INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION 02/4%#4)/.!'!).34 ).4%2&%2%.#%
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1 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION )454 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU 02/4%#4)/!'!)34 )4%2&%2%#% #!,#5,!4)/ /& 6/,4!'% )$5#%$ )4/ 4%,%#/--5)#!4)/,)%3 &2/- 2!$)/ 34!4)/ "2/!$#!343!$ -%4(/$3 /& 2%$5#)' )4%2&%2%#% )454 Recommendation (Extract from the "LUE "OOK)
2 NOTES ITU-T Recommendation K8 was pubished in oume IX of the Bue Book This fie is an extract from the Bue Book Whie the presentation and ayout of the text might be sighty different from the Bue Book version, the contents of the fie are identica to the Bue Book version and copyright conditions remain unchanged (see beow) 2 In this Recommendation, the expression Administration is used for conciseness to indicate both a teecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency ITU 988, 993 A rights reserved No part of this pubication may be reproduced or utiized in any form or by any means, eectronic or mechanica, incuding photocopying and microfim, without permission in writing from the ITU
3 Recommendation K8 oume IX - Rec K8 CALCULATION OF OLTAGE INDUCED INTO TELECOMMUNICATION LINES FROM RADIO STATION BROADCASTS AND METHODS OF REDUCING INTERFERENCE Geneva, 980, modified at Maaga-Torremoinos, 984 and at Mebourne, 988) Introduction Athough inductive interference from radio waves is sedom observed on circuits in underground cabes, many exampes of such interference have been reported in circuits carried by open wires, aeria cabes or cabes inside buidings Interference on voice-frequency circuits occurs because the induced radio wave is detected and demoduated by the noninear components in a teephone set or by meta oxide ayers formed at conductor joints This interference is mosty inteigibe noise and may occur up to 5 km from a radio station whose radiating power is more than severa tens of kiowatts On carrier or video transmission circuits, the induced radio wave impairs circuit performance when the radio-wave frequency is within the operating frequency of the transmission system The interference usuay consists of a singe frequency tone within a teephone channe and is uninteigibe It reduces the signa-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the transmission system This interference may occur within a wide area around a radio station Interference on video transmission circuits has been reported in ony a few cases, but it is expected to cause serious probems when video transmission services increase in number in the future An unusua exampe of interference may arise in which outside pant maintenance personne receive burns due to radio frequency currents Such probems have been reported ony in the immediate vicinity of a radio station antenna 2 Anaysis of interference In the theoretica anaysis of the votage induced from a radio wave, the foowing conditions are assumed: Earth resistivity is homogeneous and uniform A cabe or a wire is supported in a straight ine at a constant height above the earth s surface The metaic screen of a cabe is earthed at both ends The radio-wave eectric fied has a constant intensity and a constant incidence ange, and phase change aong the cabe is uniform The radio wave is originay poarized verticay However, whie it propagates aong the surface of the earth, a horizonta component is generated due to the finite conductivity of the earth Constants and variabes used for theoretica anaysis are shown in Annex A 2 For teecommunication ines without a metaic screen, the horizonta component of the radio-wave eectric fied acts directy as an eectromotive force on the teecommunication ine This causes induced noise at terminas when the circuit has an impedance unbaance with respect to earth Induced ongitudina votages at the ends of a teecommunication ine without a metaic screen are given by Equations (B-) and (B-2) 22 For teecommunication cabes with a metaic screen, the horizonta component of the radio-wave eectric fied acts as an eectromotive force, causing induced current to fow in the earth return circuit composed of the metaic screen of the cabe and the earth Due to the current in the screen, an eectromotive force is induced in the conductors through the transfer impedance between the conductors and the metaic screen This eectromotive force may cause disturbance to metaic circuits in the cabe, according to the degree of their unbaance with respect to the metaic screen (or the earth) Induced ongitudina votages at the ends of a teecommunication cabe with a metaic screen are given by Equations (B-3) and (B-4) In reference [] the vaues obtained by using these equations are shown to agree with measured vaues oume IX - Rec K8
