights and in the develpment f the scial tissue in mre demcratic basis. Initiatives twards structuring a brad spectrum plicy f science, technlgy and innvatin, capable f facing sme f the emergent questins in the scientific and technlgical fields, have been part f the natinal agenda in This happened, amng ther factrs, as a result f the Brazilian Cnference n Science, Technlgy and Innvatin (ST&I) and the publicatin f the 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 127 ISSN

3 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September Green and the White Bks n ST&I, representing a new mvement that stimulated the cuntry t insert the technlgical innvatin as ne f the main bjectives f the natinal effrts f science and technlgy. In this cntext, CGEE was created as an institutin which aims at prmting and accmplishing future studies and fresight in the field f science, technlgy and innvatin, as well as the activities f evaluatin f strategies and ecnmic and scial impacts f scientific and technlgical plicies, prgrams and prjects. Mrever, CGEE acts n the disseminatin f infrmatin, experiences and prjects t the sciety. One f its main features is its capacity f cmmunicatin and interactin with the science, technlgy and prductive sectrs. CGEE s strategy was based upn the perceptin that decisin making emerges f a negtiatin between multiple actrs. This perceptin was the key pint f the methdlgy knwn as fresight, which can be defined as a prcess that leads t a mre cmplete understanding f the frces that shape the future and that must be cnsidered in the frmulatin f plicies, planning and decisin making [1]. It means that this apprach aims t link the present actins t a strategic perspective, cping with the pssibilities f the future fr the cnstructin f cmmitments and crdinatin cncerning the natinal pririties f research and innvatin. Based upn sme f the cncepts develped by the Eurpean Unin, CGEE cnsiders fresight as an activity that cnnects three different dimensins n the same prcess: thinking, debating and shaping the future [2]. Mrever, the structuring f cmmunicatin channels and the prcess f crdinatin in different levels pints ut t the imprtance f the gvernance prcess that must guarantee the validatin f technlgical pprtunities identified during the prcess by the different stakehlders and be transfrmed int cncrete actins by decisin makers. Thus, CGEE has a pr-active attitude regarding the future, stimulating the search fr an institutinal culture f fresight, with a glbal visin f science, technlgy and innvatin, which estimates cmplexes mechanisms f interactin, exchange f infrmatin, experience and feedback amng different invlved actrs [3]. CGEE s prspective apprach There is an extensive list f studies related t explring the future. In a simple examinatin f literature it is pssible t find different denminatins fr families r cnceptual structures, such as technlgical frecasting, technlgical fresight, scial fresight, inclusive fresight, technlgy assessment, mnitring (envirnmental scanning, technlgy watch), prspective netwrks, radmapping, scenaris studies, multicriteria decisin analysis, etc [4]. This has generated sme prblems in the terminlgy. Therefre, the elabratin f simple and direct mdels and the establishment f different levels f scpe and use f such methds, techniques, methdlgies and tls becmes rather cmplex. As a result, it is cmmn t find techniques develped fr specific bjectives being used t answer questins f brad and cmplex nature. This, in certain cases, cntributes t discredit this field. This als cnfirms hw difficult it is t face the uncertainties abut the future. The reflectin n the different appraches is necessary as a way t imprve the activity and its results. Nwadays, the apprach called fresight is the mst used methdlgy t assist the establishment f research and develpment pririties and t prmte the alignment f R&D and Innvatin plicies t the ecnmic and scial needs f the cuntries. Fresight includes qualitative and quantitative ways t mnitr indicatrs f develpment trends, and is better and mre useful when directly linked t the analysis f plicies and its implicatins. It prepares peple fr future pprtunities. In the gvernment, fresight des nt define plicies, but it can help them t be mre apprpriate, mre flexible and mre rbust in its implementatin, in changing times and cnditins. The theretical mdel rganized t guide fresight in CGEE is presented in figure 1. This mdel was created taking int accunt the methdlgical structure prpsed by Hrtn[5] and imprved by the ideas f Cnway and Vrs 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 128 ISSN

