Electronic Devices. Floyd. Chapter 6. Ninth Edition. Electronic Devices, 9th edition Thomas L. Floyd

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1 Electronic Devices Ninth Edition Floyd Chapter 6

2 Agenda BJT AC Analysis Linear Amplifier AC Load Line Transistor AC Model Common Emitter Amplifier Common Collector Amplifier Common Base Amplifier Special Amplifiers Darlington Pair Sziklai Pair Multistage Amplifier Differential Amplifier

3 AC Quantities AC quantities are indicated with a italic subscript; rms values are assumed unless otherwise stated. rms avg V CE V V ce V ce V ce V ce The figure shows an example of a specific waveform for the collector-emitter voltage. Notice the DC component is V CE and the ac component is V ce. 0 0 v ce t Resistance is also identified with a lower case subscript when analyzed from an ac standpoint.

4 Linear Amplifier A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at the output. +V CC I c V b I CQ V BQ R 1 R C V ce C 2 R s C 1 I b V CEQ I BQ V s R 2 R E R L For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is inverted between the input and output but has the same shape.

5 AC Load Line Operation of the linear amplifier can be illustrated using an ac load line. I C I b I BQ The ac load line is different than the dc load line because a capacitor looks open to dc but effectively acts as a short to ac. Thus the collector resistor appears to be in parallel with the load resistor. I CQ I c Q 0 V CE V ce V CEQ

6 Transistor AC Model The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used for detailed analysis of a BJT circuit. For most analysis work, the simplified r-parameters give good results. The simplified r-parameters are shown in relation to the transistor model. C β ac I b C β ac I b An important r-parameter is r e '. It appears as a small ac resistance between the base and emitter. B r e B I b r e ' r e 25 mv I E E E

7 The Common-Emitter Amplifier In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is applied to the base and the inverted output is taken from the collector. The emitter is common to ac signals. V CC R 1 R C C 3 V out C 1 V in R L R 2 R E C 2

8 The Common-Emitter Amplifier What is r e ' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias. V B 27 kw 15 V = 4.26 V 68 kw 27 kw V E = 4.26 V 0.7 V = 3.56 V I ' r e V 3.56 V E E RE 2.2 kw 1.62 ma 25 mv 25 mv I 1.62 ma 15.4 W E C mf R 1 68 kw R 2 27 kw V CC +15 V R C 3.9 kw R E 2.2 kw C 3 10 mf C mf R L 3.9 kw

9 The Common-Emitter Amplifier Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is R C R L. What is the gain of the amplifier? A v A v V R R R V r r out c C L ' ' in e e 3.9 kw 3.9 kw 15.4 W 127 The gain will be a little lower if the input loading effect is accounted for. C mf R 1 68 kw R 2 27 kw V CC +15 V R C 3.9 kw R E 2.2 kw C 3 10 mf C mf R L 3.9 kw

10 The Common-Emitter Amplifier Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor to the emitter circuit of the CE amplifier. The gain will be lower as a result. V CC +15 V What is the gain with the addition of the swamping resistor? (Ignore the small effect on r e '.) C 1 R 1 68 kw R C 3.9 kw C 3 10 mf A v A v V R R R V r R r R out c C L ' ' in e E1 e E1 3.9 kw 3.9 kw 15.4 W 33 W mf R 2 27 kw R R E1 33 W E2 2.2 kw C mf R L 3.9 kw

11 The Common-Emitter Amplifier Multisim is a good way to check your calculation. For an input of 10 mv pp, the output is 378 mv pp as shown on the oscilloscope display for the swamped CE amplifier. input output

12 The Common-Emitter Amplifier In addition to gain stability, swamping has the advantage of increasing the ac input resistance of the amplifier. For this amplifier, R in(tot) is given by R in(tot) = R 1 R 2 b ac (r e ' + R E1 ) V CC +15 V What is R in(tot) for the amplifier if b ac = 200? C 1 R 1 68 kw R C 3.9 kw C 3 10 mf R in(tot) = R 1 R 2 b ac (r e ' + R E1 ) = 68 kw 27 kw 200(15.4 W + 33 W) = 6.45 kw 1.0 mf R 2 27 kw R R E1 33 W E2 2.2 kw C mf R L 3.9 kw

13 The Common-Collector Amplifier The common-collector amplifier (emitter-follower) has a voltage gain of approximately 1, but can have high input resistance and current gain. The input is applied to the base and taken from the emitter. +V CC C 1 R 1 V in I in C 2 V out R 2 R E R L

14 The Common-Collector Amplifier The power gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the input resistance divided by the power dissipated in the load. This is approximately equal to the current gain. That is, A p A i. You can also write power gain as a ratio of resistances: A p P 2 L L L 2 Pin Vin R 1 R in( tot) in( tot) in( tot ) L V R R L A 2 v R in( tot ) The next slide is an example R R R L V in C 1 R 1 R 2 V CC R E C 2 V out R L

15 The Common-Collector Amplifier Calculate the power gain to the load for the CC amplifier using a ratio of resistances. Assume A v = 1 and b ac = 200. Use r e ' = 2 W. R in(tot) = R 1 R 2 b ac (r e ' + R E R L ) = 39 kw 220 kw 200(2 W W) = 24.9 kw R L = 1.0 kw Rin ( tot ) 24.9 kw Ap R 1.0 kw 24.9 L V in R 1 C 1 39 kw 0.22 mf R kw V CC +15 V C 2 V out R 3.3 mf E R L 1.0 kw 1.0 kw

