Chapter 13. Routing Protocols (RIP, OSPF, and BGP) PDF created with FinePrint pdffactory Pro trial version
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1 Chapter 13 Ruting Prtcls (RIP, OSPF, and BGP) PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
2 Outline INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ROUTING RIP OSPF BGP PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
3 Intrductin An internet is a cmbinatin f netwrks cnnected by ruters Hw t pass a packet frm surce t destinatin? Which f the available pathways is the ptimum pathway? Depends n the metric: Metric: a cst assigned fr passing thrugh a netwrk A ruter shuld chse the rute with the smallest metric PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
4 Intrductin (Cnt.) The metric assigned t each netwrk depends n the type f prtcl RIP (Ruting Infrmatin Prtcl) Treat each netwrk as equals The cst f passing thrugh each netwrk is the same: ne hp cunt Open Shrtest Path First (OSPF) Allw administratr t assign a cst fr passing thrugh a netwrk based n the type f serviced required Fr example, maximum thrughput r minimum delay Brder Gateway Prtcl (BGP) The criterin is the plicy, which can be set by the administratr PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
5 Intrductin (Cnt.) Ruting table can be static r dynamic An internet needs dynamic ruting tables Dynamic ruting table is achieved by the ruting prccls PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
6 13.1 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ROUTING The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
7 Interir and Exterir Ruting An internet can be s large that ne ruting prtcl cannt handle the task f updating ruting table f all ruters Thus, an internet is divided int autnmus systems (AS) AS is a grup f netwrks and ruters under the authrity f a single administratin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
8 Interir and Exterir Ruting Interir ruting Ruting inside an autnmus system Each AS can chse its wn interir ruting prtcl Examples: RIP and OSPF Exterir ruting Ruting between autnmus systems Only ne exterir ruting prtcl is usually used fr exterir ruting Examples: BGP PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
9 Figure 13-1 Ppular Ruting Prtcls PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
10 Example R1, R2, R3 and R4 use an interir and an exterir ruting prtcl Slid thin lines Interir ruting prtcl Brken thick lines Exterir ruting prtcl PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
11 Figure 13-2 Autnmus Systems PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
12 13.2 RIP: Ruting Infrmatin Prtcl The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
13 RIP RIP: Ruting Infrmatin Prtcl Based n distance vectr ruting Use the Bellman-Frd algrithm fr calculating the ruting tables PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
14 Distance Vectr Ruting Each ruter peridically shares its knwledge abut the entire internet with its neighbrs Sharing knwledge abut the entire AS At the start, a ruter s knwledge may be sparse But, hw much it knws is unimprtant, it sends whatever it has Sharing nly with neighbrs Sends its knwledge nly t neighbrs Sharing at regular intervals PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
15 RIP Updating Infrmatin Ruting table is updated n receipt f a RIP respnse message Receipt: a respnse RIP message Add ne hp t the hp cunt fr each advertised destinatin Repeat the fllwing steps fr each advertised destinatin If (destinatin nt in the ruting table) Add the advertised infrmatin t the table Else If (next-hp field is the same) Return Replace retry in the table with the advertised ne Else If (advertised hp cunt smaller than ne in the table) Replace entry in the ruting table PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
16 Example f Updating a Ruting Table PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
17 Initializing the Ruting Table When a ruter is added t a netwrk It initializes a ruting table fr itself using its cnfiguratin file The table cntains nly the directly attached netwrks and the hp cunt (= 1) PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
18 Updating the Ruting Table Each ruting table is updated upn receipt f RIP message Using the RIP updating message algrithm shwn abve PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
19 Initial Ruting Tables in a Small Autnmus System PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
20 Final Ruting Tables fr the Previus Figure PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
21 RIP Message Frmat Cmmand: 8-bit The type f message: request (1) r respnse (2) Versin: 8-bit Define the RIP versin Family: 16-bit Define the family f the prtcl used TCP/IP: value is 2 Address: 14 bytes Defines the address f the destinatin netwrk 14 bytes fr this field t be applicable t any prtcl Hwever, IP currently uses nly 4 bytes, the rest are all 0s Distance: 32-bit The hp cunt frm the advertising ruter t the destinatin netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
22 Figure 13-6 RIP Message Frmat PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