4 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September [6], as well as the rientatins f the Handbk f Knwledge Sciety Fresight [7] and Gdet [8]. CGEE s apprach als cnsiders that many frms f analyzing future technlgy and its cnsequences cexist, fr example, technlgy intelligence, frecasting, radmapping, assessment, and fresight. All f these techniques fit int a field called technlgy futures analysis (TFA) by Prter et al. [4]. New methds need t be explred t take advantage f infrmatin resurces and new appraches t cmplex systems. Examinatin f the prcesses sheds light n ways t imprve the usefulness f TFA t a variety f ptential users, frm crprate managers t natinal plicy makers. CGEE methdlgy tries t have an pen mind abut the several TFA frms and t intrduce new appraches frm ther fields incrprating new methds and prcesses t better infrm technlgy management as well as science and research plicy. Understanding the Prcess Fresight studies cnstitute pwerful assistants in planning and managing uncertainty levels. Hwever, they must be placed in a planned cntext, that is, t be based upn pre-established plicies and needs. Its effectiveness is intrinsically linked t an adequate methdlgical prpsal and planning, which include: a crrect delimitatin f the questins t be answered; the type f desired replies; the spatial rientatin; the scpe f the issue; the strategic fcus; the time hrizn; the institutinal and experts mbilizatin; the chice f the methdlgy; the target audience, its extent frequency and reach; the establishment f partnerships; the relatinship with nging initiatives; the disseminatin strategies; the available infrastructure, duratin and cst. A very imprtant step is the cnstitutin f a netwrk f stakehlders, able t articulate and reach the necessary cnsensus and cmmitments aiming t the implementatin f the identified plan f actin. (Figure 1) Figure 1: CGEE methdlgical fresight apprach 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 129 ISSN

5 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September The management f fresight exercises in CGEE tries t fllw the theretical mdel, cnsidering fur great sets fr its implementatin: definitin f bjectives, theme selectin, implementatin and decisin making. Definitin f Objectives The definitin f bjectives is established between CGEE and its clients, which are mainly gvernmental institutins, as the Ministry f Science and Technlgy and the Nucleus f Strategic Affairs f the Presidency f the Republic. The bjectives are related t public plicies and strategies f the federal gvernment and cnsider als the characteristics f the subject r sectr that will be studied and the arising needs f the Brazilian sciety. Many times, the studies are anchred in gvernmental plans and prgrams, as the studies develped t subsidize the applicatin f Science and Technlgy Sectr Funds. (Table 1) Identificatin f Themes Once the strategic bjectives are defined, the pririty themes that answer the critical questins are selected. Fr each selected theme, it is made a rigrus planning, that takes int accunt the strategic fcus, the time hrizn, the space scpe, the institutinal and expert mbilizatin, duratin and csts, the chice f the methds and techniques that will cmpse the methdlgy. It als cnsiders the target public f the research, cnsidering its extensin, frequency and reach, pssible partners f the initiative, the available infrastructure, the relatinship with the initiatives in prgress and the strategy f disseminatin. After all this infrmatin is btained, the exercise can effectively begin. (Table 2) Examples f bjectives defined fr fresight studies carried ut by CGEE t attend the demands f the federal gvernment, addressing the establishment f public plicies and pririty areas f investment in R&D: Bitechnlgy Mapping challenges and pprtunities fr bitechnlgy in Brazil, with particular fcus n research, develpment, prductin, distributin and cmmercializatin f genetically mdified rganisms (GMOs), as well as aspects related t public perceptin and the current Brazilian legal framewrk aiming at the enrichment f the demcratic prcess and an imprvement in the quality f plicy-making relating t science and technlgy. Nantechnlgy Mapping the current situatin and future trends f nantechnlgy in the cuntry and wrldwide, cntemplating the identificatin f better investment chices in cmpetitive niches fr the Brazilian market. Table 2: CGEE s experience: definitin f bjectives 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 130 ISSN

