The Impact of Digital Administration (DA) on the Development of New ICT Skills within Moroccan Administrations

Transcription

1 IBIMA Publishing Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices Vl (2011), Article ID , 14 pages The Impact f Digital Administratin (DA) n the Develpment f New ICT Skills within Mrccan Administratins Karim GASSEMI 1 and Abderrahim SEKKAKI 2 1 Natinal Schl f Cmmerce and Management, Casablanca, Mrcc 2 Hassan II University, Casablanca, Mrcc Abstract All studies and analysis highlight the imprtance given by the gvernment, bth develped cuntries as emerging markets t infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies (Aldrich and al, 2002). This strategic imprtance given t the rles f infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies is dubly justified: First, the ecnmic sectr where the infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin is the largest surce f jb creatin (Fang, 2002). Secnd, the transverse effect f these technlgies by placing them as a majr factr f structuring the ecnmy (Chen, 2002). This study is a part f dealing with the cnsequences f the develpment f new prfessins and jbs related t infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgy within the Mrccan administratins. The results shuld infrm and supprt public plicy fr training and qualificatin fr the skills related t the integratin and use f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the Mrccan gvernment. Analysis f the results f the study shw that in the Mrccan administratins, there are ten jbs that are heavily impacted by the intrductin f infrmatin technlgies and cmmunicatin and which are: 1. Database Administratr, 2. Systems Administratr, 3. Security Officer, 4. Web administratr, 5. Prject Manager, 6. Applicatin Develper, 7. Architect Infrmatin System. (Newly created), 8. Data entry peratr, 9.E-cnsultancy. (Newly created), 10 - Trainer. Besides the aspect related t the identificatin f jbs and trades mainly ICT, ur varius semi-structured interviews revealed the fllwing: a. The prcess f integratin ICT in the Mrccan administratin can be characterized as hybrid. The use f external prviders is bserved in mst cases. Individual prjects ICT integrated address applicatins f autmatin built int mixed mde. b. The cncept f e-gvernment is at the beginning stage. Based n the mdel f St. Amant (2003), we fund that these integratin prjects are in the infrmatin phase and ther phases are nt yet started because f the nn-implementatin f prjects and timeliness f utputs. Keywrd: ICT, Digital Administratin, Mrccan E-gvernment ICT Skills E-gvernment Mdel 1 - Cntext f the study All studies and analysis highlight the imprtance given by the gvernments, bth develped cuntries as emerging markets, t Infrmatin and Cmmunicatins Technlgies (Aldrich et al, 2002). This strategic imprtance given t ICT is dubly justified: First, the ecnmic sectr where the infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin is the largest surce f jbs creatin (Fang, 2002). Secnd, the transverse effect f these technlgies by placing them at the frefrnt f structuring the ecnmy and sciety as a whle (Chen, 2002). The Mrccan gvernment has made the intrductin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within its administratin a pririty (Talbi, 2007). The fllwing extract frm ryal speech attests t this reality. "... The Cpyright 2011 Karim GASSEMI and Abderrahim SEKKAKI. This is an pen access article distributed under the Creative Cmmns Attributin License unprted 3.0, which permits unrestricted use, distributin, and reprductin in any medium, prvided that riginal wrk is prperly cited. Cntact authr: Karim GASSEMI, Gassemik@gmail.cm