4 23 The equations in Annex B are very compicated and invove many parameters It is therefore usefu to estimate the approximate vaue of the maximum induced ongitudina votage by the foowing simpified equation: where [ ( )] = 20 0 ( ) (0) db og ( cos θ) PEv ZK = 20 og 0 30 og 0 f 20 og 0α (2-) 4Z 0 5 β0 08 f β2 20 Ω < ZR, ZL Z γ = α jβ α = α f (db / km) (2-2) (2-3) α 20 is the attenuation coefficient at MHz (db/km) f is the radio-wave frequency expressed in Hz Other constants and variabes are shown in Annex A Equation (2-), which gives the maximum induced ongitudina votage in db (0 db = 0775 ), is obtained on the basis of the foowing: ength The induced ongitudina votage cacuated by the equations in Annex B reaches an initia peak vaue when cabe = 5 β f β and subsequenty describes a series of peak vaues Its maximum vaue occurs at one of the earies peak vaues aong the cabe ength 5 β f β The induced ongitudina votage reaches its maximum at one of the eariest peak vaues due to the attenuation of the induced radio wave aong the cabe (Figure 3/K8) The errors invoved in using Equation (2-) instead of the fu equations of Annex B are described in detai in Annex C 24 If the ine configuration is very compicated, it is necessary to divide the ine into severa segments and to estimate the induced ongitudina votage for each segment by Equations (B-) to (B-4) Estimated induced votages for each segment are then combined to obtain the overa induced votage, taking into account the transmission characteristics and the boundary conditions of the ine invoved When the simpified equation (2-) is appied to a compicated ine, a straight ine mode may be used to estimate the maximum induced ongitudina votage Cacuations shoud commence at the point nearest to the radio station and the smaest vaue of radio wave incidence ange shoud be used 25 When fied measurement of the radio-wave eectric fied strength is carried out, the measured vaue may be used for E v in Equation (2-) When the measured vaue is not avaiabe, the radio-wave eectric fied strength E v can be cacuated by Equation (2-4), taking into account the distance from the radio station and the power of the radio station transmitter (see [2]) 2 oume IX - Rec K8
5 PZ Ev = 5 0 (2-4) r 2π where P is the radio station transmitting power (W) r is the distance from radio station (m) Z 0 is the instrinsic impedance of free space ( 377 Ω) Figure /K8 shows vaues of E v obtained from Equation (2-4) using various vaues of P 26 The ange of incidence made by the radio wave onto the teecommunication ine may vary according to circumstances When the teecommunication ine is instaed in open country, either a measured vaue of the incidence ange or a vaue cacuated from the reative ocation of the radio station and the teecommunication ine may be used When the teecommunication ine is instaed near structures which obstruct radio wave propagation, the incidence ange may be taken as zero and the severest condition assumed 27 The induced ongitudina votage at the ends of the teecommunication cabe shown in Figure 2/K8 may be estimated using the simpified method which foows Inserting the vaues for parameters P, f, α 20, β 2 and θ given in Figure 2/K8 together with cacuated vaues for E v and Z K into Equations (2-) and (2-2), the foowing resuts are obtained: 2 (0) 2 () = 350 db 20 m oume IX - Rec K8 3
6 Moreover, using θ = 0 as the most severe vaue, the foowing is obtained: 2 (0) 2 () = 320 db 20 m In Figure 3/K8 the resuts obtained by using the simpified cacuations are compared with others derived from using the more rigorous methods described in Annex B, in which vaues of 2 reated to cabe ength are expressed It is apparent that the simpified method is adequate for estimating the most severe interference ikey to be experienced 4 oume IX - Rec K8
7 28 Transverse votages which cause noise arise due to the imperfect baance of the circuit with respect to the metaic screen (or earth) If a ratio, λ is used to reated ongitudina and transverse votages, noise eves may be obtained from cacuated or measured vaues of the induced ongitudina votage: where = λ 2 2 [ 2 (0) or 2 ()] is the ongitudina votage at the ends of the ongitudina circuit under open circuit conditions, [(0) or ()] is the transverse votage at the ends of the circuit when terminated with its characteristic impedance at both ends For exampe, in the case shown in Figure 2/K8 and λ equa to 40 db, the noise eve, is obtained as foows: (in this case, 2 = 35 db [0 db = 0775 ]) = db = 75 db 3 Reduction of interference The foowing measures may be taken to minimize interference: 3 Interference to a voice-frequency circuit can be reduced by inserting a µf capacitor between conductors and the earth at the input termina or at the teephone set, to bypass induced radio-wave currents 32 Interference to carrier and video transmission systems can be reduced by the foowing measures: oume IX - Rec K8 5