6 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September Implementatin f the Fresight Exercise This step, in general, is divided in three phases. Each phase adds value in relatin t the previus ne creating a chain that turns infrmatin int knwledge and knwledge int strategy. Each phase has a higher level f cmplexity, diminishing the uncertainty level and increasing the ptential f cntributin f the results t the decisin making prcess. Initial phase The questin here is: What is happening? This phase crrespnds t the identificatin f the current situatin, and invlves the cllectin, rganizatin and summary f the available infrmatin n the theme r subject under analysis, using fr this purpse studies, diagnsis, rganizatin and summary f the available infrmatin n the theme r subject under analysis, using fr this purpse studies, diagnsis, analyses and intelligence systems in rder t have a better understanding f the prblem. It means the cllectin and analysis f the explicit knwledge available. Explicit knwledge means: frmal mdels, prcesses, rules and prcedures which can be cmmunicated externally [10]. The themes, bject f the prspective studies lead by CGEE, can be essentially scientific and technlgical r invlve aspects related t the impacts f technlgy, envirnmental, ecnmic r scial questins and can be cnfigured as sub-themes t answer t specific bjectives. Bitechnlgy The chice f the themes f study n bitechnlgy presented peculiar characteristics. The challenges n the establishment f the legal framewrk and public perceptin in relatin t the pssible impacts f the technlgy have riented this study t fcus the bundary questins mre than the scientific aspects prperly said, appraching: ecnmic impacts; evlutin and cnsequences f the legal framewrk; applied metrlgy fr bilgical prducts and prcesses; public perceptin abut the cmmercial use f GMOs; technlgical and cmmercial strategies (lng term perspective); financing mechanisms; impacts f the adptin f RR sybean; natinal cmpetencies and skills in bitechnlgy; and intellectual prperty rights. Nantechnlgy The strategies adpted wrldwide in different institutinal prgrams, the analysis f the investments by the private sectr, the mapping f internatinal scientific and technlgical research, the existing capabilities in Brazil (main grups f research, labratrial infrastructure and internatinal interactins f the research grups) have been the main cnstraints f the theme. Table 2: GGEE s experience: identificatin f themes Table 2: CGEE s experience: identificatin f themes 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 131 ISSN

7 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September In this phase, t btain a panrama f the current situatin, CGEE uses different techniques and methds in its studies. The chice f the methd r technique is made in accrdance with the subject and the bjectives f the study. In general, mre than ne technique r methd is used, t btain different r cmplementary visins n the same subject. Bitechnlgy Mapping f natinal capabilities, by searching n the Lattes databases, Directry f Grups f Research, etc; ( Technlgical mnitring using text mining techniques (sftware Vantage Pint) t get relevant infrmatin and trends frm databases f scientific publicatins and patents, presenting a techn-scientific panrama f the subject. Interviews with experts lking fr primary and riginal infrmatin; Trend analysis f the internatinal legal framewrk n bisecurity in the fllwing cuntries: Eurpean Unin, United States, Argentina, Mexic, Clmbia, Brazil, Australia, Japan, India, Indnesia, China and Suth Africa; Trend analysis in Brazil f adptin f RR sybean identifying current impacts and future perspectives; Evaluatin f public perceptin in relatin t new technlgies, based upn synthesis f secndary material (state f the art, psitin papers, etc.); Nantechnlgy Technlgical mnitring using text mining techniques (sftware Vantage Pint) t get relevant infrmatin and trends frm databases f scientific publicatins and patents, presenting a techn-scientific panrama f the subject. Benchmarking, using the results f nantechnlgies technlgical mnitring. This has allwed a better understanding f the prcess f scientific and technlgical develpment in benchmark cuntries (United States, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdm, Sweden, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Krea) and thse that are in cmparable levels t Brazil (China, Taiwan, India, Australia, Suth Africa, Malaysia and Thailand). Amng the imprtant infrmatin btained by the study is the indicatin that innvative cuntries have nantechnlgy prgrams, with increasing budgets f the same level as bitechnlgy, infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies and envirnment. All the prgrams are anchred with natinal strategies fr ecnmic develpment and cmpetitiveness. Althugh they have their wn characteristics, they always engage the biggest pssible number f participants and have defined ecnmic targets. Table 3: CGEE s experience: initial phase 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 132 ISSN