2 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 2 strategic significance f the new ecnmies, cupled with the prfund and rapid changes that it perate as a prelude t the emergence f the knwledge sciety and cmmunicatin, impses a duty t upgrade, t give ur cuntry the ability t master new technlgies and perate ptimally, the tremendus pprtunities they ffer t us... " The results f this study shuld infrm and supprt public plicy guidelines fr training and qualificatin fr the skills related t the integratin and use f infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies within the Mrccan gvernment. There is n need t stress the valuable cntributin f ICT which are currently the best tls fr decisin supprt and that can have a psitive impact n the prcess f mdernizatin f the Mrccan administratin (Hajji, 2001). The varius prjects t integrate ICT within the Mrccan administratins have lead t an pprtunity t rethink the relatins maintained between the Mrccan gvernment and citizens (Ourzik, 2005): Valuing clse relatins, service quality and ease use f administrative prcedures. The prpsed digital administratin (DA) in Mrcc cmmnly called e-gvernment prject 1 is undubtedly ne f tday's mst prmising issues by which access t public services ffered by the Mrccan gvernment can be bth based n human relatins and clser t the expectatins f citizens and sciecnmic actrs (Sahim, 2006). In Mrcc, the prject fits int the digital administratin e- Mrcc Visin , which is a supprt functinal mdernizatin f the Mrccan administratin and having a direct impact n human resurces develpment and evlutin the structure f jbs within thse administratins. The general research questins f this study are: What cnclusins can we draw abut the prpsed digital administratin (DA) carried by the Mrccan gvernment? What new infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies skills are induced by the integratin f ICT prjects within the Mrccan gvernment? 1 Prject e-gvernment is the designatin agreed fr all prjects develped t autmate services ffered by the Mrccan administratin. 2 Lng term rientatin t integrate Mrcc int the sciety f infrmatin and cmmunicatin. This dcument was prepared in 2007 by the Ministry f Industry and new technlgies What are the factrs that mst influence n the decisin t integrate ICT within the Mrccan administratins? What are the factrs that determine the success f integratin ICT prjects within the Mrccan administratins? What are the features (functinal and technical) f integratin ICT prjects within the Mrccan administratins? 2. Synthesis f the literature review The integratin f ICT in the prcess f mdernizing the administratin ffers several advantages. Fr the administratin, these include: The increase in the number f recipients f the services ffered (Daniel and Frman, 2002); The decrease in perating csts f gvernment (Heeks, 2001); The acceleratin f trade and n-line administrative services (Laudn& Laudn, 2001). The cncept f the digital administratin ffers a simplified, faster, mre cmplete service t citizen, regardless f its lcatin (St. Amant, 2003). Our literature review will be structured as fllws: The first sectin prvides a definitin f digital administratin and highlights its advantages and cnditins fr success. The secnd sectin presents a framewrk fr develpment f digital administratin with its fur phases. The third sectin will be dedicated t the develpment f a review and state f achievements f the integratin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the Mrccan administratins. The furth sectin describes the relatinship between the existential structure f Human Resurces and the evlutin f the integratin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the administratin. 2.1 Digital Administratin: Basic cncepts and definitins The digital administratin is a cncept that has emerged in public administratin and services f the States in the late 1980s. Sme definitins emphasize either n the effective management f Administratin (ITA, 1999) r n imprving the quality f services t citizens (Hirst & Nrtn, 1998) r n a new gvernance adpted by the Bard (Alberta, 2000). We cite three imprtant definitins fr the rest f this study.

