6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits
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1 MIT, Spring Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Jesús del Alamo Dimitri Antoniadis, Judy Hoyt, Charles Sodini Pablo Acosta, Susan Luschas, Jorg Scholvin, Niamh Waldron
2 Lecture overview February 4, 2003 Contents: Overview of Reading Assignment: Howe and Sodini, Ch. 1
3
4 Overview of Introductory subject to microelectronic devices and circuits Microelectronics is cornerstone of: Computer revolution Communications revolution
5 Microelectronics: cornerstone of computing revolution Calculations per second/$ E+08 1.E+06 1.E+04 1.E+02 1.E+00 1.E-02 1.E-04 from R. Kurzweil in "The Age of Spiritual Machines ", 1999 vacuum tube logic electromechanical logic mechanical logic discrete transistor logic IC logic 1.E Year In last 30 years, computer performance per dollar has improved more than a million fold!
6 Microelectronics: cornerstone of communications revolution In last 20 years, communication bandwidth through a single optical fiber has increased by ten-thousand fold.
7 Si digital microelectronics today Take the cover off a microprocessor. What do you see? A thick web of interconnects, many levels deep. High density of very small transistors. Intel s Pentium IV
8 Interconnects Today, as many as 8 levels of interconnect using Cu.
9 Transistor size scaling 10 size of human blood cell data for Intel processors Technology generation ( µm) size of a virus Year 2-orders of magnitude reduction in transistor size in 30 years.
10 Evolution of transistor density Number of transistors 1.E+08 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E x/year 2x/1.5year Moore s Law: doubling of transistor density every 1.5 years 4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years. 1.E+03 Intel processors Year
11 Benefits of increasing transistor integration Exponential improvements in: system performance cost-per-function, power-per-function, and system reliability. Experimental SOI microprocessor from IBM
12 Clock speed Frequency (Hz) 1.E+09 1.E+08 1.E+07 1.E+06 4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years. Intel processors 1.E Year
13 Transistor cost Transistor cost ($) 1.E-01 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-04 3-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years. Intel processors 1.E Year
14 Cost per function $/MHz 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-04 1.E-05 4-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years. 1.E-06 1.E-07 Intel processors Year
15 Keys to success of digital microelectronics: I. Silicon Cheap and abundant Amazing mechanical, chemical and electronic properties Probably, the material best known to humankind
16 Keys to success of digital microelectronics: II. MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor MOSFET = switch Good gain, isolation, and speed
17 Keys to success of digital microelectronics: III. MOSFET scaling Gate delay (ps) MOSFET performance improves as size is decreased: Shorter switching time Lower power consumption Gate length (µm)
18 Keys to success of digital microelectronics: IV. CMOS CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Complementary switch activates with V<0. Logic without DC power consumption.
19 Keys to success of digital microelectronics: V. Microfabrication technology DSP core from IBM Tight integration of dissimilar devices with good isolation Fabrication of extremely small structures, precisely and reproducibly High-volume manufacturing of complex systems with high yield.
20 Keys to success of digital microelectronics: VI. Circuit engineering Simple device models that: are based on physics allow analog and digital circuit design permit assessment of impact of device variations on circuit performance Circuit design techniques that: are tolerant to logic level fluctuations, noise and crosstalk are insensitive to manufacturing variations require little power consumption
21 Content of Deals with microelectronic devices Semiconductor physics Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and microelectronic circuits Digital circuits (mainly CMOS) Analog circuits (BJT and MOS)
22 One shouldn t work on semiconductors, that is a filthy mess; who knows if they really exist! Wolfgang Pauli, 1931
23 To the electron may it never be of any use to anybody. favorite toast at annual dinners at Cavendish Laboratory, early 1900 s
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