8 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September Elements that can ptentially impact the theme/subject under study are identified and delimited as pprtunities and threats, frces and weaknesses, and cultural, scial, technlgical, ecnmic, plitical and envirnmental factrs. In a cmplementary way, the experts and ther stakehlders are identified and mbilized (Table 3). Main Phase In this phase, the questins are: What seems t be happening? What is really happening? What shuld be happening? During the main phase, prcesses f translatin and interpretatin cncerning the current trends and the future pssibilities ccur, using frecast and fresight techniques, as Delphi, expert panels, scenaris, etc. It is emphasized, in this phase, the brad participatin f experts, grups f interest and decisin makers, strengthening netwrks and cllective learning. The expected result is t empwer the existing knwledge with a better understanding f the invlved cnditinings and the pssibilities presented fr the future. It represents the integratin f tacit knwledge int fresight studies. (Table 4) Tacit knwledge can be defined as a knwledge which is persnal, specific t a given cntext and difficult t articulate in a frmal language.[10] Phase f cmmitments In this phase, the questin is: What can be dne? Here, it is crucial t disseminate the results and t strengthen the cmmitment f stakehlders that participated n the previus stages with the decisins based upn the results f the study, with prcedures f validatin, disseminatin and assimilatin fr a brader public. The expected result is the establishment f cnsensus and cmmitments and the transfrmatin f the accumulated knwledge in strategies and prpsals that can be taken by the decisin makers, searching the expansin f the perceptin f strategic ptins. (Table 5) In this phase, CGEE identifies future trends, drivers, pprtunities and threats. It is a stage f intense participatin f experts, making feasible a mre qualitative visin f the questin. It is als an pprtunity t capture tacit knwledge in many ways. Bitechnlgy Experts panels: It invlved discussins n the ecnmic impacts f GMOs; n the evlutin and cnsequences f the natinal and internatinal legal framewrk; n the access f genetic resurces and traditinal knwledge; n the impact n the training f human resurces fr the plant imprvement prgrams in Brazil, and finally n the intellectual prperty rights issues in bitechnlgy. Nantechnlgy Delphi: Carried thrugh Internet, the enquire invlved abut 1800 participants, with 582 respndents in the first rund. It cvered the fllwing subjects: nantechnlgy fr sensrs; nantechnlgy fr prcessing, strage and transmissin f infrmatin; nanbitechnlgy; nantechnlgy fr structured applicatins; tls and equipments fr N&N; nantechnlgy fr electrchemical prcesses; energy; agribusiness; water resurces and envirnment; scial impacts f nantechnlgy; lng range researches. A secnd rund is currently happening. Table 4: CGEE s experience: main phase 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 133 ISSN

9 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September Decisin making Here, the main questins are: What will be dne? Hw will it be dne? The strategic ptins which seem t be mre adequate amngst the identified nes are selected, thrugh interactin with the main decisin makers. The expected results invlve the definitin f mechanisms and tls fr implementatin f the selected ptins, as well as the identificatin f ther themes fr future analysis. The cmmitment f the decisin makers during the whle prcess is essential since it is their respnsibility t define what and hw things will be dne, that is, the final decisin belngs t them and prspective studies are nly finished when recmmendatins are put int actin. CGEE s fresight expanded mdel Figure 2 presents the expanded mdel f the methdlgy in use by CGEE. The central idea f this apprach is t prvide flexibility t planning, cnsidering the high level f uncertainty assciated with cmplex and hyper-cmpetitive envirnments f current times. The final gal f a fresight exercise is always setting pririties t guide decisin-making prcess. Hwever, as pinted ut by Skumanich & Silbernagel [9] frecasting activities cause impacts t rganizatins (r sciety) in a variety f ways mst f which are extremely difficult t measure. As a result, fresight activities tend t rely n highlevel buy-in and public legitimizatin as sigh f their effectiveness. (Table 6) CGEE s mdel incrprates different views, methds and techniques, using tacit and