3 3 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices "... The digital administratin was the adptin by the varius public institutins and state bdies f new infrmatin and cmmunicatins technlgies in their relatinship with citizens, emplyees and partners in public r private service... "(Arthur Andersen, 2000). "... E-gvernment [...] is nt just abut service delivery ver the Internet [...] The far mre daunting challenge in the years ahead Is a revlutin in gvernance Itself, has revlutin in the fullest Meaning f The Wrd - A Dramatic Shift in That the ways plitic and scial pwer is rganized and used... "(Alberta, 2000). "... The digital administratin is a prcess that allws the use f the Internet t: (a) prvide services t clients and cmpanies, (2) t enable gvernment rganizatins t cnnect emplyees, suppliers and custmers and (3) transfrm gvernment peratins als including gvernment relatins - Gvernment.. "(Jhnstn, 2001). The first and third definitin insists n the adptin and use f ICT by gvernment t transfrm its relatins with varius partners such as citizens, businesses and scial institutins. The secnd definitin puts mre emphasis n the transfrmatin f mdes f gvernance that can allw ICT. Even if the definitin f digital administratin is cnstantly changing, tw ideas emerge frm all these definitins and that can be applied n the evlutin f digital administratin in Mrcc: 1 - The adptin and integratin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin in the business prcesses f gvernment. This adptin pushes gvernments t adpt new mdes f gvernance us part f a deliberate plicy f pening and mdernizatin f management tls; 2 - The transfrmatin f gvernment relatins with all stakehlders internal and external citizens (individuals and firms), suppliers, emplyees, cmmunities, and regins, assciatins and ther stakehlders. 2.2 General framewrk fr the develpment f Digital Administratin Different authrs emphasize the near-requisite rganizatinal and envirnmental success f the implementatin f digital administratin (St. Amant, 2003, Andersn, 2000). These different requisites are inserted int a cnceptual framewrk divided int fur phases: 1. The phase f infrmatin, 2. The phase f the interactin, 3. The phase f the transactin and 4. The phase f integratin. This framewrk is ften used t assess the maturity f the digital administratin f a cuntry (Parad, 2002). Studies n the evlutin f digital administratin have shwn that the gvernments f industrialized cuntries have reached the phase f interactin r the transactin phase by making minr rganizatinal changes (St. Amant 2003). The furth phase implies that ICT are highly integrated t supprt the integratin f services and new rganizatinal structures. Anther way t define the digital administratin is using the main stakehlder f e-gvernment prject, which may be: - Intra-rganizatinal: Prjects aimed at imprving the effectiveness and efficiency f its internal prcesses and rganizatin perfrmance; - Organizatins - Citizens (O-C): Prjects that aim t imprve and distribute the prcess f prviding public services t citizens (individuals and businesses); - Organizatins - Enterprises (O-E): Prjects aimed at imprving relatinships and interactins with businesses and freelance wrkers wh prvide services / prducts; - Inter-rganizatinal (O-O): Prjects that aim t achieve the link and inter-rganizatinal integratin between different administratins thrugh a single entry ("ne-stp servicing"). 2.3 The prject f the Digital Administratin in Mrcc: State f the art and future trends. Mrcc, like mst African cuntries wuld face the effects f glbalizatin that are reflected by the pening f brders and the dismantling f tariffs and custms in 2010 (Maryniese and Savye, 2002). Ecnmic penness impses imperatives f cmpetitiveness and verall perfrmance. The Ministry f Mdernisatin f Public Sectr 3 (MMSP), created t mdernize gvernment management tls and wrk. The 3 Department creates tls t mdernize management and labr within public sectr institutins in Mrcc. Since its creatin, the department wrks t implement mdern management tls and pilting varius mdernizatin prjects in varius administratins.

4 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 4 ICT are at the heart f this upgrade and are used by the Department f mdernizing the public sectr as a lever fr change and a factr f majr restructuring f each administratin (Andersn, 2002). The different trends acrss the wrld shw that in the cming years, the intelligence and knwledge are the main surce f ecnmic wealth f cuntries (West, 2001). These tw factrs are f extreme imprtance fr the cmpetitiveness f Mrcc at internatinal level (Ourzik, 2005). In its mdernizatin plans, the Mrccan gvernment is mre interested in the develpment and redefinitin f the gvernment perating as a netwrk and synergy rather than marginally, t prmte the exchange f infrmatin. Having becme aware f all issues f ICT and their impact n the mdernizatin f the administrative institutins, the Mrccan gvernment did nt remain quite freign t that fact. Different directins are taken, we cite fr example: 1 - The need t imprve relatins between administratins and users, which at the same time is a demcratic necessity and is an essential cmpnent f the mdernizatin f the State, 2 - Simplificatin f administrative prcedures, 3 - Better use f infrmatin technlgy t simplify the frmalities and particularly by intensive use f ICT. Since 2002, several initiatives have been taken and have lead t psitive develpments in several areas. Thus, at the initiative f the Mrccan gvernment, the e-gvernment cmmittee was frmed in February 2003 in rder t cntribute t the implementatin f the natinal prgram f "e-gvernment". Under the leadership f this cmmittee, many prjects were initiated which lead t sme cncrete achievements and develpment f the first nline services such as E-Custms, E-bds f the Natinal Fund f Scial Security and E-Justice. Currently, the Mrccan gvernment has embarked n a gradual prcess f cmputerizatin f its services. Mst f the cmputerized prcedures have a scpe within Ministerial althugh sme f them, such as prjects f the Integrated Management f State Persnnel allws data exchange at ministerial level. In this cntext, t strengthen the crdinatin f the natinal strategy and actin f the Mrccan gvernment in this area, an extensive prgram f prmtin and develpment f new technlgies in the administratin has been initiated thrugh the Department f Public sectr mdernizatin. The prgram is called IDARATI : Cmputerisatin f the Departments f Administratin and netwrking technlgies thrugh adequate infrmatin). The fllw figure shw the evlutin f n line service ffered by Mrccan Administratins. Figure 1: Evlutin f On line services ffered by Mrccan Administratin (between 2002 and 2007 )

