GUIDELINES FOR CRITICAL
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1 GUIDELINES FOR CRITICAL REVIEW OF PRODUCT LCA BY BO P. WEIDEMA, 2.-0 LCA CONSULTANTS, Originally published 1997 by SPOLD ( Brussels. Traditinally, critical reviews - r peer reviews - are knwn frm the internatinal scientific jurnals, where submitted articles are subjected t critical scrutiny by annymus clleagues (peers) befre being accepted fr publicatin - ften after cnsiderable adjustments. Since it is difficult t determine bjective criteria fr scientific quality, the subjective - but prfessinal - judgement f peers becmes the ultimate quality assurance fr scientific wrk. Life cycle assessments have in cmmn with scientific wrk the difficulty f establishing bjective quality criteria. Many f the judgements a practitiner will have t make in the curse f a life cycle assessment cannt be said t be true r false, but nly mre r less justifiable. Therefre, the ultimate quality judgement can nly be subjective - althugh based n prfessinal experience. Until nw, critical reviews f life cycle assessments have nt been generally applied - nt even fr life cycle assessments supprting a cmparative assertin disclsed t the public. The main argument against critical reviews has been their csts. Hwever, if the critical reviews are used as interactive reviews (where the review is perfrmed bth after the scpe definitin, after the data cllectin and after the cnclusin), the reviews are likely t increase the efficiency f data cllectin t the extent that the benefit f the reviews will exceed their cst. Besides this, critical review shuld imprve reliability f the results t the extent that this in itself wuld justify the review csts. With the requirement in the ISO standards fr critical review f all life cycle assessments supprting a cmparative assertin disclsed
2 t the public, the use f critical reviews is likely t becme mre widespread. In this paper, the prcedural aspects f critical reviews are discussed in mre detail. 1. Types f critical review: integrated 3-step review r pst-study review The scientific peer review, as knwn frm internatinal scientific jurnals, is typically perfrmed after the research has ended and the article has been written. In this respect, the peer review des nt give any input during the research prcess, i.e. the peer review is nt part f a quality management system. Nevertheless, quality management is nt impssible in certain aspects f research wrk and has lately becme mre widespread, especially in crprate research. This means that specific parts f the research are subjected t a peer-review-like assessment during the research wrk, e.g. after the research plan has been made but befre the experiments are perfrmed, again after an experiment but befre calculating results, etc. In the same way, critical review f a life cycle assessment may be a simple peer review f the final reprt, r it may be a mre integrated quality assurance invlving typically three review steps: After the scpe definitin After the data cllectin. After the cnclusin. This interactive prcedure has especially been advcated by SETAC (Cnsli et al. 1993). The advantage f the 3-step prcedure is that prblems can be crrected at an early stage, befre resurces are expended n wrk which later turns ut t be inadequate. A 3-step review shuld nt be mre expensive than a pst-study review - n the cntrary: It is less time cnsuming t guide a study nt the right track frm its beginning, than t figure ut hw a cmplicated result has been influenced by dubius assumptins, r t recnstruct a missing calculatin, nce the study is finished. The nly disadvantage f the 3- step prcedure is that it may take a little mre time t perfrm the study, since the wrk has t rest while the review is made. Typically
3 ne shuld calculate ne mnth additinal time t allw fr cmmunicatin and adjustment f schedules between the practitiner(s) and the reviewer(s). 2. Selecting the reviewer The reviewer may be fund within the same rganisatin as the practitiner r externally. This shuld nt affect the quality f the review, since this depends n the qualificatins f the reviewer and nt n his r her affiliatin. Nevertheless, an external reviewer is less likely t be biased by relatins t the practitiner r the culture f the rganisatin. Therefre, external reviews tend t be regarded as mre credible. It is als imprtant t cnsider wh selects the reviewer: the practitiner himself, the cmmissiner r a third, cmpletely independent party. The payment fr the review ultimately cmes frm the cmmissiner and it may therefre be seen as the cmmissiner's privilege t chse the reviewer as his trusted representative and guarantee fr the quality f the study. Nevertheless, if neither the practitiner nr the cmmissiner has any influence n the selectin f the reviewer, it gives mre credibility t a claim f independence frm influence frm the cmmissiner. It may therefre be advised t let the chice be made by an independent, third party. Fr cmparative studies disclsed t the public, an intermediate ptin has been chsen fr the ISO standards, namely t require the cmmissiner t make a chice f a reviewer wh then n his part selects further members f a panel. Hwever, this still allws a third party t make the chice f reviewer n behalf f the cmmissiner, thus imprving the credibility. The review panel may include persns representing interested parties, such as suppliers, emplyees, cmpetitrs, custmers, gvernment agencies r nn-gvernmental grups, which is why this type f review in the ISO standards has been entitled review by interested parties. It is bvius that such invlvement f external interests will increase the credibility f the result.