16 The Common-Collector Amplifier The input voltage-divider in the previous example is not rock-solid but the overall power gain is good. A rock solid stiff voltage-divider is not always the best design. Can you spot the problem illustrated here? R in(tot) = R 1 R 2 b ac (r e ' + R E R L ) = 10 kw 10 kw 200(25 W kw) = 4.96 kw R L = 10 kw Rin ( tot ) 4.96 kw Ap 0.496! RL 10 kw The problem is the power gain is less than 1! V in R 1 C 1 10 kw R 2 10 kw V CC +10 V b = 200 R E C kw V out R L 10 kw

17 The Darlington Pair A Darlington pair is two transistors connected as shown. The two transistors act as one super b transistor. Darlington transistors are available in a single package. Notice there are two diode drops from base to emitter. V CC V CC R C C 1 R 1 V in Q 1 R 2 Q 2 C 2 V out R E R L CE Amplifier Darlington CC amplifier Load

18 The Sziklai Pair Another high b pair is the Sziklai pair (sometimes called a complementary Darlington), in which a pnp and npn transistor are connected as shown. This configuration has the advantage of only one diode drop between base and emitter. +V CC What is the relation between I E2 and I B1? V in β DC1 The DC currents are: I C1 is b DC1 x I B1 and is equal to I B2 I B1 I C1 βdc2 IE2 I E2 is approximately equal to b DC2 x I C1 Therefore, I E2 b DC1 b DC2 I B1 R E

19 The CB Amplifier The common-base (CB) amplifier is used in applications where a low input impedance is acceptable. It does not invert the signal, an advantage for higher frequencies as you will see later when you study the Miller effect. What is the purpose of C 2? +V CC C 2 forces the base to be at ac ground. R 1 R C C 2 C 3 V out C 1 R L V in R 2 R E

20 Multistage Amplifiers To improve amplifier performance, stages are often cascaded where the output of one drives another. This an example of a two-stage direct-coupled amplifier in which the input and V CC output signals are capacitively +12 V coupled. R 1 10 kw R C 1.0 kw R E3 330 W C 3 V out V S 100 mv 1.0 khz pp C 1 V in 1.0 µf R kw Q 1 2N3904 R E1 100 W Q 10 µf 2 2N3906 R L 330 W R E2 330 W C 2 47 µf

21 Differential Amplifiers A differential amplifier (diff-amp) has two inputs. It amplifies the difference in the two input voltages. This circuit is widely used as the input stage to operational amplifiers. Differential-mode inputs are illustrated. +V CC V out1 V out2 R C1 R C2 1 2 V in1 1 Q 1 Q 2 2 V in2 R E V EE

22 Differential Amplifiers The same amplifier as in the last slide now is shown with common-mode inputs. Diff-amps tend to reject common-mode signals, which are usually due to noise. Ideally, the outputs are zero with common-mode inputs. +V CC V out1 V out2 R C1 R C2 1 2 V in1 1 Q 1 Q 2 2 V in2 R E V EE

23 Selected Key Terms r-parameter One of a set of BJT characteristic parameters that include a ac, b ac, r e ', r b ', and r c '. Commonemitter the common terminal to an ac A BJT configuration in which the emitter is signal. ac ground A point in a circuit that appears as a ground to ac signals only. Input The resistance seen by an ac source resistance connected to the amplifier input.

24 Selected Key Terms Output The ac resistance looking in at the amplifier resistance output. Commoncollector the common terminal to an ac A BJT configuration in which the emitter is signal. Differential An amplifier in which the output is a function amplifier of the difference between two input voltages. Common-mode A condition where two signals applied to differential inputs are of the same phase, frequency and amplitude.

25 Quiz 1. The equation for finding the ac emitter resistance of a BJT is a. b. c. d. r r r r ' e ' e ' e ' e 25 mv I B E B 25 mv I E 0.7 V I 0.7 V I

26 Quiz 2. For a CE amplifier, a swamping resistor will a. increase the input resistance b. increase the gain c. both of the above d. none of the above

27 Quiz 3. A well-designed CC amplifier has a. voltage gain > 1 b. current gain > 1 c. both of the above d. none of the above

28 Quiz 4. In a CC amplifier, the power gain is approximately a. one b. equal to the voltage gain c. equal to the current gain d. none of the above

29 Quiz 5. The amplifier shown is a a. differential amplifier b. CE amplifier c. CC amplifier d. CB amplifier R 1 +V CC R C C 2 C 3 C 1 V out R L V in R 2 R E

30 Quiz 6. An advantage to this amplifier is that it a. has high current gain b. has high input resistance c. is non-inverting d. all of the above R 1 +V CC R C C 2 C 3 C 1 V out R L V in R 2 R E

31 Quiz 7. Together, Q 1 and Q 2 form a a. Swamped amplifier b. Differential pair V CC c. Sziklai pair d. none of the above C 1 R 1 Q 1 R 2 Q 2 C 2 V out R E R L

32 Quiz 8. A CC amplifier with a power gain less than 1 is a. a buffer b. an inverting amplifier c. unstable d. an example of poor design

33 Quiz 9. An npn and a pnp transistor acting together as a single high b transistor is a a. Darlington pair b. Sziklai pair c. Differential pair d. cascaded amplifier

34 Quiz 10. If identical signals are applied to both inputs of a differential amplifier, ideally the output will be a. zero b. equal to one of the signals c. equal to the sum of the two signals d. very large

35 Quiz Answers: 1. b 6. c 2. a 7. d 3. b 8. d 4. c 9. b 5. d 10. a

36 Covered material BJT AC Analysis Linear Amplifier AC Load Line Transistor AC Model Lecture Summary Common Emitter Amplifier Common Collector Amplifier Common Base Amplifier Special Amplifiers Material to be covered next lecture Introduction to FET Transistors JFET

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