23 Requests and Respnse RIP uses tw type f messages Request and respnse Request Sent by a ruter that has just cme up r has sme time-ut entries Can ask specific entries r all entries PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
24 Figure 13-7 Request Messages PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
25 Requests and Respnse (Cnt.) Respnse: slicited r unslicited A slicited respnse: sent nly in answer t a request Cntain infrmatin abut the destinatin specified in the crrespnding request An unslicited respnse: sent peridically Every 30s Cntains infrmatin abut the entire ruting table Als called update packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
26 Example 1 What is the peridic respnse sent by ruter R1 in the next slide? Assume R1 knws abut the whle autnmus system. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
27 Figure 13-8 Example 1 The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
28 Slutin R1 can advertise three netwrks , , and The peridic respnse (update packet) is shwn in the next slide. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
29 Figure 13-9 Slutin t Example 1 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
30 Timers in RIP RIP uses three timers Peridic timer Expiratin timer Garbage cllectin timer PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
31 Figure RIP Timers The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
32 Peridic Timer Peridic timer Cntrl the advertising f regular update message Althugh prtcl specifies 30 s, the wrking mdel uses a randm number between 25 and 35 s Prevent ruters update simultaneusly PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
33 Expiratin Timer Gvern the validity f a rute Set t 180 s fr a rute when a ruter receives update infrmatin fr a rute If a new update fr the rute is received, the timer is reset In nrmal peratin, this ccurs every 30 s If timer ges ff, the rute is cnsidered expired The hp cunt f the rute is set t 16, which means destinatin is unreachable PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
34 Garbage Cllectin Timer When a rute becmes invalid, the ruter des nt immediately purge that rute frm its table It cntinues advertise the rute with a metric value f 16 A garbage cllectin timer is set t 120 s fr that rute When the cunt reaches zer, the rute is purged frm the table Allw neighbrs t becme aware f the invalidity f a rute prir t purging PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
35 Example 2 A ruting table has 20 entries. It des nt receive infrmatin abut five rutes fr 200 secnds. Hw many timers are running at this time? PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
36 Slutin The timers are listed belw: Peridic timer: 1 Expiratin timer: 20-5 = 15 Garbage cllectin timer: 5 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
37 Prblems in RIP Slw Cnvergence Instability PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
38 Slw Cnvergence A change smewhere in the internet prpagates very slwly thrugh the rest f the internet Fr example A change is Net1, R1 updates itself immediately R1->R2: an average f 15 s R2->R3: an average f 15 s Thus, R1-Rn: an average f 15 x n s PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
39 Figure Slw Cnvergence The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
40 Slutin Limit the hp cunt t 15 Prevent data packet frm wandering arund frever Thus, an autnmus system using RIP is limited t a diameter f 15 The number 16 is cnsidered infinity and designates an unreachable netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
41 Figure Hp cunt The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
42 Instability An internet running RIP can becme unstable A packet culd g frm ne ruter t anther in a lp PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
43 Instability PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
44 Slutins Triggered Update Split Hrizns Pisn Reverses PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
45 Triggered Update If there is n change, updates are sent at the 30-s intervals If there is a change, the ruters sends ut its new table immediately PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
46 Split Hrizns A ruter must distinguish between different interface If a ruter received rute updating message frm an interface This same updated infrmatin must nt be sent back thrugh this interface Example B receives infrmatin abut Net1 and Net2 thrugh its left interface This infrmatin is updated and passed n thrugh the right interface but nt t the left PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
47 Figure Split Hrizn The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
48 Pisn Reverse A variatin f split hrizns Infrmatin received is used t update ruting table and then passed ut t all interface Hwever, a table entry that has cme thrugh ne interface is set t a metric f 16 as it ges ut thrugh the same interface Fr example Ruter B has received infrmatin abut Net1 and Net2 thrugh its left interface Thus, it sends infrmatin ut abut Net1 and Net2 with a metric f 16 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
49 Figure Pisn Reverse The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
50 RIP Versin 2 Des nt augment the length f the message f each entry Only replace thse fields in versin 1 that were filled with 0s with sme new fields PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
