Vacuum Tubes. BJT or FET. Transistor Configurations. Depends on application Amplifiers
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1 Vacuum Tubes 3 Handouts Lab 3 (2) Lecture notes Linear without feedback Characteristics independent of temperature Wider dynamic range Vacuum Tubes, BJT or FET? Circuit Analysis: Amplifier & Feedback Classic BJT Circuits Arduino Intro Acknowledgements: Yanni Coroneos, Henry Love Neamen, Donald: Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design, 3 rd Edition NY Times Guitar heroes favor vacuum tube amplifiers in their instruments Many recording engineers tend to use vacuumtube equipment in their studios Some listeners pay thousands of dollars for highend tube based stereo systems and CD players Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 2 BJT or FET Depends on application Amplifiers BJT are more linear that MOSFET, better fidelity (low harmonic distortion) can drive low impedances at higher power lower noise with low source impedance Operate at < 2 V MOSFET high input impedance Voltage controlled device => lower power high input impedance, for general amplification BJT FET V in R 2 R 1 R L R E Transistor Configurations 15V [a] Common Emitter Amplifier TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONS voltage gain = 1 ; use low input impedance in amplifier output for low impedance 15V stage. sources, for high frequency response. V OUT V in R 2 R 1 R E [b] Common Collector [Emitter Follower] Amplifier V OUT V in R 2 R 1 R L 15V R E V OUT [c] Common Base Amplifier Common source Common drain [Source follower] Common gate Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 4
2 Miller Effect* Common Emitter Input Impedance and Frequency Response log scale A V (db) R V 1 C V 2 0 3dB slope = 6 db / octave slope = 20 db / decade C M C [ 1 gm( RC RL )] A v V jx 2 C V 1 R jx C 1 A v src 1 1 j C R 1 j C 1 High frequency cutoff f hi 2 RC 1 j RC 1 Degrees 0 o 45 o 90 o PHASE LAG f HI or f 3dB log f * Agarwal & Lang Foundations of Analog & Digital Electronics Circuits p 861 f HI or f 3dB log f Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 2 6 Low Frequency Hybrid Equation Chart Cascode Amplifer Two transistor amplifer: common emitter (CE) with a common base Miller effect avoided by setting gain of CE stage low. CE stage provides high input impedance Common base (CB) provides gain without Miller effect; base is grounded. Miller effect No Miller effect High gain applications Moderate input resistance High output resistance Unity gain, low output resistance High input resist. High gain, better high frequency response Low input resistance Neamen p Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 8
3 Objectives Three Stage Push Pull Amplifier Perform an analysis into the behavior of a complicated circuit using basic properties of BJT s (npn, pnp) Calculate gain of the system Discuss crossover distortion issues in push pull amplifiers Understand feedback Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 10 Three Stage Amplifer Block Diagram Q3 Q4 Push Pull Q3: Emitter Follower (positve cycle) Q4: Emitter Follower (negative cycle) Overall gain ~1 Q3 & Q4 V be are always one diode drop Crossover distortion about zero crossing Feedback Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 12
4 Crossover Distortion Q2 High Gain Stage Since last stage is an emitter follower, node n4 should be biased near zero volts. Q2 is a common emitter configuration with a pnp transistor. For pnp configuration, reverse the polarity of the voltages from a npn. g 0 r m I gm V CQ TH V TH 26mv Spring 2019 Lecture 5 13 I gm V I CQ CQ TH * I A 4 v Spring 2019 Lecture 5 14 CQ 570 A v or o g m L g R m L Q1 Analysis Biasing Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 16
5 Biasing Quiescent Point Biasing Quiescent Point Determine the quiescent point For BJT assume V be = 0.6V assume base current neglible Apply KVL, KCL ma v(n5) = Vout = 0 v(n1) v(n3) = 0.6 v(n2) = i f i t KCL : i 0.6 i t v( n3) ( 15) 0 v( n3) 0.6 1k 10k r v( n3) 13 or v( n1) 12. 4v v( n1) 12.3v for 30k / 3k Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 18 Key Observations Crossover distortion caused by base emitter voltage. Feedback results in overall gain independent of β Biasing not precise, highly dependent on supply voltage (poor supply voltage rejection) Classic BJT Circuits/components Darlington Pair Matched transistors Short circuit protection Currrent mirror Schottky diode Baker Clamp V be multiplier Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 20
