Transistor Digital Circuits
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1 Transistor Digital Circuits
2 Switching Transistor Model (on) (on) T n T p Controlled switch model v CT > V CTex ; T- (on); i O > 0; v O 0 v CT < V Thn ; T- (off); i O = 0; v O = V PS v CT > V Thp ; T- (off); i O = 0; v O = VPS v CT < V CTex ; T- (on); i O > 0; v O 0 The controlled switches are complementary
3 MOSFET DIGITAL CIRCUITS Ideal controlled switch model Implementation with MOSFET
4 Logic inverter 0V logic 0 V PS logic 1 v A T n v y V CoL = 0 (off) V PS V CoH = V PS (on) 0
5 Logic inverter logic 0-0V logic 1 - V PS T n and R T p and R
6 Logic invertor: MOSFET and R n -type channel MOSFET V PS p -type channel MOSFET V PS A R T n Y A T p R Y
7 Critical analysis of the logic inverter With T n and R Disadvantage elimination: R as small as possible, ideal R 0;
8 Critical analysis of the inverter witht n and R Disadvantage elimination: R as small as possible, ideal R 0; R as large as possible, ideal R Solution: replacement of R with a controlled switch
9 Two possible solutions: complementary switches same input complementary inputs same switch CMOS MOS transitors TTL BJT transitors and R
10 CMOS Logic Inverter v GSn =v I v GSp =v I -V DD
11 Logic function NAND, NOR a) What is the truth table? b) What are the states of the switches? c) How can we eliminate the disadvantages due to the presence of R? Problems
12 Logic function NAND, NOR
13 CMOS NAND Problem a) What is the truth table? b) What are the states of all transistors?
14 CMOS NAND
15 CMOS NOR CMOS AND
16 Transfer characteristic of the CMOS inverter Ideal (input) Real 16
17 Logic circuit 1 out in Logic circuit 2 Noise margins NM NM H L = V = V OH min ILmax V V IH min OLmax NM H NM L Voltage levels and noise margins for CMOS logic family supplied at +5V = 4.5V 3.5V = 1V = 1.5V 0.5V = 1V
18 BJT DIGITAL CIRCUITS RTL technology TTL technology
19 Switching BJT, digital circuit Resistor to limit the base current T (off), if v Co < 0.6V T (on), if i B > i Bsat i i B Cex = v = Co V V R PS B Bsat BE v R C i = = i v CEsat Cex Co 0.7 R = B V PS 0.2 R C
20 Problem R B = 100k ; = 150; V PS R C = 5V = 2k ; a) What is the state of T if v Co =0V? What is the v CE value? b) What is the state of T if v Co =5V? What is the v CE value? c) What is the v Co range to keep T off? What about to keep it in saturation? d) If 0V => logic 0 and 5V => logic 1, what is the logic function of the circuit if {0; 5}[V] v Co
21 Bipolar Digital Circuits Inverter RTL Technology NOR
22 Problem a) What is the schematic for the 2-input NAND gate in a RTL technology? b) What is the truth table? c) What are the states of the transistors?
23 TTL: Transistor-Transistor Logic Logic Inverter from technological reasons in TTL integrated circuits the use of only npn type transistors is preferred identical transistors but complementary control v I1, v I2?
24 Standard TTL gate
25 Voltage levels and noise margins for TTL family Supply only with 5V
26 TTL sub-families with improved performances Schottky transistor Schottky diode: a metal to semiconductor junction, in conduction 0,5V v BE =0,8V; v BC =0,5V; v CE =0,3V Schottky transistor doesn't enter saturation mode increases the commutation speed
27 Simplified structure of a 2-input NAND gate from the Low-power Schottky family
28 Logic Gates NOT AND AB OR A+B
29 Logic Gates cont. NAND NOR A + B XOR
30 Analog Switch (AS) The AS is an electronic circuit that allows or blocks an input signal to pass to the output of the circuit according to a control signal. v Co - two levels: V CoL <V Th and V CoH >V CTex v Co =V CoL ; T n -(off) ; v O =0 v Co =V CoH ; T n - (exc) ; v O = v I no power consumption
31 Bidirectional AS with two complementary controlled switches v Co =V CoL ; AS - (off) ; v Co =V CoH ; AS - (on) ; V Thp V Thn
32 AS CMOS implementation AS bidirectional transffer C=0; AS - off; v O =0 C=1; AS - on; v O =v I V CoH =V DD ; V CoL =V SS v I (V SS ; V DD ) IC transmission gates; supplied at 10V, r on =150Ω DG400 (Siliconics) r on =20Ω
33 Application: three-channel MUX What is the output voltage in each of the three situations? Justify the answer.
34 Application: three-channel MUX
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