51 RIP Versin 2 New fields Ruting Tag: carries infrmatin such as the autnmus system number Enable RIP t receive infrmatin frm an exterir ruting table Subnet mask: carries the subnet mask (r prefix) RIP2 supprt classless addressing and CIDR Next-hp address: shw the address f the next hp PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
52 Figure RIP-v2 Frmat PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
53 RIP versin 2 supprts CIDR. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
54 Authenticatin Prtect the message against unauthrized advertisement The first entry f the message is set aside fr authenticatin infrmatin Family field = FFFF 16 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
55 Figure Authenticatin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
56 Multicasting Versin 1 f RIP uses bradcasting t send RIP message t every neighbr All the ruter and the hsts receive the packets RIP versin 2 Uses the multicast address t multicast RIP message nly t RIP ruters in the netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
57 Encapsulatin RIP message are encapsulated in UDP user datagram The well-knwn prt assigned t RIP in UDP is prt 520 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
58 RIP uses the services f UDP n well-knwn prt 520. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
59 13.3 OSPF: Open Shrtest Path First PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
60 OSPF OSFP: Open Shrtest Path First Anther interir ruting prtcl OSPF divides an autnmus system int areas T handle ruting efficiently and in a timely manner PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
61 Areas A cllectin f netwrks, hsts, and ruters all cntained within an autnmus system Thus, an autnmus system can be divided int many different areas All netwrks inside an area must be cnnected PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
62 Areas (Cnt.) Ruters inside an area fld the area with ruting infrmatin Each area has a special ruter called area brder ruters Summarize the infrmatin abut the area and sent it t ther areas PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
63 Areas (Cnt.) Amng the area inside an autnmus system is a special area called backbne All f the areas inside an AS must be cnnected t the backbne The ruters inside the backbne are called the backbne ruters A backbne ruter can als be an area brder ruter PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
64 Areas (Cnt.) If the cnnectivity between a backbne and an area is brken A virtual link must be created by the administratin Each area has an area identificatin The area identificatin f the backbne is zer PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
65 Figure Areas in an Autnmus System PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
66 Metrics OSPF allws the administratr t assign a cst, called the metric, t each rute Metric can be based n a type f service Minimum delay Maximum thrughput A ruter can have multiple ruting tables Each based n a different type f service PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
67 Link State Ruting OSPF uses link state ruting t update the ruting table in an area Link state ruting: a prcess by which each ruter shares its knwledge abut its neighbr with every ruter in the area PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
68 Link State Ruting (Cnt.) Three keys Sharing knwledge abut the neighbrhd Each ruter sends the state f its neighbrhd t every ther ruter in the area Sharing with every ther ruter Each ruter sends the state f its neighbrhd t every ther ruter in the area by flding Sharing when there is a change Each ruter shares the state f its neighbrhd nly when there is a change PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
69 Link State Ruting (Cnt.) The idea behind link state ruting Each ruter shuld have the exact tplgy f the internet at every mment Thus, every ruter shuld have the whle picture f the internet A ruter can calculate the shrtest path between itself and each netwrk But, hw t represent an internet by graph? PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
70 Types f Links In OSPF, a cnnectin is called a link Fur types f links Pint-t-pint Transient Stub Virtual PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
71 Figure Types f Links The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
72 Pint-t-Pint Link Cnnect tw ruters withut any ther hst r ruter in between Example Telephne line T-line Graphically representatin The ruters are represented by ndes The link is represented by a bidirectinal edge The metric Usually the same at the tw ends PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
73 Figure Pint-t-Pint Link PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
74 Transient Link A netwrk with several ruters attached t it Data can enter thrugh any f the ruters and leave thrugh any ruter Example All LANs and sme WANs with tw r mre ruters PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
