Photographic Interpretation Handbook, United States Forces: Section 07 Interpretation Aids

Transcription

1 University of Nebraska - Lincon DigitaCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincon DOD Miitary Inteigence U.S. Department of Defense Photographic Interpretation Handbook, United States Forces: Section 07 Interpretation Aids Robert L. Boin Depositor University of Nebraska-Lincon, rboin2@un.edu Foow this and additiona works at: Boin, Robert L. Depositor, "Photographic Interpretation Handbook, United States Forces: Section 07 Interpretation Aids" (1944). DOD Miitary Inteigence This Artice is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitaCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincon. It has been accepted for incusion in DOD Miitary Inteigence by an authorized administrator of DigitaCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincon.

2 SECTION I

3 PHOTO SCALES PHOTO SCALES FROM HEIGHT AND FOCAL LENGTH Height 6" 8i n 121t 20" " 40" 1,000 1(2000 1(1455 1/1000 1(600 1/500 1/333 1/ /4000 1/2909 1/2000 1/1200 1/1000 1/667 1/600 3,000 1/6000 1/4364 1/3000 1/1800 1/1500 1/1000 1/900 4,000 1/8000 1/5818 1/4000 1/2400 1/2000 1/1333 1/1200 5,000 1/ /7273 1/5000 1/5000 1/2500 1/1667 1/ / /8727 1/6000 1/3600 1/3000 1/2000 1/1800 7,000 1/ / /7000 1/4200 1/3500 1/2333 1/2100 8,000 1/ / /8000 1/4800 1/4000 1/2667 1/2400 9,000 1/ / /9000 1/5400 1/4500 1/3000 1/ ,000 1/ / / /6000 1/5000 1/3333 1/ ,000 1/22000 i/ / /6600 1/5500 1/3667 1/ ,000 1/ / / /7200 1/6000 1/4000 1/ ,000 1/ / / /7800 1/6500 1/4333 1/ ,000 1/ / / /8400 1/7000 1/4667 1/ ,000 1/~0000 1/ / /9000 1/7500 1/5000 1/ ,000 1/ / / /9600 1/8000 1/5333 1/ ,000 1/ / / / /8500 1/5667 1/ ,000 1/ / / / /9000 1/6000 1/ ,000 1/ / / / /9500 1/6333 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /6667 1/ / / / / / /7000 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /7333 1/ / / / / / /7667 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /8000 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /8333 1/ / / / / / /8667 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /9000 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /9333 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / /9667 1/ ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / /1230() 42,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / / ,000 1/ / / / / / /

4 PHOTO SCALES ICONT.I I 0 o ~. - L 'I'rJI 1,,1." 11'", Object PLANNING SCALES TABLE OF PHOTO SCALES FOR USE IN PLANNING RECONNAISANCE MISSIONS Scae at which a good detaied interpretation may be made. Aircraft (arge) Aircraft (sma - ess than 40') 1: 8000 Airdromes (incuding faciities) Ammunition Dumps Anti-Aircraft Guns Light (incuding.50 ca M/G) Heavy Barbed Wire Buried Communication Lines Bomb damage 1:4000 1: :;000 Co a s t de fen s e gu n s Convoys (open sea) Decoy airdromes Harbors and Ports 1: : (incuding shipping and faciities) Highways 1: Industries (genera) Invasion barges 1:6000 Machine gun positions 1: Marshaing yards 1:14000 Miitary Camps 1:15000 Nava Vesses (open sea) Oi Re finer ie s Power houses (Hydro) Power houses (Therma) Power transmission ines Radar 1: 5000 Radi 0 Towe r s Seapane bases Searchights 1:2000 Submarine bases 1: Tank farms Transformer stations 1: Trenches 1: Smaest scae at which objects may usuay be r e co gn i zed. 1: : : : : : :5000 1: : " ~ o. Q. o. 0 on 0 '" '" N '" " Q. o. ~ 2 ""0 0 o. on 0 I:" ~: iii 7.02 L 7.03