8 32 An adequate screen shoud be incorporated in the cabe, eg a 02 mm thick auminium screen around a cabe provides a reduction of interference of about 70 db The auminium screen shoud be earthed at both ends with resistance ess than Z 0 Ω, when earth conductivity is ess than 0 S/m If the screen thickness is increased to 0 mm the reduction is improved by a further db 322 Conductors shoud be competey shieded by a metaic screen around cabe joints and at cabe terminas Note If the metaic screen is removed for a ength of about 30 cm, induced votages increase by about 30 db, even if the metaic screen is connected eectricay Even if ony 5 cm of the metaic screen is removed from a cabe end, induced votages increase by about 0 db 323 In sections susceptibe to radio-wave interference, underground cabe shoud be instaed or different cabe routings shoud be used 324 Distances between repeaters shoud be reduced to provide an acceptabe signa-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the system 325 The admittance unbaance of the termina equipment and repeaters at the radio-wave frequency shoud be improved with respect to earth 326 Pre-emphasized eve setting of the transmission system shoud be used 33 To reduce the induced dangerous votage to mainteance personne, a capacitor may be inserted between the conductors and the earth at suitabe intervas within the induced section to bypass the induced current In this case, care must be taken, in seecting an appropriate capacitor, to combine minimum attenuation of the transmission frequencies with effective earthing at the radio-wave frequency Care shoud be taken to prevent the capacitor from being damaged by overvotages appearing on the conductors ANNEX A (to Recommendation K8) Constants and variabes used in Recommendation K8 A The ratio of horizonta component to vertica component, P for a radio-wave eectric fied propagating aong the ground surface is: P Eh = = E v ε r j σ ωε 0 ωε σ 0 (A ) where E h E v ε r ε 0 Z 0 β 0 σ ω f is the horizonta component in radio wave eectric fied strength (/m) is the vertica component in radio wave eectric fied strength (/m) is the specific dieectric constant of earth is the specific dieectric constant of free space (F/m) is the intrinsic impedance of free space (Ω) is the phase constant of free space (rad/m) is the earth conductivity (S/m) is the anguar frequency of radio wave (rad/s) is the frequency of radio wave (Hz) 6 oume IX - Rec K8
9 A2 The transfer impedance of the metaic screen of a cabe sheath, Z K is: Kt ZK = sinh Kt Rdc Ω/m (A-2) where R dc is the direct-current resistance per unit ength of metaic screen (Ω/m) K = jωµ g µ is the permeabiity of metaic screen (H/m) g t is the conductivity of metaic screen (S/m) is the thickness of metaic screen (m) A3 In connection with the foowing symbos, see Figure A-/K8 θ x Z 0 γ Z 02 γ 2 Z L, Z R Z 2L, Z 2R is the incidence ange of radio wave to teecommunication ine (rad) is the cabe ength (m) is the distance aong the cabe from the cabe end near to the radio station (meters) is the earth return circuit characteristic impedance (Ω) is the earth return circuit propagation constant is the ongitudina circuit characteristic impedance (Ω) is the ongitudina circuit propagation constant earth return circuit termina impedance (Ω) ongitudina circuit termina impedance (Ω) Z0 ZL Γ L = Z0 ZL is the earth return circuit current refection coefficient at x = 0 Z0 ZR Γ R = Z0 ZR is the earth return circuit current refection coefficient at x = Z Z 02 2L Γ 2 L = Z02 Z2L is the ongitudina circuit current refection at x = 0 Z Z 02 2R Γ 2 R = Z02 Z2R is the ongitudina circuit current refection at x = m (x) (for m = 0) is the votage in earth return circuit with matching at both ends m (x) (for m = L) is the votage in earth return circuit with mismatching at x = 0 m (x) (for m = R) is the votage in earth return circuit with mismatching at x = 2m (x) (for m = 0) is the votage in ongitudina circuit with matching at both ends 2m (x) (for m = L) is the votage in ongitudina circuit with mismatching at x = 0 oume IX - Rec K8 7