75 Transient Link (Cnt.) Graphically representatin Figure b in the next slide. Hwever, it is Nt efficient: each ruter need t advertise the neighbrhd f fur ther ruters Fr a ttal f 20 advertisement Nt realistic: there is n single netwrk (link) between each pair f ruters There shuld be nly ne netwrk that serves as a crssrad between all five ruters Slutin: ne f the ruters acts as a single netwrk This ruter has a dual purpse: a true ruter and a designated ruter The link is represented as a bidirectinal edge Figure c in the next slide PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
76 Figure Transient Link The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
77 Stub Link A netwrk that is cnnected t nly ne ruter Data packet enter and leave thrugh this nly ne ruter A special case f transient netwrk Graphically representatin The ruter as a nde The designed ruter as the netwrk Nte, the link is nly ne-directinal Frm the ruter t the netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
78 Figure Stub Link The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
79 Virtual Link When the link between tw ruters is brken The administratr may create a virtual path between them using a lnger path and may g thrugh several ruters PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
80 Figure Example f an internet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
81 Figure Graphical Representatin f an internet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
82 Link State Advertisements Each entity distributes Link State Advertisement t share infrmatin abut their neighbrs An LSA annunces the states f entity links Five LSAs, depend n the type f entity Ruter link Netwrk link Summary link t netwrk Summary link t AS bundary ruter External link PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
83 Figure Types f LSAs The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
84 Ruter Link Define the links f a true ruter A true ruter uses this advertisement t annunce infrmatin abut All f its links What is at the ther side f the links (neighbrs) PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
85 Figure Ruter Link The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
86 Netwrk Link Defines the links f a netwrk A designated ruter, n behalf f the transient netwrk, distributes this type f LSA packet Annunce the existence f all f the ruters cnnected t the netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
87 Figure Netwrk Link The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
88 Summary Link t Netwrk Ruter link and netwrk link advertisements Fld the area with infrmatin inside an area But a ruter must als knw abut the netwrks utside its area The area brder ruters prvide this infrmatin An area brder is active in mre than ne area Receive ruter link and netwrk link advertisements Create a ruter table fr each area Prvide ne area s infrmatin t ther areas by the summary link t netwrk advertisement PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
89 Example R1 is an area brder ruter Tw ruting table: ne fr area 1 and ne fr area 0 R1 will fld area 1 with infrmatin abut hw t reach a netwrk lcated in area 0 R2 plays the same rle PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
90 Figure Summary Link t Netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
91 Summary Link t AS Bundary Ruter Previus advertisement lets every ruter knw the cst t reach all f the netwrks inside the AS But, hw t reach a netwrk utside an AS? A ruter must knw hw t reach the autnmus bundary ruter first The summary link t AS bundary ruter prvides this infrmatin The area brder ruters fld their area with this infrmatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
92 Figure Summary Link t AS Bundary Ruter PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
93 External Link Hw a ruter inside an AS knw which netwrks are available utside the AS? The AS bundary ruters flds the autnmus system with the cst f each netwrk utside the AS Using a ruting table created by an exterir ruting prtcl PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
94 External Link (Cnt.) Ntably, each advertisement annunces ne single netwrk Separate annuncements are made if mre than ne netwrk exists PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
95 Figure External Link The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
96 Example 3 In Figure (next slide), which ruter(s) sends ut ruter link LSAs? PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
97 Figure Example 3 and Example 4 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
98 Slutin All ruters advertise ruter link LSAs. R1 has tw links, Net1 and Net2. R2 has ne link, Net2 in this AS. R3 has tw links, Net2 and Net3. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
99 Example 4 In Figure 13.31, which ruter(s) sends ut the netwrk link LSAs? PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
100 Slutin All three netwrk must advertise netwrk links: Advertisement fr Net1 is dne by R1 because it is the nly ruter and therefre the designated ruter. Advertisement fr Net2 can be dne by either R1, R2, r R3, depending n which ne is chsen as the designated ruter. Advertisement fr Net3 is dne by R3 because it is the nly ruter and therefre the designated ruter. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