5 LI NEAR COVERAGE LINEAR COVERAGE, IN FEET, OF VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS PREREQUISITE INFORMATION FLIGHT PLANNING Foca Length of Lens A1titme 6" stu 12" 20" 24" 5" on a side 1000' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " on a side 1000' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " on a side 1000' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' " Area desired covered by photography. 2. Atitude of fight. 3. Camera to be used. 4. Overap desired both in ine of fight and between 5. Ground speed of photographic pane. The above factors are dependent upon the object of scae desired, weather and expected ene'my opposition. INFORMATION TO BE FURNISHED PILOT AND PHOTOGRAPHER fights. the mission, 1. Overay of most suitabe chart Showing proposed fight ines. 2. Number of photos per strip and the tota number of photos. 3. Inteivaometer setting. PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED: 1. ~ake an overay of the genera area. 2. Boc~ in the area to be covered photographicay. 3. Get dimensions of this area (in feet )., 4. Determine dimensions of area covered by one photograph (in feet). 5. Det~rmine net atera gain per fight (In feet) for atera overap specified. 6. Divide width.of area to be covered by net ate~a g~in per fight (5). If the quotient I~ not a whoe numher, make it ~he.next highest whoe number, uness It IS not more than.2' over a whoe number. To this vaue add one to get the number of fight ines. 7. Pace one fight ine aong each of the onger edges of the bocked-in area and space the others eveny across the area. 8. D~t~rmin~ the net gain per photograph in direction of fight (in feet). 9. Divide ength of area by net gain in (8) Add.2. to the nearest (arger) whoe num?er to get the numher of photos per strip. 10. Mutipy (9) by (6) to g~t the tota number of photos. (Assuming rectanguar area) 11. Cacuate ground speed of pane in ft.p.sec. 12. Divide.(8) by'() to get intervaometer setting. 13. Indicate on fight pan the number of photos per strip (9) and the tota number of photos needed. INDEX PLOTTING L INDIVIDUAL PHOTOS NOT TO BE PLOTTED ON FLiGHTLINE CHART. SHOWN HERE FOR IL- LUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY HT LINES OUTLINE OF AREA TO BE COVERED NO. OF PHOTOS PER STRIP_ TOTAL NO. OF PHOTOS_ L~t;t==rNET LATERAL GAIN PER FLIGHT For potting photo coverage on a map of a different scae, the foowing method may be d f d use or etermining size of tempate: ength of tempate ength of pho,to x photo scae map scae