6 MPSA13 Darlington Matched Pair Close electrical and thermal characteristics Supermatched pairs also available Used in differental amplifiers and measurement equipment Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 22 Super Matched Pair 7805 Regulator Short Circuit Protection When voltage across R16 exceeds ~0.6 volt, Q14 diverts away base drive to Q15. Characteristics approach theoretical transistor V be matched to 50 µv Note Darlington pair Q15, Q16 h FE matched to 2% Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 24
7 356 Op Amp Short Circuit Protection Current Mirror Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 26 Schottky* Diode Schottky diode formed with metal semiconductor junction vs pn junction Lower forward voltage drop: vs for pn junction Almost zero reverse recovery times. Used in 74LS series logic Low power Schottky Baker* Clamps Reduces turn off time by limiting saturation Baker Camp with diodes Baker clamp with Schottky diode * Walter Schottky *named by Richard Baker (1956); drawings from Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 28
8 V be Multipler Arduino, Teensyduino Low cost open source microcontroller and development system Many variants: Uno, Nano, Pro, Teensy. V ( R R R 1 2) V BE 2 Arduino Nano 16MHz ATmega328, 32KB flash, 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM 22 I/O ports: analog/digital 5V (19ma) operation Teensy Mhz MK20DX256, 256KB flash, 2KB EEPROM, 16KB SRAM 34 I/O ports, 21 analog input (2 16bit ADC), 1 12bit DAC Ideal for prototyping, process controller or state machines Maybe useful for final project but only in a secondary manner: data display, control logic Originals vs clones Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 30 Teensy 3.2 Nano Arduino Nano Teensy 3.2 Nano Processor: MK20DX256 ATmega328 SPI: 5, GND, MISO, MOSI, SCK J2 pin VDC in J2 pin 4 5V in or out Clock Speed: 72 MHz 16 Mhz Flash Memory: 256 KB 1 KB reset ATMEGA 328P CPU RAM: 64 KB 2KB Operating Voltage 3.3 V 3.3 V J2 pin 14 GPIO J1 pin 1 Analog Inputs 21 8 DAC 1 0 PWM 12 6 LEDs: Power, LED, Rx, Tx Mini USB: programming & 5V power UART 3 external Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 32
9 Arduino Nano Nano Multifunction I/O Pins Partial List J2 pin 1 CH340 FTDI Clone 3.3V regulator J1 pin 1 A0A7 10bit analog inputs referenced to 5V or AREF using the analogreference() function; LM1115 5V D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, and D11 provide 8bit PWM output with analogwrite() D10 (SS), D11 (MOSI), D12 (MISO), D13 (SCK) same as SPI header Pin Function 1 Function 2 Function 3 D13 digital I/O SCK (SPI) Built in LED D12 digital I/O MISO D11 digital I/O MOSI D3,5,6,9,10,11 digital I/O PWM D3 digital I/O Interrupt 1 D2 digital I/O Interrupt 0 D1 digital I/O Tx D0 digital I/O Rx A5 analog in SCL A4 analog in SDA A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL) support I2C Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 34 Serial Interface Arduino Nano clone uses CH340G; need to install serial port driver. Drivers on have been tested. CH341SER_MAC: OSX Mojave serial port: cu.wchusbserial1410 CH34x_Install_Windows_v3_4.zip: Windows serial port: COM3 COMx CH340_LINUX.zip: Ubuntu serial port: /dev/ttyusb0 // driver install make sudo make load Micro USB: programming & 5V power MKL02Z32VFG4 Kinetis L Peripheral IO DAC, ADC ground pin 0 Vin ( ) Teensy 3.2 AGND 3.3V 100ma pin 23 LP38691 TI LDO 3.3V L ground AGND Keep analog and digital grounds separate MK20DX256 ARM CortexM4 pin Spring 2019 Lecture 5 35 pin Spring 2019 Lecture 5 36
10 Teensy 3.2 Bottom Teensy 3.2 Top Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 38 Teensy 3.2 Teensy Lab 3 part Spring 2019 Lecture 5 39 Solder headers to Teensy Attached spacer to TFT display Wire circuit Load sketch & verify display Circuit will be used in PPG and ECG labs normally closed common Spring 2019 Lecture 5 40
11 Laser Cutting (it s just as cool as it sounds) Process high power laser beam optically guided to machine head head moves in 2D (x, y) beam fired in rapid pulses while head moves source: Universal Laser Systems material is ablated or vaporized fumes extracted source: cutmaps.com source: nervous.com Design UCP (Universal Control Panel) user generates 2D design vector vs. bitmap user sets power, speed for each color in file machine traces vectors moves in steady line line width < inch hairline or rasters bitmaps sweeps back and forth to fill in source: wikipedia
12 Laser Printing Laser Cuting CorelDraw Pink lines are board outline Black lines will be rastered Spring 2019 Lecture Spring 2019 Lecture 5 46 Laser Cutting Lab (Optional) Mon 2/25 4:15 and 5:15p EDS Laser Cut base Mount RLC BJT/MOSFET testor Spring 2019 Lecture 5 47
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