101 Link State Database Every ruter in an area Receive the ruter link and netwrk link LSA frm every ther ruter And frm a link state database A tabular representatin f the tplgy f the internet inside an area Ntably, every ruter in the same area has the same link state database PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
102 In OSPF, all ruters have the same link state database. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
103 DijkstraAlgrithm Each ruter applies the Dijkstra algrithm t frm its link state database Dijkstraalgrithm Calculate the shrtest path between tw pints PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
104 Figure Part 1 Shrtest Path Calculatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
105 Figure Part 2 Shrtest Path Calculatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
106 Figure Part 3 Shrtest Path Calculatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
107 Ruting Table Each ruters uses the shrtest path tree methd t cnstruct its ruting table Ruting table in OSPF includes the cst f reaching each netwrk in the area T find the cst f reaching netwrk utside f the area, the ruters use the Summary link t netwrk Summary link t bundary ruter External link advertisements PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
108 Types f Packets OSPF uses five different packets Hell packet Database descriptin packet Link state request packet Link state update packet Ruter link Netwrk link Summary link t netwrk Summary link t AS bundary ruter External link Link state acknwledgment packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
109 Figure Types f OSPF Packets PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
110 Packet Frmat All OSPF packets share the same header Versin: 8-bit The versin f the OSPF prtcl. Currently, it is 2 Type: 8-bit The type f the packet Message length: 16-bit The length f the ttal message including the header Surce rute IP address: 32-bit The IP address f the ruter that sends the packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
111 Figure OSPF Packet Header The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
112 Packet Frmat (Cnt.) Area identificatin: 32-bit The area within which the ruting take place Checksum: 16-bit Errr detectin n the entire packet excluding the authenticatin type and authenticatin data field Authenticatin type: 16-bit Define the authenticatin methd used in this area 0: nne, 1: passwrd Authenticatin: 64-bit The actual value f the authenticatin data Filled with 0 if type = 0; eight-character passwrd if type = 1 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
113 Hell Message OSPF uses the hell message t Create neighbrhd relatinships Test the reachabilityf neighbrs First step in link state ruting It must first greet its neighbrs PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
114 Figure Hell Packet The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
115 Hell Packet Frmat Netwrk mask: 32-bit Define the netwrk mask f the netwrk ver which the hell message is sent Hell interval: 16-bit Define the number f secnds between hell message E flag: 1-bit If it is set, the area is a stub area F flag: 1-bit If it is set, the ruter supprts multiple metrics PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
116 Hell Packet Frmat (Cnt.) Pririty The pririty f the ruter. Used fr the selectin f the designated ruter The ruter with the highest pririty is chsen as the designated ruter The ruter with the secnd highest pririty is chsen as the backup designated ruter If it is 0, the ruter never wants t be a designated r backup designated ruter PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
117 Hell Packet Frmat (Cnt.) Dead interval: 32-bit The number f secnds befre a ruter assumes that a neighbr is dead Designated ruter IP address: 32-bit Backup designated ruter IP address: 32-bit Neighbr IP address: a repeated 32-bit field A current list f all the neighbrs frm which the sending ruter has received the hell message PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
118 Database Descriptin Message When a ruter is cnnected t the system fr the first time r after a failure It needs the cmplete link state database immediately Thus, it sends hell packets t greet its neighbrs If this is the first time that the neighbrs hear frm the ruter They send a database descriptin packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
119 Database Descriptin Message (Cnt.) The database descriptin message des nt cntain cmplete database infrmatin It nly gives an utline, the title f each line in the database The newly ruter examines the utline and find ut which lines it des nt have Send ne r mre link state request packets t get full infrmatin abut that particular link The cntent f the database may be divided int several message PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
120 Database Descriptin Message (Cnt.) When tw ruters want t exchange database descriptin packets One f them acts as mater The ther is the slave PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
121 Figure Database Descriptin Packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
122 Database Descriptin Message Frmat E flag: 1-bit Set t 1 if the advertising ruter is an autnmus bundary ruter B flag: 1-bit Set t 1 if the advertising ruter is an area brder ruter I flag: 1-bit, the initializatin flag Set t 1 if the message is the first message M flag: 1-bit, mre flag Set t 1 if this is nt the last message PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