4 3. Qualificatins f the reviewer A qualified reviewer is a persn wh has adequate prfessinal knwledge f bth the life cycle assessment technique itself and the specific prduct type which is investigated by the life cycle assessment t be reviewed. Besides this prfessinal knwledge, a reviewer must als pssess certain psychlgical qualificatins. A reviewer judged by sme practitiners t be t strict and by thers t be t lax, is likely t have fund the right balance between being t demanding an idealist, and being a naive r "understanding" clleague. The idealist wh refuses t recgnise the difference between theretical principles and their practical applicatin can give rise t unnecessary cnflicts. The naive reviewer may be deceived by empty declaratins which have n fundatin in the actual wrk perfrmed, thus pssibly verlking misleading assumptins r serius mistakes. The reviewer shuld be independent, which is, first f all, a state f mind. Hwever, sme frmal requirements shuld be fulfilled: A reviewer shuld have n business ties with the practitiner and shuld nt have any cmmercial interests in the immediate tpic f the study under review. Payment must nt depend n the result f the review. 4. Cnfidentiality and access t infrmatin As a life cycle assessment nearly always includes data fr cmpany internal prcesses and cnsideratins n future plans, it is imprtant that the reviewer maintains the strictest cnfidentiality abut these issues. Cnfidentiality agreements shuld specify hw, when, where and by whm infrmatin is btained, transferred, stred and deleted. Hwever, it is imprtant that the cnfidentiality is nt extended further than what is necessary t prtect the interests f the invlved parties. The cnfidentiality shuld nt extend t the techniques applied by the practitiner. The prgress f the life cycle assessment technique cmes frm a free exchange f infrmatin n methdlgy and a reflectin n the nature f quality and the causes f mistakes,
5 and nt frm cmplacency r arrgance hidden behind pretended prfessinal secrecy. A thrugh and satisfactry review can nly be perfrmed if adequate secrecy agreements are in place which allws the reviewer unlimited access t all relevant backgrund material, including cmputerised data. 5. Budget, time requirements and cntract A thrugh review will take apprximately 10% f the time and budget allcated fr the study. As already mentined, interactive reviews may take a little less time, because mistakes and divergences will be caught in their infancy. This is especially true if the practitiner has a gd internal quality management prcedure. Critical review shuld nt be an alternative t nrmal internal quality assurance r an excuse fr slppy wrk n behalf f the practitiner. If the life cycle assessment is cncerned with a new prduct area r invlves many cntrversial methdlgical chices, the review budget may have t be cnsiderably larger than specified abve. Obviusly, the time requirement is dependent n the size f the study t be reviewed and the budget allcated fr the review. Besides this, time shuld be reserved fr the physical cmmunicatin between practitiner and reviewer as well as the adjustment f schedules when mre peple are invlved. Fr these reasns, integrated 3-step reviews will be mre time cnsuming as will reviews invlving mre than ne reviewer and ther interested parties. When making the schedule fr the review, it is imprtant t ensure that the practitiner is available fr questining during the perid when the study is reviewed. It is imprtant that a cntract is made, specifying the cntents and the backgrund f the review, t avid any misunderstandings between the cmmissiner, the practitiner and the reviewer. The cntract shuld specify: The budget and the time schedule, taking int accunt the abve cnsideratins. Requirements and limitatins fr cnfidentiality.