5 5 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 2.4 Emergence f digital administratin, and impact n the evlutin f ICT skills There are very few studies fcusing n understanding the develpment f "new business" fllwing the integratin f ICT in the Mrccan administratin. Mst available studies pinted the classical categries f prfessins related t infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin, namely the traditinal crafts f cmputer and infrmatin systems. In this cntext, ur literature review suggests a state f the art research n jb and prfessins related t ICT, and we cnsidered the main cntributins as a repsitry that we culd cmpare the results empirical investigatin. The Eurpean mdel (ITA, 2000) structural analysis f jb-related ICT, ffers a classificatin and nmenclature. All researchers in the field f technlgy Infrmatin and cmmunicatin agreement n a standard fr defining cmpetencies related t infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin called e-skills with three levels, namely: Digital Literacy, which includes all the skills t use basic infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin as a learning tl in everyday life and wrk; The ratings fr uses that invlve the ability t use technlgical tls in the wrk situatins f the mst cmmn and the ability t update these cmpetencies when wrking prcedures, rganizatinal arrangements r applicatins change; The prfessinal qualificatins f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin which are required in the sectr f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin in rder t design, develp, implement, manage r make day technlgical applicatins. The Eurpean Cmmissin prpses a mdel fr mapping prfessins related t infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin that relies n fur main grups f ccupatins and jbs as shwn in figure belw. This classificatin is taken int accunt in ur study t understand the changing structure f jbs related t ICT within the Mrccan gvernment. At the center, we find the ccupatins classified as "hard cre" f the cre skills f cmputing: sftware specialists, netwrks and systems. A first peripheral grup cnsists f prfessinal Internet and multimedia, which cmbines skills in graphic, artistic r editrial. A secnd peripheral grup cnsists f business related applicatins f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatins with generic cmmn t many cmpanies and rganizatins: ERP, systems management custmer relatinship platfrms f electrnic cmmerce, electrnic exchange f business data and e-gvernment. Prfessinals in this categry are mstly graduates f training curses fr advanced r intermediate. Amng the technical skills f these prfessinals, in additin t hardware and sftware aspects are the skills related t netwrk design, cmmunicatin prtcls, transmissin f data integratin sftware and hybrid systems. 3. Empirical Study 3.1 Research methdlgy and apprach Researchers in management an implementatin f ICT cnsider tw pssible rientatins t undertake a study n changes in jbs related t the integratin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin (Thietard, 1989). First, a study n the cntent, and secndly, a study n the prcess. The rientatin f the frmer tends t highlight the elements that make up the research tpic studied by cns, prcessual rientatin tends t explain the evlutin and behavir f the studied bject in time. In this study, the varius issues under cnsideratin attempt t explain the skills and jbs emerged fllwing the integratin f ICT within the Mrccan gvernment. The nature f research questins pint us t adpt an apprach t research n the cntent. Besides the nature f the research bject, we tk the apprach f research actin as a basis fr ur empirical investigatin. Indeed, fr ver fifty years a specific apprach in management science that is called actin research has emerged and develped in the wrld, including frm the United States. In 1986 at a sympsium at the Natinal Institute fr Educatinal Research in France, researchers have defined actin research as fllws: "... This is research in which there is a deliberate transfrmatin f reality; Searches with a dual bjective: t transfrm reality and generate knwledge abut these changes... "(Hugn and Seibel, 1988). Fr Lewin (2001), research actin is defined as a search cmparing the cnditins and effects f different frms f scial actin and leading t scial actin. The respnse t ur general research questins will be greatly facilitated by adpting research actin apprach. 3.2 Architecture f the questinnaire