123 Database Descriptin Message Frmat (Cnt.) M/S flag: 1-bit, master/slave flag Indicate the rigin f the packet. Master = 1, Slave = 0 Message sequence number: 32-bit Cntain the sequence number f the message LSA header: 20-bit Used in each LSA The frmat f this header is discussed in the link state update message Only give the utline f each link It is repeated fr each link in the link state database PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
124 Link State Request Packet Sent by a ruter that needs infrmatin abut a specific rute r rutes Answered with a link state update packet Used by a newly cnnected ruter t request mre infrmatin after receiving the database descriptin packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
125 Figure Link State Request Packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
126 Link State Update Packet Used by a ruter t advertise the state f its links Each update packet may cntain several different LSAs Packet frmat Number f link state advertisements: 32-bit Link state advertisement There are five different LSAs, as discussed befre All have the same header frmat, but different bdies PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
127 Figure Link State Update Packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
128 LSA Frmat Link state age: the number f secnds elapsed since this message was first generated LSA ges frm ruter t ruter, i.e., flding When a ruter create a message, age = 0 When each successive ruter frwards this message Estimate the transmit time and add it t the age field E flag: if 1, the area is a stub area i.e., an area that is cnnected t the backbne area by nly ne path PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
129 LSA Frmat (Cnt.) T flag: if 1, the ruter can handle multiple types f service Link state type 1: ruter link 2: netwrk link 3: summary link t netwrk 4: summary link t AS bundary ruter 5: external link PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
130 LSA Frmat (Cnt.) Link state ID: depend n the type f link Ruter link: IP address f the ruter Netwrk link: IP address f the designed ruter Summary link t netwrk: address f the netwrk Summary link t AS bundary ruter: IP address f the AS bundary ruter External link: address f the external netwrk PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
131 LSA Frmat (Cnt.) Advertisement ruter: IP address f the ruter advertising this message Link state sequence number: Sequence number assigned t each link state update message Link state checksum: A special checksum algrithm: Fletcher s checksum Length: Ttal packet length PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
132 Figure LSA Header The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
133 Ruter Link LSA Advertise all f the links f a ruter Frmat Link ID: Depend n the type f link, see Table 13.3 Link data: Link type: Give additinal infrmatin abut the link, als depend n the type f link, see Table 13.3 Fur different types f links are defined based n the type f netwrk, see Table 13.3 Number f types f services (TOS) The number f type f services annunced fr each link PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
134 Ruter Link LSA (Cnt.) Metric fr TOS 0: TOS: Metric: Define the metrics fr the default type f service (TOS 0) Define the type f service Define the metric fr the crrespnding TOS PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
135 Figure Ruter Link LSA The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
136 Table 13.3 Link Type Type 1: pint-tpint cnnectin t anther netwrk Type 2: cnnectin t any-t-any netwrk Type 3: cnnectin t stub netwrk Type 4: virtual link Link Identificatin Address f neighbr ruter Address f designed ruter Netwrk address Address f neighbr ruter Link Data Interface number Ruter address Netwrk mask Ruter address PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
137 Example 5 Give the ruter link LSA sent by ruter in Figure PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
138 Figure Example 5 The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
139 Slutin This ruter has three links Tw f type 1 (pint-t-pint) One f type 3 (stub netwrk) Figure shws the ruter link LSA PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
140 Figure Slutin t Example 5 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
141 Netwrk Link LSA Annunce the links cnnected t a netwrk Frmat Netwrk mask Define the netwrk mask Attached ruter Define the IP addresses f all attached ruters PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
142 Figure Netwrk Link Advertisement Frmat PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
143 Example 6 Give the netwrk link LSA in Figure PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
144 Figure Example 6 The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
145 Slutin The netwrk, fr which the netwrk link advertises, has three ruters attached. The LSA shws the mask and the ruter addresses. See Figure Nte that nly ne f the ruters, the designated ruter, advertises the netwrk link. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