6 The unlimited access f the reviewer t all relevant backgrund material, including cmputerised data. Reference t the standards against which the study is t be reviewed. 6. Accrdance with ISO standards The mst bvius bjective f the critical review prcedure is t ensure that the life cycle assessment is cnsistent with the standard t which the study refers. This will in mst cases mean the ISO series, althugh ther natinal, prduct specific r case-specific standards may als apply. The general requirements f the ISO standards are: A life cycle assessment shall include the phases gal and scpe definitin, inventry analysis, impact assessment, and interpretatin f results. Life cycle inventry studies shall include the phases gal and scpe definitin, inventry analysis, and interpretatin f results. Cmparative studies disclsed t the public shall include impact assessment. Systems shall be cmpared using the same functinal unit and equivalent methdlgical cnsideratins such as perfrmance, system bundaries, data quality, allcatin prcedures, decisin rules and impact assessment. Any difference between systems regarding these issues shall be identified and reprted. Additinal requirements apply t the individual phases f the life cycle assessment and t the final reprt. These requirements are listed in the fllwing sectins: 7. Critical review f the gal and scpe definitin The requirements f the ISO standards are: The gal and scpe shall be clearly defined and cnsistent with the intended applicatin. The gal shall unambiguusly state the intended applicatin, including the reasns fr carrying ut the study and the
7 intended audience, i.e. t whm the results f the study are intended t be cmmunicated. The scpe shall clearly describe: the functins f the studied prduct systems, the functinal unit, the systems t be studied, the system bundaries, and criteria used in establishing system bundaries and the justificatin f these criteria, allcatin prcedures, the impact categries, the methdlgy fr impact assessment and interpretatin, initial data and data quality requirements, assumptins and limitatins, the type f critical review, if any, and wh t cnduct the review, the type f frmat f the reprt. The functinal unit shall be clearly defined and measurable. If additinal functins r qualities f ne r the ther prduct systems are nt taken int accunt in the defined functinal unit, then these missins shall be dcumented. If additinal unit prcesses r subsystems are added t make the systems mre cmparable, the added unit prcesses shall be dcumented and justified. Any decisins t mit life cycle stages, unit prcesses r data shall be clearly stated and justified. The criteria and assumptins fr such missins shall be clearly described and the ptential impact n the utcme f the study assessed and described. Fr cmparative life cycle assessments disclsed t the public an additinal requirement is that the chice f envirnmental categries shall be as cmplete as pssible as well as apprpriate and reasnable in relatin t the gal f the study s that the cmparisn is fair and equivalent fr the prduct alternatives. In as cmplex and versatile technique as life cycle assessment, it is impssible t pin dwn every aspect in an explicit requirement. There will be assumptins and prcedures which are bviusly unacceptable
8 frm a prfessinal pint f view, even thugh they d nt cnflict with any f the explicit requirements f the standard. Therefre, besides ensuring accrdance with the explicit requirements f the standard, the critical review shall, als accrding t the ISO standards, ensure that the methds used t carry ut the life cycle assessment are scientifically and technically valid. This asks fr the scientific and technical judgement f the reviewer, and allws a large degree f freedm t state pinins n aspects nt explicitly cvered in the ISO standards. This may, fr example, be relevant fr issues such as the chice f prduct alternatives t be cmpared, which is nt very explicitly described in the ISO standards. 8. Critical review f the inventry analysis The ISO standards state explicit requirements n hw t recrd data (see sectin 8.1), n validatin (sectin 8.2), and n calculatins (see sectin 8.3). Besides ensuring accrdance with the explicit requirements f the standard, the ISO standards require the critical review t ensure that the methds used t carry ut the life cycle assessment are scientifically and technically valid. Fr the inventry phase, the mst imprtant issue in this cntext is the way data are aggregated. The scientific justificatin fr aggregating data shuld be thrughly reviewed. Als, the validity f the methds used fr calculatins shuld be reviewed. 8.1 Adequacy f data The ISO standards state the fllwing requirements: Fr all unit prcesses, the fllwing general infrmatin shall be recrded: the reference unit in relatin t which the envirnmental exchanges are calculated,