6 SCALE INDICATOR NATURAL SCALE 8J Read on 1000 feet Scae 1: = = , ~.~~~ ~ 7,000 == _ m8'-'-'~ = ,000 --= = _- 2, , ,000 _ = = INDICATOR 0] Read on 1 statute mie Scae 1 : , , , ,GOO 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 = ,000 50,000 40,000 30, ,000 19,000 18,000 17,000 16,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 12, ,000 9,500 9,000 D] Read on 1 kiometer Scae 1:"3< ~ , ,000 = ,000 30,000 25, = 14, ,000 12, = ,500 10, = 7, = 6,500 6,000 --_- 5,500 1\ I I I 1 I I r r i'i'/ 1'1111 )'II I 'U1 1\1 ~ :1;1 :,.'i I i ',It! ',1111 NATURAL SCALE PRINCIPAL USES OF THE FOUR SCALES The natura scae indicator may be used: I. 1'0 ascertain the natura scae of any map on which paraes of atitude, or one or more graphic scaes of inear distances, are shown; 2. To ayout a graphic inear scae, either in kiometers, statute mies, or feet, for any map of known natura scae. THE NATURAL SCALE OF A MAP The simpest and the most widey accepted method of stating the scae of a map is to indicate it in terms of the "Natura Scae" or "Representative Fraction" ("R. F."). Regardess of differences of anguage, and of units of measure, the natura scae is equay intehgibe to a who read the same numeras, as, for instance, the Arahic numeras. To sta.te that the scae of a map is I: 100,000 (aso written 100:000 or /00;OOO) is to say that one unit of measure on the map (as 1 inch, or centimeter) is equa to OO~()(x) of the same units of inear measure on the surface of the earth. HOW TO USE THE SCALES Each scae is constructed for use directy on the interva indicated at the top (1 atitude, 1 statute mie, etc.). f that interva may not be read convenienty on the map, note instead the reading at any convenient mutipe of that interva, and MUI.TIPLY THE READING by tie number of units on which it is read. (It is necessary to mutip(v, not to divide, because the scaes are reciproca scaes, the significant number being the denominator of a fraction whose numerator is 1.) Thus, if on scae (A) the reading on!00 of atitude is 2,500,000, the natura scae of the map is 1: 25,000,000, because the reading at 1 atitude woud be 10 times the reading at 10" atitude. Simiary, if the reading on one-haf statute mie, on scae (C), is 40,000, the natura scae of the map is 1: 20,000, because the reading at I mie woud be ony one-haf as much as the reading at one-haf mie. SPECIAL NOTE ON THE USE OF SCALE (A) To ascertain the natura scae of a map from an interva of atitude, it shoud be taken from the average reading of 1 of atitude on the map. The reading shoud be made on a straight meridian; on many maps the ony straight meridian is to be found in the center of the map. The reading shoud not be made aong the horders of the map. Due aowance must be made, in some instances, for the map projection. In genera, in determining the scae of any map of the entire gobe, or of a major part such as a htmisphere or a continent, it is necessary to take into account the mathematica properties of the particuar projection which is used. Thus, to find the approximate equatoria scae of a map on the vercator projection, read 1 of ongitude. To find the approximate scae of a map on Gaf s stereographic projection, on the -15" parae, mutipy the reading of 1 of ongitude by To find the approximate scae of a map on Moweide's homoographic projection, mutipy by 10 the reading of the interva between 35 and 45 atitude (either north or south), or mutipy the 0-10" atitude reading by I.. Prepared in the office of the Geographer, Department of State. Printed by the U. S. Geoogica Survey, Department of the Interior, NOTE: These scaes, as are sufficienty SCALE INDICATOR (CONT,) INDICATOR (CONT.I LA YING OUT GRAPHIC LINEAR SCALES The use of the scaes for making a graphic inear scae may be most readiy expained by iustration. Exampe 1. Suppose it is desired to make a graphic inear scae of statute mies for a map on the natura scae of 1/50,000. Use scae (C), which is made for use on 1 statute mie. The interva from the top ine down to 50,000 is the exact ength of 1 statute mie, and may therefore be aid out direct on the desired inear scae; that distanc;e may, of course, be spaced off for any number of mies. To check a ong inear scae of mies at 1: 50,000, it shoud be noted that the inear scae for 2 mies equas the reading at 25,000; that the inear scae for 5 mies equas the reading at 1O,00(j; etc. Exampe 2. Suppose it is necessary to make a graphic inear scae of kiometers for a map which is on the natura scae of 1: 5,000,000. Use scae (D), which is made to use on 1 kiometer. It wi be noted that 5,000,000 does not appear on the scae, therefore a convenient decima fraction shoud be used. Thus the interva at 500,000 equas 10 kiometers on the 1: 5,000,000 scae, the interva at 50,000 equas 100 kiometers, the interva at 25,000 equas 200 kiometers, etc. f it is desired to make a graphic inear scae (e. g., in kiometers) for a map having.some other graphic scae (e. g., in mies, or in feet), it is therefore necessary simpy to ascertain the natura scae of the map (if not indicated), and at that natura scae to ayout the required second graphic inear scae. SCALE IN MILES PER INCH The scae of a map in statute mies per inch may readiy be computed from the natura1 scae by the use of the fo!owin~ tabe':. 1Vaturai Jcah MiffS pcr incn N aturai sca/( Miu p"incn 10 1,000, U 1 : 6,000, : 2,000, I: 7,000, : 3,000, I: 8,000, :4,000, :9,000, I: 5,000, Exampe: Surpose it is desired to determine the scae in statute mies per inch of a map on the natura scae of 1: 3,750,CXX). Simpy add the factors taken from the above tabe, using the proper decimas thereof, as foows: Natura scae 1: 3,000,000 Mi!~s p'r inch 47, : 700, : 50, I: 3.750,()')() ) Simiary, the natura scae may be computed from a known scae of statute mies per inch, by using the foowing tabe: Mits per inch Natura scae 1 63, , , , ,800 Mits ptr inch Natura scat 380, , , ,240 Exampe: Suppose it is desired to determine the natura scae of a map which is on the scae of 48 statute mies per inch. The factors from the above tabe, using y.oper decimas or mutipes thereof, shoud be added, as foows:.11its p'r inch Natura scae 40 2,534, , ,041,280 reproduced, may not be absoutey accurate, but exact for use with aeria photos and overays. I 600, = 8,500 i~ 550, ,'IU 7.06 'I 7.07