explicit knwledge in rder t btain a shared view f the future. It gives cnsistency t the results f the studies and amplifies the pssibilities f its acceptance and usage by the decisin makers. Cnclusins: Key Pints and Lessns Learned The creatin f visins f the future t anticipate emergent pprtunities, ptential threats and t indicate trends and pririties is vital fr the success f the innvatin prcess and requires permanent mnitring and sharpened perceptin t catch the indicatins that allw this anticipatin. In relatin t the cnstructin f future strategies, the efficient use f the different techniques and existing methds stands ut as a basic aspect, in rder t cmply with the specificities f the prblem, as well as the emphasis n participatry appraches, cmmunicatin netwrks and hrizntal and vertical cmmunicatin channels. One f the main tasks in future studies and fresight exercises is the careful and disciplined explratin f representative landscapes f future situatins. The infrmatin, the knwledge and the perceptins btained as a result f these activities are used by peple and rganizatins t make decisins, t elabrate strategies and, abve all, t get a better view f the future. The glbal leadership in any field depends, mre and mre, upn a change that includes the effective and innvative use f technlgical management. The key fr leadership is in prcess management f creative ideas, the generatin f new technlgies, the develpment and cmmercializatin f new prducts in existing and new markets. The innvatin management tries t cngregate mechanisms and tls, methdlgies and frms f rganizatin that guarantee the rganizatins innvative capacity and, as a result, its cmpetitiveness. Strategic and multidisciplinary themes with a high degree f cmplexity that invlve different and cntradictry interests and mbilize the public pinin, require adequate methdlgical appraches t make pssible the decisin making based n infrmatin f quality, btained by shared, participatry and articulated means within the academy, gvernment and enterprises with the invlvement f representatives f the civil sciety Institute f Business Administratin 134 ISSN

10 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September In this phase, the main recmmendatins and results f the studies are submitted t decisin makers and t sciety thrugh seminaries, wrkshps, publicatins and Internet. Bitechnlgy The bitech study is underway; hwever, sme partial bservatins frm the panels can be drawn: There will be ecnmic impacts with the adptin f GMOs, especially regarding t natinal seed industry. The cst f segregatin and rastreability culd cmprmise the cmpetitiveness f the Brazilian prducts; Fllwing implementatin f the bisafety law there culd be impacts n the research, prductin and cmmercializatin f grains and seeds, especially fr GMOs; The large transnatinal cmpanies ( pst-gegraphic ) are creating legal marketing ffices respnsible fr fllwing the discussins n legal framewrk n a wrldwide basis; The bitechnlgy legal framewrk has been lead by key cuntries such as the USA, Japan, China, Brazil, Eurpean Unin and Suth Krea, knwn as legal decisin blck. Cuntries that had built their legal framewrk did it based n the Cartagena Prtcl; In relatin t intellectual prperty rights it is clear that there is a need fr investment n the training n human resurces capabilities able t deal with the subject f patents n the internatinal basis; The majrity f the genmic research in the cuntry is n the basic science. At the same time, in the develped wrld, the GMOs prducts are being generated based n the genmic knwledge pinting ut that there is a gap in Brazilian develpment in this area; There will be pssible cnsequences f the actual legal structure related t access f genetic resurces in Brazil. In that scenari, the cmpetitiveness n R&D activities and innvatin related t bidiversity use and genetic resurces will be threatened. The changes n the knwledge basis, ging frm traditinal knwledge t mlecular bilgy, are impacting nw and will impact even mre in the future n the capabilities and skills in plant imprvement prgrams. T face this challenge is crucial t be able t select pssible new fields fr investment leading t pening new market pprtunities. Nantechnlgy The nantechnlgy study is in prgress; hwever, sme partial cmments can be highlighted: All innvatr cuntries have nantechnlgy prgrams, with strng investments in ICT, bitechnlgy and envirnment; The amunt f resurces dedicated t nantechnlgy are increasing and have the same rder f magnitude f ther relevant technlgical areas; The prgrams are drawn t engage the biggest pssible number f participants, either f cmpanies, either f academics and/r research