6 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 6 We relied n a questinnaire fr cllecting infrmatin frm gvernment surveyed. The questinnaire is divided int fur parts. Part 1 (Identificatin f the respndent): This part f the cllectin f data n the administratin surveyed while differentiating their status (Administratin Office r Department). The infrmatin n the respndent are als requested in this part. Part 2 (Identificatin f prjects): This sectin cncerns the varius prjects t integrate infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the administratin. In this part, we are interested in the nature f these prjects and their strategic imprtance in the prcess f mdernizatin f the Mrccan administratins. Part 3 (f the existing state f infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies): In this part f the questinnaire, we fcus n slutins and technlgy chices implemented in the administratin. The term Back Office, means different prcesses and areas f integratin f infrmatin technlgy in internal administratin. The term frnt ffice refers t the varius prcesses f cmmunicatin between the administratin and its varius external partners (Citizen, Natinal, Business, etc....). Part 4 (Impact f the integratin f ICT prjects n the creatin f jbs): In this part f the questinnaire, we investigated the impact f integrating infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin n develpments trades and jbs in the Mrccan administratin. We relied n a repsitry f trades and jbs develped in the prject MEDA2 4 which includes a cmprehensive list f jbs and prfessins related t infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin existing in Mrcc. The fllwing table presents a cmplete list f 21 trades included in this study. Table 1 : Benchmark jbs related t infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin cnsidered in this study. List f ICT jbs and ccupatins studied in administratin Databases Administratr. CIO (Chief infrmatin Officer) Systems Administratr. Security Administratr Administratr / develper websites. Prject Manager Technical Prject Manager. Cmputer Applicatin Develper / Engineer IT develpment. Trainer. Cmputer Auditr. User Wizard nline. Maintenance Technician. Cmputer Infrmatin Specialist Engineering studies and develpments. Park Manager cmputer Infrmatin System Architect Planner Infrmatin System Input Operatr Prductin Manager and IT peratins. E-cnsultancy Assistant supprt. 4 Supprt the develpment f vcatinal training in the areas f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin. This prject is funded by 75% by the Eurpean Cmmunity.

7 7 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 3.3 Final sample f the study and characteristics f the respndent The sampling prcedure pursued in this study was nn-prbability type 5. This sampling prcedure is described by Tremblay (1991). This type f sampling gave us the pprtunity t select a set f Mrccan gvernment representative f ur study. We relied n the fllwing criteria fr the develpment f ur study sample: 1 - Relevance f integratin prjects in the administratin, 2 - Imprtance f the rle f gvernment in the public sectr, 3 - Imprtance Administratin regarding its accessin t the E-Mrcc The fllwing table lists the administratins cncerned by ur study. Table 2: Cmpsitin f the sample Administratin Office Ministry Administratin f Custms and Indirect Taxes. (ADII) Directrate General f Taxatin. (IMB) Marsa Mrcc (ODEP) Natinal Fund f Scial Security. (CNSS) Radem (Régie Autnme Distributin f Water and Electricity Meknes) Ministry f Ecnmy and Finance: Directrate f Administrative and General. (DAAG) Directrate General f the Surete Natinale. (DGSN). Office Natinal des Chemins de Fer (ONCF) Shereefian Office f Phsphates (OCP) Natinal Office f Drinking Water (ONEP) General Treasury f the Kingdm. (TGR) Office Natinal de l'electricité (ONE) Wilaya f Greater Casablanca Bank Al Maghrib Lynnaise des Eaux de Casablanca (LYDEC) Ministry f Justice Ministry f Equipment and Transprt Ministry f Health Ministry f Freign Trade Ministry f Natinal Educatin Ministry f Emplyment. Department f Vcatinal Training. Ministry f Yuth and Sprts Ministry f Public Sectr Mdernizatin Ministry f Agriculture and Fisheries Marine Ministry f Interir Ministry f Trade and Industry and new technlgies Accrding t Tremblay (1991), the prcedure uses a nn-prbability sampling methd that des nt assess the prbability fr each unit f the ppulatin cnsidered t be sampled, r t ensure that all units f the ppulatin f be included in the sample.