10 2m (x) (for m = R) is the votage in ongitudina circuit with mismatching at x = ANNEX B (to Recommendation K8) Induced ongitudina votage cacuation B Teecommunication ines without metaic screen Induced ongitudina votages at the ends of a teecommunication ine without a metaic screen are given by Equations (B-) and (B-2) Induced ongitudina votage at the end nearest the radio station: (0) = (0) (0) (0) 0 L R (0) 0 = PE v cos θ 2 L L (0) = Γ Γ Γ [ Γ e 2γ R ] L R e γ R e γ j β cos θ e 2γ [ ΓL] R (0) = Γ Γ Γ e L R 2γ ( γ j β0 cos θ) 0 0 (0) () (B-) 8 oume IX - Rec K8
11 Induced ongitudina votage at the end farthest from the radio station: ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 L R () = [ Γ R] L e L () = Γ γ Γ Γ e 2γ 0 R () PEv cos θ e 2 L R j β0 cosθ 2γ R L Γ L R e 2 Γ γ e γ j β cos θ 0 e = Γ [ Γ ] (0) 0 ( γ j β0 cos θ) 0 () (B- 2) where the constants and variabes are as shown in Annex A B2 Teecommunication cabes with metaic screen Induced ongitudina votages at the ends of a teecommunication cabe with a metaic screen are given by Equations (B-3) and (B-4) Induced ongitudina votage at the end nearest to the radio station: ( 0) = ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) L 2R ( 0) = ( 0) = ( 0) = 20 2L 2R PE L v (cos θ) ZK 4 Z0 γ j β0 cos θ γ j β0 cos θ e ( γ2 j β0 cos θ) γ 2 2 j β0 cos θ γ j β0 cos θ ΓL ΓR e γ Γ e ( γ jβ0 θ γ j β cos θ L R 0 2γ cos ) L 2γ j β cos θ γ e 0 e R L e ( γ j β0 cos θ) e ( γ2 γ) e ( γ j β0 cos θ) γ j β0 cos θ γ2 γ γ j β0 cos θ Γ Γ e Γ [ Γ2R e 2γ2] [ Γ2L ] Γ Γ e Γ R e ( γ jβ0 θ γ j β cos θ 0 2 Γ j 0 (cos ) R e β θ e γ e j cos Γ2L Γ Γ 2L Γ 2R e e 2γ γ2 2R Γ 2 2L Γ2R e γ cos ) e γ β θ γ γ 20 ( γ j β cos θ) ( γ γ ) ( 0) 0 2 () (B- 3) oume IX - Rec K8 9
12 Induced ongitudina votage at the end farthest from the radio station: () = () () () 2 ( ) = 20 2R 20 2L 2R PE cos θzk 4 Z0 γ j β0 cos θ γ j β0 cos θ e ( γ2 j β0 cos θ) e jβ0 cos θ γ2 j β0 cos θ γ jβ0 cos θ Γ Γ e L R 2γ Γ L e γ jβ ( γ j β0 cos θ) cos θ ( j cos ) e γ e 0 e γ j β cos θ γ γ γ β θ ( γ2 γ) 0 e ( γ j β cos θ) γ j β cos θ L R 0 2 Γ Γ e 2γ L R e γ Γ Γ e γ L ΓR 2 Γ j β0 cos θ e ( γ j β0 cos θ) e ( γ β0 θ Γ j cos R e β0 θ e γ γ j β cos θ γ j β cos θ 0 ( γ2 γ) 2L [ Γ2R] Γ2L e γ2 2L () = Γ Γ e 2γ2 () = e γ γ 2 Γ2R Γ 2R [ Γ2L e 2γ2] Γ 2L 2R e e γ 2γ ( 0) () 0 j cos ) (B- 4) where the constants and variabes are as shown in Annex A 0 oume IX - Rec K8
13 ANNEX C (to Recommendation K8) Errors invoved in using simpified equation (2-) Simpified Equation (2-) can be used when 3 db/km α db/km, 2 β 0 β 2 3 β 0, 500 khz f 6 MHz, 0 mm d 50mm, 0 θ 90, 0 ms/m σ 500 ms/m and Γ Those conditions are ikey to appy for overhead cabes The error which arises from using Equation (2-) instead of the more rigorous method described in Annex B depends on the vaues of σ and Γ, rather than other parameters An exampe of this is shown in Figure C-/K8 The error is shown in Tabe C-/K8, corresponding to the (σ, Γ) range in Figure C-2/K8 Here ony the range of Γ 0 is considered, because Z Z 0 can be reaized easiy Range (I) in Figure C-2/K8 is the usua case, whie ranges (II) and (I) are rare cases and range (III) is difficut to reaize In a range having a arge error (for exampe, ranges II, III and I), or when the cabe ength is too short to satisfy Equation (2-2), it is better to cacuate by using the rigorous method of Annex B oume IX - Rec K8
14 TABLE C-/K8 The error in Equation (2-) compared with resuts using the rigorous method of Annex B (I) (II) (III) (I) Range (usua case) (rare case) (rare case) (rare case) Error ± 5 db ± 8 db 5 5 db 5 23 db ANNEX D (to Recommendation K8) Effect of the environment of the teecommunication ine on the measured radio-wave eectric fied (Report from NTT) The radio-wave eectric fied strength is not affected by the environment of the teecommunication ine and may be taken to be the theoreticay cacuated vaue (see Figure D-/K8) On the other hand, the radio-wave incidence ange to the teecommunication ine may be infuenced by a number of factors and it may be difficut to estimate a precise vaue However, in open country, the measured incidence ange between the radio wave and the teecommunication ine is in good agreement with the vaue cacuated from the reative ocations of the radio station and the teecommunication ine (Figure D-2/K8) 2 oume IX - Rec K8
15 oume IX - Rec K8
16 4 oume IX - Rec K8
17 ANNEX E (to Recommendation K8) Exampes of ratio λ between induced ongitudina and transverse votages (Report from NTT) Longitudina and transverse (noise) votages induced by radio wave on overhead cabes were measured in fieds Figure E-/K8 shows exampes of λ obtained from measured ongitudina votage 2 and transverse votage (λ = 2 db) oume IX - Rec K8
