Question Document. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 10

Transcription

1 Questin Dcument Any bject with handwriting r print whse surce r authenticity is in dubt may be referred t as a questined dcument. The uncnscius handwriting f tw different individuals can never be identical. 1 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

2 Intrductin 2 Examine and cmpare questined dcuments with knwn material Field investigatins include: Handwriting Cmputer printuts Cmmercial printing Paper and ink Threatening, ransm, r suicide ntes Analysis helps identify a dcument s authr Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

3 Histry f Frensic Handwriting Analysis 1930s handwriting analysis played a rle in the famus Lindbergh case the US Curt f Appeals determined that handwriting analysis qualifies as a frm f expert testimny T be admissible in curt, scientifically accepted guidelines must be fllwed Sctland Yard, the FBI, and the Secret Service use handwriting analysis 3 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

4 FISH Certain agencies, such as the U.S. Secret Service and the German Federal Plice, maintain larger databases. Fr example, the Frensic Infrmatin System fr Handwriting (FISH) maintained by the U.S. Secret Service Frensic Labratry cntains handwriting samples frm tens f thusands f writers. 4 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

5 Intrductin t Handwriting Everyne s handwriting shws natural variatins. Here are 6 f the 12 majr, specific traits. 5 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

6 Intrductin t Handwriting The traits are functins f frmatting r f letter r line frm. Here are the ther 6 f the 12 majr, specific traits. 6 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

7 3 Basic Steps fr Handwriting Examinatin Tw writings came frm ne persn if: their similarities are unique and n unexplainable difference(s) are fund 1. Examine the questinable dcument fr detectable traits and recrd them 2. Characteristics f questin item are cmpared with the knwn standard. Obtain a knwn sample f the suspect s writing (an exemplar) 3. Cmpare and draw cnclusins abut the authrship f the questinable dcument by experts. 7 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

8 Graphlgy the study f handwriting and handwriting analysis Nt necessary used fr Frensic purpses. used technique fr assessment f peple in rganizatins. Handwriting analysis is an effective and reliable indicatr f persnality and behavir, and s is a useful tl fr many rganizatinal prcesses, fr example: recruitment, interviewing and selectin, team-building, cunselling, and career-planning 8

9 Methds f examining/cmparisn. Naked eye Micrscpe Hand-held lens The number ne way that peple suspect fakes and scrutinize mney is because it desn t feel right. 9 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

10 Technlgy Used in Handwriting Analysis Bimetric Signature Pads Learns t recgnize hw a persn signs Evaluates speed, pressure, and rhythm f the signature Recgnizes frgeries by the detectin f even slight differences Cmputerized Analysis Cmpares handwriting samples bjectively Cmpared with samples stred in databases 10 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

11 Handwriting Evidence in the Curtrm Expert explains hw cmparisns were made Crss-examinatin by defense attrney may fllw Shrtcmings in Analysis Are the base dcuments real r fake? Did md, age, fatigue impact the handwriting? Did experts miss details any details? 11 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

12 Frgery 12 The prcess used by criminals t make, alter, r falsify a persn s signature r anther aspect f a dcument with the intent t deceive anther. Frged dcuments include: checks emplyment recrds legal agreements licenses wills Fraudulence frgery fr material gain Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

13 Frgery Check frgery can include: rdering anther s checks frm a depsit slip altering a check intercepting anther s check, altering, and cashing it creating a check frm scratch 13 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

14 Preventing Check Frgery Chemically sensitive paper Large fnt size requires mre ink and makes alteratins mre difficult High reslutin brders that are difficult t cpy Multiple clr patterns Embed fibers that glw under different light Use chemical wash detectin systems that change clr when a check is altered 14 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

15 Literary Frgery frgery f a piece f writing, such as an histrical letter r manuscript. Best frgeries aim t duplicate the materials fund in the riginal by using: ld paper chemically treated materials t fake an lder lk inks mixed frm substances that wuld have been used at the time watermarks that add the appearance f age tls and styles that wuld have been ppular at the time 15 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

16 Cunterfeiting A criminal activity existing since antiquity Prductin f an imitatin f an item fr the purpse f deceptin. 16 Items cmmnly frged tday include: Currency Traveler s checks Fd stamps Certain bnds Pstage stamps Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

17 Cunterfeit Currency Security features are added t paper currency that scanning cannt reprduce Regular printer paper cntains starch. Paper currency cntains rag fiber instead f starch. The gvernment cntinues t change the design f paper mney t make currency mre difficult t cpy and t prevent cunterfeits. 17 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

18 Detecting Cunterfeit Currency Cunterfeit-detecting pens inexpensive special pens and markers cntaining the element idine. When they cme in cntact with a cunterfeit bill, the paper marked with the pen will change t a bluish-black clr. The clr change is caused by a chemical reactin invlving starch, and cmpund fund in regular printer paper. Real currency des nt cntain starch. Pen manufacturers claim pen is 98% effective. 18 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

19 Cunterfeit vs. Authentic 19 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

20 Verifying Authentic Currency New security features: 1. Prtrait stands ut and appears raised ff the paper 2. Cntains clear red and blue fibers wven thrughut the bill 3. Has clear, distinct brder edges 4. Treasury seal is shwn with clear, sharp saw-tth pints 5. Watermark appears n the right side f the bill in the light 20 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

21 Verifying Authentic Currency New security features: 6. The security thread is evident a thin embedded vertical strip with the denminatin f the bill printed in it 7. There is minute printing n the security threads, as well as arund the prtrait 8. When the bill is tilted, the number in the lwer righthand crner makes a clr shift frm cpper t green 21 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

22 Examples f Security Features 22 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10

23 Summary Handwriting analysis cmpares questined dcuments with exemplars t establish authrship. Aspects f a persn s handwriting style can be analyzed t ascertain authenticity. Many new features f paper currency help prevent cunterfeiting. Technlgical advances have enhanced chances f detecting frged dcuments. 23 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, Chapter 10