146 Figure Slutin t Example 6 The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
147 Summary Link t Netwrk LSA Used by the area ruter t annunce the existence f ther netwrks utside the area Each advertisement annunces nly ne netwrk If mre than ne netwrk, a separate advertisement must be issued fr each Frmat Netwrk mask TOS: Metric: Type f service Metric fr the type f service defined in the TOS field PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
148 Figure Summary Link t Netwrk LSA PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
149 Summary Link t AS Bundary Ruter LSA Annunce the rute t an AS bundary ruter Define the netwrk t which the AS bundary ruter is attached Frmat The same as the summary link t netwrk LSA PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
150 Figure Summary Link t AS Bundary LSA PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
151 External Link LSA Annunce all the netwrks utside the AS Frmat: similar t the summary link t AS bundary ruter LSA but add tw fields Frwarding address Define a frward ruter than can prvide a better rute t the destinatin External rute tag Used by ther prtcl, but nt by OSPF PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
152 Figure External Link LSA PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
153 Link State Acknwledgment Packet OSPF frces every ruter t acknwledge the receipt f every link state update packet Make ruting mre reliable Frmat Cmmn header Link state header PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
154 Figure Link State Acknwledgment Packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
155 Encapsulatin OSPF packets are encapsulated in IP datagram OSPF cntains the acknwledgment mechanism fr flw and errr cntrl De nt need a transprt layer prtcl t prvide these services PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
156 OSPF packets are encapsulated in IP datagrams. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
157 13.4 BGP: Brder Gateway Prtcl PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
158 BGP BGP: Brder Gateway Prtcl An inter-autnmus system ruting prtcl Based n the path vectr ruting methd PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
159 BGP (Cnt.) Why the distance vectr ruting and link state ruting are nt gd candidates fr interautnmus system ruting? Distance vectr ruting There are ccasins in which the rute with the smallest hp cunt is nt the preferred rute Fr example, we may nt want a packet t pass thrugh an AS that is nt secure even it is the shrtest path Unstable as discussed befre PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
160 BGP (Cnt.) Link state ruting An internet is usually t big fr this ruting methd If used, each ruter must have a huge link state database It wuld take a lng time fr each ruter t calculate its ruting table by Dijkstraalgrithm PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
161 Path Vectr Ruting Each entry in the ruting table cntains The destinatin netwrk The next ruter The path t reach the destinatin, usually defined as rdered list f ASs PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
162 Example f a Path Vectr Ruting Table Netwrk Next Ruter Path NO1 NO2 NO3 NO4 R01 R05 RO6 R12 AS14, AS23, AS67 AS22, AS67, AS05, AS89 AS67, AS89, AS09, AS34 AS62, AS02, AS09 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
163 Path Vectr Message Autnmus bundary ruters advertise the reachabilityf netwrks in their wn AS t neighbr autnmus bundary ruters Each ruter receives a path vectr message Verify the advertised path is in agreement with its plicy If yes, update its ruting table and mdify the message befre sending it t the next ruter Add its AS number t the path and replacing the next ruter entry with its wn identificatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
164 Example R1 send a path vectr message Advertise the reachabilityf N1 R2 receives the message Update it ruting table Send the message t R3 with adding its AS t the path and inserting itself as the next ruter PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
165 Figure Path Vectr Packets PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
166 Lp Preventin Path vectr ruting can slve The instability f distance vectr ruting The creatin f lps When a ruter receive a message, it check t see if its AS is in the path list r nt If yes, lping is invlved and the message is ignred PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
167 Plicy Ruting Plicy ruting can be easily implemented thrugh path vectr ruting Once a ruter receives a message, it can check the path. If ne f the AS listed in the path is against its plicy, It can ignre that path and that destinatin Des nt update its ruting table with this path Des nt send this message t its neighbrs Thus, path vectr ruting are nt based n the smallest hp cunt r the minimum metric Based n the plicy impsed n the ruter by the administratr PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
168 Path Attributes In previus example, the path was presented as a list f AS Actually, the path was presented as a list f attributes The list f attributes help the receiving ruter make a better decisin when applying its plicy PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