8 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 8 In ttal, we were able t drive 50 semi - structured interviews with senir fficials f the Mrccan administratin. The average duratin f these interviews did nt exceed 2h:00 minutes. 4. The develpment f empirical results f the study In this sectin, we fcus n the develpment results f the study and answer the varius questins f the study. 4.1 Develpment f descriptive statistics and indicatrs n the basis f relevant administratins The basic specificatins n prject integratin The fllwing table presents the characteristics f the integratin prjects f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the sample surveyed. We have analyzed three imprtant features: The mde f integratin and implementatin f prjects, the nature f prjects and finally the average time f cmpletin. Table 3: Key indicatrs n the integratin prjects f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the Mrccan administratin Integratin Prject, infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the Mrccan administratin Minimum number f prjects Average number f prjects Maximum number f prjects Integratin mde Internal Mde 6 External Mde 7 Mixed Mde 8 Nature f prjects 29% 19% 52% Prjects in master plan 9 Prject integrating E-Gvernment prject 10 Draft incrprating the master plan and egvernment 18% 66% 16% Average time fr realizatin and implementatin 18 mnths 24 mnths 30 mnths 6 The internal mde is the realizatin f integratin prjects with internal resurces t the administratin. 7 The external mde is the realizatin f integratin prjects with resurces utside the administratin. The entire prject is assigned fr its implementatin t an external enterprise 8 Mixed mde is the realizatin f the integratin f ICT prjects by bth internal resurces and external resurces t the administratin 9 These prjects are generally jin in a cmputer master plan established fr the develpment f infrmatin system f the Administratin cncerned. The majrity f prjects identified in this first part cncerns the autmatin f internal prcesses f the administratin. 10 These are prjects within the framewrk f e-gvernment and allw fr nline services Administratin

9 9 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices The nature and purpse f develpment prjects line f the administratin are presented in the fllwing figure. Taux Mise en ligne des services pur le cityen: G-C 28% Interractin et echanges de services avec d'autres administratins: G-G Mise en ligne des services pur les entreprises: G-B 55% 17% Figure 3: Nature and purpse f develpment prjects in line administratin The previus figure shws that develpment prjects are dminated by nline services t citizens. 28% f the prjects cncern the develpment f exchanges between gvernment and business, and finally 17% f the prjects cncern the exchange f data between administratins. The fllwing figures shws the relative imprtance f factrs fr the decisinmaking integratin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within gvernment surveyed. Average degree f imprtance Imprved perfrmance and efficiency f Administratin 4 Reduced perating csts. Imprving the quality f services. 3 3 Mdernizatin f management tls. 3,5 Establishment f the ICT master plan. 4 Strategic Visin e - Mrcc ,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 Figure 4: The imprtance f factrs f integratin prjects infrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgies within the Mrccan administratin

10 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 10 The analysis f this graph clearly shws the emergence f three factrs supprting the decisin t integrate technlgy prjects within the Mrccan administratin: Imprved perfrmance and efficiency f the administratin: This factr refers t the prcess f mdernizatin that is currently the master prject within Mrccan administratin; The cmpletin f the implementatin f the strategy f the administratin n its master IT plan The integratin f the administratin's strategy in E-Mrcc The availability f resurces, the ttal invlvement f varius parties in the prject and clear identificatin f needs are classified amng the first factrs encuntered by thse respnsible fr the success f integratin prjects f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin within the Mrccan gvernment The technical characteristics f ICT prjects within the Mrccan administratin. This sectin is reserved t the develpment f basic statistics n existing applicatins in the infrmatin systems f administratins that have participated in ur sample. The fllwing table shws the different areas f Back Office Autmatin gvernment and their level f efficiency and mdernizatin. Table 4: Field f autmatin (Back Office) Dmain integratin Finance - Accunting - Treasury Percentage Degree f imprtance (7 efficiency and mdernizatin Administratin) 65% Very imprtant HR 42% Very imprtant (5 / 5) Lgistics 35% Imprtant (5 / 5) Intelligence and cntrl applicatins. 10% Imprtant (4 / 5) (4 / 5)