institutins; Each natinal prgram has very clear prper characteristics, reflecting the peculiarities f the financial S,T&I system f each cuntry, either in traditinal aspects either in recent trends; The prgrams are tied with the natinal strategies f cmpetitiveness and ecnmic develpment reflecting clearly the effects f sme factrs: the prfile f the ecnmic activity f the cuntry, its human resurces and the recent histry f the technlgical develpment; The prgrams have targets f shrt, medium and lng term that are assciated t the perspectives f ecnmic explitatin f the results, in each cuntry; Many prgrams have elements f attractin f researchers f ther cuntries, either thrugh ffer f jbs, either f excellent cnditins fr research. Table 5: CGEE s experience: phase f cmmitments 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 135 ISSN

11 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September Figure 2: Expanded mdel The studies carried ut thrugh CGEE had been used t infrm the decisin making prcess, in different spheres f the gvernment, as fr example, the decisin f R&D investments in Sectr Funds fr Science and Technlgy. Bitechnlgy The study is still in prgress. Hwever, partial reprts have already been supplied t the gvernment, standing ut the needs f new mechanisms and tls as strategic prjects, emphasizing the culture f the wrk in nets, frtifying activities f patenting, training human resurces in ICTs lking twards bitechnlgy and researchers with enterprise visin; Nantechnlgy7 The study it is still nt cncluded, but its results will be used t define the plicies f investments f the Science and Technlgy Ministry in the area. Hwever, part f this wrk has supprted the decisin making prcess in rder t frmulate the natinal labratry/prgram f nantechnlgy. Table 6: CGEE s experience: Decisin making 2005 Institute f Business Administratin 136 ISSN

12 Jurnal f Business Chemistry Filh, Sants, Celh, Sants September In the particular cases f the studies n bi and nantechnlgy cnducted by CGEE fr NAE (Nucleus f Strategic Issues f Presidency f the Republic f Brazil) the cnclusins were used as the main base fr the prpsitin f specific laws and prgrams f develpment adpted by the Brazilian Cngress and Gvernment as well. Anther imprtant pint is related t the need f creatin f new tls and appraches that can deal with the increasing trend twards multidisciplinarity and flexibility, necessary t understand the cmplexity f the current reality, when the mdels in use seem t be insufficient. Thrugh the cmmunicatin and cperatin between researchers, users and financiers, the methdlgy in use by CGEE lks frward t articulating the search fr visins f the future. Privileging the knwledge f the envirnment and the factrs that determine the cntext f the prblem, a mre effective cmmunicatin ccurs amng the stakehlders, which influence the develpment f science and technlgy, leading t the strengthening f the technical-ecnmic netwrks that they participate. Additinally, the activities f fresight develped by CGEE lk frward t leverage the prcess f technlgical innvatin in the cuntry, adding value t the existing infrmatin and transfrming it int useful knwledge ready t be used. [5] Hrtn, A., A simple guide t successful fresight. Fresight - The jurnal f future studies, strategic thinking and plicy, v.1, n.1, Feb [6] Cnway, M.; Vrs, J., Implementing rganizatinal fresight: a case study in learning frm the future. In: Prbing the future: develping rganisatinal fresight in the knwledge ecnmy, July [7] Miles, I.; Keenan, M. & Kaiv-Oja, J. Handbk f knwledge sciety fresight. Manchester: Prest, [8] Gdet, M., Creating Futures Scenari Planning as a Strategic Management Tl. 269 p. Ecnômica Ltd., 2001 [9] Skumanich; Silbernagel (1997), Fresighting arund the wrld. Battelle Nrthwest Lab. Apud Grdn, T.J.; Glenn, J.C. (1999) Factrs required fr successful implementatin f futures research in decisin making. Atlanta, Army Envirnmental Plicy Institute, p. iii. [10] Nnaka, I; Takeuchi, H (1991). The knwledge-creating cmpany. Oxfrd University Press, References [1] Cuhls, K.; Grupp, H. Alemanha: abrdagens prspectivas nacinais. Parcerias Tecnlógicas, n.10, mar [2] Sants, D. M., Sants, M. M. A atividade de fresight e a Uniã Eurpéia (EU). Parcerias Estratégicas, n. 17, [3] Sants, M.M. et al. Prspecçã em Ciência, Tecnlgia e Invaçã: a abrdagem cnceitual e metdlógica d Centr de Gestã e Estuds Estratégics e sua aplicaçã para s setres de recurss hídrics e energia. Parcerias Estratégicas, n. 18, [4] Prter, Alan L. et al., Technlgy futures analysis: twards integratin f the field and new methds. Technlgical Frecasting and Scial Change, n. 49, Institute f Business Administratin 137 ISSN