9 what the data includes (the beginning and the end f the unit prcess, its functin, and whether shut-dwn/start-up cnditins and emergency situatins are included), gegraphical representativeness, the applied technlgy/the technlgical level, data relevant fr the allcatin f the envirnmental exchanges amng c-prducts, the perid during which data has been cllected, hw data has been cllected and hw representative they are, and the significance f pssible exclusins and assumptins, the surce f the data, the validatin prcedure used (see sectin 6.8.2). Accunt shall be taken f the electricity generating mix, the cmbustin efficiencies fr the varius fuel types, the cnversin efficiencies f the generating facilities and the transmissin and distributin lsses. Assumptins used n the surce f fuels and mix f electricity shall be clearly stated and justified. Missing values and nn-detectable data shall be reprted as the best estimate pssible, e.g. based n unit prcesses emplying similar technlgy. If data des nt meet the initial data requirements, this shall be stated. Besides ensuring accrdance with the abve requirements, the ISO standards require the critical review t ensure that the data used are apprpriate and reasnable in relatin t the gal f the study. Special attentin shuld be given t ensure that the chice f data des nt unduly favur cmpanies participating in r financing the study. Als, it shuld be ensured that data quality infrmatin is handled apprpriately (e.g. that it is nt aggregated). The critical review shuld check that the abve requirements are fulfilled fr the mst imprtant data. These data shuld be selected by the reviewer accrding t his r her previus experience supprted by any sensitivity analyses perfrmed by the practitiner during data cllectin. Especially the review n missing data requires the reviewer t use prir experience frm life cycle assessments f similar prducts,
10 perfrmed either by the reviewer r by ther practitiners. T ensure that the data are generally apprpriate and that the data quality is adequate, a minimum f 10% f the data shuld be reviewed. A smaller part f the reviewed data shuld be chsen at randm (i.e. nt accrding t their imprtance t the result). 8.2 Factual validatin f data The ISO standards mentin validatin as a requirement fr all data finally included in a study. Validatin is a general cncept cvering many different specific prcedures, such as mass balances, cmparing with earlier measurements r ther data, and review by anther persn than the ne respnsible fr cllectin f data. The critical review shuld check that adequate validatin has been made. This can be cmbined with the general check n adequacy f data and data quality mentined in sectin 8.1. Althugh it is nt the purpse f the critical review t re-d the validatin, it may be necessary fr the reviewer t perfrm factual validatin f thse data, which are mst imprtant fr the cnclusin. 8.3 Checks n calculatins Calculatin is a general term cvering several discrete peratins, including: The mass balances perfrmed as part f data validatin. Relating data t the reference flw f the unit prcess. C-prduct allcatin. Relating the reference flws t the functinal unit. Data aggregatin. Refinement f system bundaries thrugh sensitivity analysis. The ISO standards require all such data calculatin prcedures t be explicitly dcumented. Furthermre, the fllwing requirements apply t c-prduct allcatin:
11 The applied prcedures fr allcating envirnmental exchanges t the different prducts shall be clearly dcumented and justified fr each unit prcess fr which allcatin is made. Wherever pssible, allcatin shall be avided by: dividing the unit prcess t be allcated int tw r mre subprcesses and cllecting the envirnmental data related t these subprcesses, expanding the prduct system t include the additinal functins related t the c-prducts. Where allcatin cannt be avided, but the amunt f the cprducts can be independently varied, the allcatin shall be dne in a way which reflects this underlying physical relatinship. Where allcatin cannt be avided, and the amunt f the cprducts cannt be independently varied, the basis f allcatin shuld be anther relatinship, e.g. the ecnmical value f the cprducts. Whenever several alternative allcatin prcedures seem applicable, a sensitivity analysis shall be cnducted t illustrate the cnsequences f the alternative appraches. Unifrm allcatin prcedures shall be applied t all similar prducts entering r leaving the studied prduct systems. The critical review shuld ensure that the calculatin prcedures used are adequate, scientifically and technically valid, adequately dcumented and justified when necessary. 9. Critical review f the impact assessment The ISO standards state the fllwing requirements: The characterisatin and the characterisatin factrs shall be dcumented in a transparent manner and value-chices and assumptins made during the selectin and definitin f impact categries shall be identified and justified. Surces fr relatinal mdels shall be referenced, their universality and scientific justificatin described, and their limitatins, value-chices and assumptins identified and justified.