11 11 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices The fllwing figures shw the different technlgies used fr the management f databases, perating systems and develpment languages used. 13% Oracle SQL Server Mysql Infrmix 14% 17% 41% Windw s Unix/Linux 29% 86% 29% 11% 7% 18% 35% JAVA/J2EE Technlgies. Net PHP Visual Basic Autres technlgies Figure 5: Technlgy used fr develping ICT applicatins within administratin. Different administratins have experienced an rganizatinal structure with (department, divisin, service) identified. The fllwing table shws the imprtance f jbs and trades that cntributed t the success f different integratin prjects Frnt Office. Table 5: The imprtance f jbs and trades that have cntributed t the success integratin prjects Frnt Office. Imprtance f frnt ffice jbs Degree f Imprtance (1 5) Administratr databases. 4 Administratr cmputer netwrks. 4 Systems Administratr (Human Systems) 4 Directr f Infrmatin Security 4 Administratr Web / Intranet 3 Infrmatin System Architect 3 Planner Infrmatin System 3 E-cnsultancy 3

12 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices 12 The fllwing table shws the ICT prfessins and jbs that have been imprtant fr the success f back ffice integratin prjects. Table 6: The imprtance f jbs and trades that have cntributed t the success integratin prjects Back Office Imprtance f frnt ffice jbs Degree f imprtance (1 5) Prject Manager 4 Technical Prject Manager 4 Wizard user nline 3 Maintenance Technician 3 Applicatin Develper. 4 Engineering studies. 4 Operatins Manager Identifying the nature f the jbs created thrugh the integratin f ICT in the Mrccan Administratin. The fllwing table shws in a qualitative way the nature f jbs created r Impacted in gvernment fllwing the integratin f infrmatin technlgy and cmmunicatin. 5. Cnclusin Analysis f the results f the study shws that in the Mrccan administratin, there are ten jbs that are strngly impacted by the intrductin f new infrmatin technlgies and cmmunicatin and which are: 1. Database Administratr; 2. Administratr systems; 3. Security Officer; 4. Administratr websites; 5. Prject Manager functinal; 6. Applicatin Develper; 7. Architect Infrmatin System (Newly created); 8. Operatr input; 9. E-cnsultancy (Newly created); 10.Trainer; Besides the aspect related t the identificatin f jbs and trades mainly ICT, ur varius semistructured interviews revealed the fllwing pints:

13 13 Jurnal f e-gvernment Studies and Best Practices Table 7: Qualitative Nature f jbs created in the Administratin fllwing the integratin f ICT prjects. List f ICT prfessins training Technlgy / Skills t develp Database Administratr Systems Administratr. Cmputer Security Administratr Web administratr Functinal Prject Manager Cmputer Applicatin Develper Engineering studies and develpment Cmputer Architect Infrmatin System Operatr input. E-cnsultancy required Bac + 4 Technlgy Oracle, Sql Server Technlgy And pen surce databases. Bac + 4 Tuning, ptimizatin, perfrmance and safety infrmatin systems. Bac + 4 Knwledge f basic principles f safety infrmatin systems. Bac + 4 Knwledge f develpment tls n the web (J2EE platfrm, PHP, etc...) Bac + 4 Mastery f basic cncepts f prject management (PMP, PMI, and...) Bac + 4 JAVA/J2EE Technlgy, Technlgy. Net Bac + 4 Methdlgy UML Object Oriented Methdlgy. Bac + 4 SOA cncepts, cncepts BPM Tray 2 Mastery f basic principles f typing n cmputer Tray 2 Ability t listen, Capacity analysis Trainer Fluent in freign languages (French, English) Bac + 4 Teaching ability Arrange teaching methds and grup management The integratin f ICT in the Mrccan administratin can be characterized as hybrid. The use f external prviders is bserved in mst cases. The prjects invlve integrated ICT applicatins integrated autmatin f the ICT master plan. The cncept f e-gvernment is in its beginning stage in the Mrccan administratins. Based n the mdel f St. Amant (2003), we find that these integratin prjects are in the phase f infrmatin and that ther phases have nt yet cmmenced due t nn-implementatin f prjects and timeliness f utputs. The success f this integratin prject depends primarily n the willingness f different administratins. The qualitative analysis f the needs f Human Resurces, ICT has enabled the identificatin f a set f specific jbs. It als helped t identify a set f jbs mainly in the emerging field f Internet, Tele-services, ffshring, remte training and regulatry aspects, s that quantitative analysis f jbs identified helped t highlight the mst imprtant jbs in terms f numbers and qualificatins framewrks and the assciated skills.

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