169 Path Attributes (Cnt.) Attributes are divided int tw categries: well-knwn and ptinal Well-knwn: ne that every BGP ruter shuld recgnize Mandatry Must appear in the descriptin f a rute e.g., ORIGIN: the surce f the ruting infrmatin (RIP r OSPF) e.g., AS_PATH: the list f AS thrugh which the destinatin can be reached e.g., NEXT_HOP: the next ruter t which data packet shuld be sent Discretinary Must be recgnized by each ruter But is nt required t be included in every update message PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
170 Path Attributes (Cnt.) Optinal: ne that need nt be recgnized by every ruter Transitive Must be passed t the next ruter by the ruter that has nt implemented this attribute Nntransitive One that shuld be discarded if the receiving ruter has nt implemented it PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
171 Types f Packets BGP uses fur different types f messages Open Update Keepalive Ntificatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
172 Figure Types f BGP Messages PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
173 Packet Frmat All BGP packets share the same cmmn header Header frmat Marker: 16-bit Reserved fr authenticatin Length: 2-bytes Define the length f the ttal message, including the header Type: 1-byte Define the type f the packet PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
174 Figure BGP Packet Header The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
175 Open Message Used t create a neighbrhd relatinship A ruter running BGP pens a TCP cnnectin with a neighbr and sends an pen message If the neighbr accepts It respnses with a keepalivemessage The relatinship then has been established between the tw ruter PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
176 Figure Open Message The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
177 Open Message Packet Frmat Versin: 1-byte Define the versin f BGP. The current versin is 4 My autnmus system: 2-byte Define the autnmus system number Hld time: 2-byte Define the maximum number f secnds that can elapsed befre ne f the parties receives a keepaliver update message frm the ther If a ruter des nt receive ne f the messages during the hld perid, it cnsiders the ther party dead PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
178 Open Message Packet Frmat (Cnt.) BGP number: 4-byte Define the ruter that sends the pen message Optin parameter length: 1-byte Define the length f the ttal ptin parameters Since pen message may als cntain sme ptin parameters Optin parameters The nly ptin parameters defined s far is authenticatin PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
179 Update Message Used by a ruter t Withdraw destinatin that have advertised previusly Annunce a rute t a new destinatin Nte, a ruter can withdraw several destinatins in a single update message Hwever, it can nly advertise ne new destinatin in a single update message PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
180 Update Message Frmat Unfeasible rutes length: 2-byte Define the length f the next field Withdraw rutes List all rutes that shuld be deleted frm the previusly advertised list Path attributes length: 2-byte Define the length f the next field Path attributes: Defines the attributes f the path (rute) t the netwrk whse reachabilityis being annunced in this msssage PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
181 Figure Update Message The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
182 Update Message Frmat Netwrk Layer reachabilityinfrmatin (NLRI) Define the netwrk that is actually advertised by this message Has tw fields Length: define the number f bits in the prefix IP address prefix: Thus, BGP4 supprts classless addressing and CIDR PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
183 BGP supprts classless addressing and CIDR. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
184 KeepaliveMessage The BGP ruters exchange keepalive message regularly Tell each ther that they are alive Frmat Cnsist f nly the cmmn header PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
185 Figure KeepaliveMessage The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000 PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
186 Ntificatin Message Sent by a ruter Whenever an errr cnditin is detected A ruter wants t clse the cnnectin Frmat Errr cde: 1-byte, define the categry f the errr Message header errr Open message errr Update message errr Hld timer expired Finite state machine errr Cease Errr subcde: 1-byte Furthermre define the type f errr in each categry Errr data Used t give mre diagnstic infrmatin abut the errr PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
187 Figure Ntificatin Message PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
188 Encapsulatin BGP message are encapsulated in TCP segments using the well-knwn prt 179 N need fr errr cntrl and flw cntrl Thus, when a TCP cnnectin is pened The exchange f update, keepalive, and ntificatin message is cntinued Until a ntificatin message f type cease is sent PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin
189 BGP uses the services f TCP n prt 179. PDF created with FinePrint pdffactry Pr trial versin The McGraw-Hill Cmpanies, Inc., 2000
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