12 All weighting methds and peratins shall be dcumented t prvide transparency. Besides ensuring accrdance with these explicit requirements f the standard, the critical review shall als - accrding t the ISO standards - ensure that the methds used t carry ut the life cycle assessment are scientifically and technically valid. Thus, the reviewer shuld state his r her prfessinal judgement regarding the apprpriateness f the methds used. 10. Critical review f the interpretatin The ISO standards state the fllwing requirements: Befre interpreting the results, the equivalence f the systems being cmpared shall be evaluated. The result f a life cycle assessment shall be interpreted in relatin t the gal and scpe f the study. The interpretatin shall include a data quality assessment and a sensitivity analysis. Bth f these may have been dne in an earlier phase f the life cycle assessment, but shuld at least be reviewed here befre drawing cnclusins n the study. During the study, sensitivity analysis shall be used t determine the system bundaries, i.e. the parts f the prduct systems which shall be included and the parts which may be excluded frm further analysis n the grunds f insignificance (when the exclusin des nt affect the ttal result f the study). The results f the sensitivity analysis shall be dcumented. Explicit cnsideratin shall be given t the pssible limitatins f the cnclusin due t: the way the system functins and the functinal unit are defined, the limitatins identified by the data quality assessment and sensitivity analysis. Additinal requirements apply t cmparative life cycle assessments disclsed t the public. These additinal requirements are:
13 The sensitivity analysis shall include all material flws which are excluded frm the study, and shall be based n bth mass and energy inputs t the system, as well as envirnmental relevance. The precisin, cmpleteness and representativeness f all data shall be assessed. The cnsistency and reprducibility f the methds used fr data cllectin and data treatment shall be assessed. The critical review shall - accrding t the ISO standards - ensure accrdance with the abve requirements f the standard, and especially ensure that the interpretatins are in accrdance with the gal f the study and the identified limitatins. 11. Critical review f the final reprt The ISO standards require the results, data, methds, assumptins and limitatins t be clearly, fairly, and accurately reprted in sufficient detail t allw the intended audience t cmprehend the cmplexities and trade-ffs inherent in the study. Fr life cycle assessments, which are t be cmmunicated t a third party, the reprt shall cver: Name f the cmmissiner and the practitiner. Date. Reference t the ISO standards. Gal and scpe definitin, including target audience, functins, functinal unit, missins f additinal functins and qualities in cmparative studies. Inventry analysis: data surces, data cllectin and calculatin prcedures, treatment f missing data, descriptins f unit prcesses, quantificatin f energy flws in energy units (including inherent energy), assumptins n electricity prductin, allcatin prcedures. Impact assessment: Methdlgy and results, and a statement that results d nt address actual impacts. Sensitivity analysis.
14 Interpretatin f the results, including a seperate statement f thse cnclusins which can be drawn befre the impact assessment. Limitatins f bth methdlgy and data. Data quality assessment. Name and affiliatin f critical reviewers. Critical review reprt and respnses t recmmendatins. Reprts f cmparative life cycle assessments shuld furthermre cver: The assessment f cnsistency and reprducibility f the methds used fr data cllectin and data treatment. Chice f envirnmental categries and justificatin f this. The critical review shall ensure that the reprt is in accrdance with the abve requirements. Especially, it shuld be ensured that the reprt is adequate, transparent and cnsistent, and that all cnclusins have a factual basis. 12. Publicatin f critical reviews Disregarding the type f critical review, the review statement shall be included in the reprt f the life cycle assessment study. Fr external reviews, the respnse f the practitiner t the recmmendatins f the reviewer r panel, shall be included in the reprt frm the study. References Cnsli F, Allen D, Bustead I, Fava J, Franklin W, Jensen A A, de Oude N, Parrish R, Perriman R, Pstlethwaite D, Quay B, Sequin J, Vign B. (1993). Guidelines fr life-cycle assessment: A "Cde f Practice". Brussels & Pensacla: Sciety fr Envirnmental Txiclgy and Chemistry, (Reprt frm a wrkshp in Sesimbra, ).
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