18 6 oume IX - Rec K8
19 ANNEX F (to Recommendation K8) Exampes of radio wave interference and countermeasures in various countries (Based on the report by the Specia Rapporteur, submitted to the 978 Study Group meeting) Exampes of radio-wave induction interference to teecommunication systems and some countermeasures have been coected and are summarized in Tabe F-/K8 Radio-wave induction interference to circuits in buried or underground cabes were found to be rare oume IX - Rec K8
20 TABLE F-/K8 Radio-wave induction interference and countermeasures Kind of Inducing radio wave Affected area Circuit condition circuits eectric fied reated to Frequency Power intensity interference Interference Countermeasure oicefrequency circuit LF MF (mainy broadcasting) Severa tens of kw Up to 5 km from radio station (severa /m) Overhead cabe (pastic sheathed with and without metaic screen, ead sheathed) Open wire Demoduated inteigibe noise from radio programme, at time uninteigibe Insertion of capacitors (at input terminas of teephone set) Repacement by cabe with metaic screen, Screening drop wire Insertion of choke coi in circuit Highfrequency circuit eg carrier transmission LF MF Mainy MF Severa kw Up to severa tens of km In the case of subscriber carrier system interference up to neary 000 km has been reported (003 to 8 v/m) Mainy overhead cabe with metaic screen (baanced pair, coaxia pair) Cabing in buiding (between mutipex and antenna, between demoduation stages) Open wire Singe tone or uninteigibe noise in demoduated teephone channe (degradation of SNR in transmission system Improvement in shieding efficiency for cabe, cabing, etc Improvement on earthing of cabe sheath, repeater, termina equipement, etc Adopt buried or underground cabe Adopt different cabe route Increase signa eve, shortening repeater spacing Compensation for pair conductor admittance unbaance with respect to earth Additon of a compandor to the termina end of the open-wire carrier circuit Instaation of a sufficienty baanced ongitudina choke coi to the carrier circuits Radio frequency heating MF (broadcasting) Immediate vicinity of radio station antenna Open wire Drop wire Radio frequency burns Capacitor insertion between conductors and earth 8 oume IX - Rec K8
21 ANNEX G (to Recommendation K8) Radio wave interference to repeater station coaxia cabing and countermeasures G Affected transmission systems and interference Interference has been experienced in carrier transmission systems in repeater stations due to radio-emissions When the induced radio wave frequency fas within the transmission frequency band, it causes singe tone or uninteigibe noise in the demoduated teephone channe The interference is caused by induced currents in the outer conductors or screens of the coaxia cabes in the repeater station Interfering frequencies of radio waves are mainy medium frequency (MF) and high frequency (HF) (of the order of -5 MHz) G2 Eectric fied strength Radio wave interference occurs when the eectric fied strength exceeds 00 dbµ/m outside the station buiding or 80 dbµ/m inside the station buiding The degree of attenuation provided by the buiding depends on the form of construction used In the case of a concrete buiding, for exampe, the attenuation may be db, at -5 MHz The eectric fied in the buiding is not homogeneous, and arge variations, of about db, have been observed G3 Countermeasures One of the most efficient protective measures is the improvement of screening for coaxia cabes The screening efficiency for a coaxia cabe depends on its transfer impedance (Z T ), and adopting a coaxia cabe with ower transfer impedance is usefu For exampe, µ-meta screened coaxia cabe (eg Z T 00 mω/m at MHz) and tripe-braided (screened) coaxia cabe (eg Z T 0 mω/m at MHz) have been used For exampe, a 5-20 db reduction can be obtained by repacing a doube-braided coaxia cabe with a tripe-braided one The use of a ow transfer impedance connection between the station cabe and the equipment and the provision of good earthing arrangements in the repeater station aso give benefits References [] SATO (T), NAKAHIRA (M), KOJIMA (N): Radio wave interference in overhead communication cabes, Proceedings of the 22nd IWCS, 973 [2] SCHULZ (E), OGEL (W): Beeinfussung von Trägerfrequenz-Nachrichtensystemen durch hochfrequente Beeinfussungsqueen, ETZ-A, Bd 85, H 20, 964 oume IX - Rec K8
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