Electronic Troubleshooting
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1 Electronic Troubleshooting Chapter 3 Bipolar Transistors Most devices still require some individual (discrete) transistors Used to customize operations Interface to external devices Understanding their operation is critical to understanding the operation of digital or analog ICs
2 Construction & Symbols They use two PN junctions Two versions, but both have narrow center regions (aka Base) NPN transistors Base is P material (holes ) are the primary charge carriers and the collector and emitter regions are made fro n materials
3 Construction & Symbols They use two PN junctions Two versions ( continued ) NPN transistors Usually used with positive power supplies The arrow on the symbol indicates the direction of conventional current flow PNP transistors Usually used with negative power supplies The arrow on the symbol indicates the direction of conventional current flow Construction Most are made from silicon, but some are made from germanium
4 NPN Transistor Current Flow
5 NPN Current Flow With the base emitter PN junction forward biased Current flows Emitter Collector flow is much larger than Emitter-Base current The Emitter-Base current controls the amount of Emitter- Collector current. Key Equations: β = h FE = I C /I B I C = β I B β values range from I E = I C + I B if β is large, I E ~ I C
6 NPN Input Characteristics
7 Sample problem I B = 10µA, β = 99 Find: I C and I E NPN Current Flow I C xi 99x10A 990A B I E I C I B 990A 10A In class Exercises If a transistor has β = 150 and I B = 6mA, what is I C. What value of base current will make = 2mA if β = 80
8 Typical Transistor Packages
9 Acts like a Variable Resistor Walk-through Set R = to the lamp s resistance and assume the lamp lights dimly Reducing R brightens the lamp & increases I Increasing R dims the lamp & decreases I Replace R with a transistor Lamp brightness is controlled by I B which controls I C Decreasing V BB to 0v will decrease I C to approx 0A Small leakage current will still exist and it varies with temperature
10 Equivalent Circuits Transistor cutoff and saturated equivalent circuits In cutoff I C = 0A and all of V CC is dropped across the transistor In Saturation only an insignificant amount of V CC is dropped across it.
11 Biasing the Transistor Biased Transistors When used as an amplifier the transistor is operated between cutoff and saturation Output signals shouldn t go to saturation or cutoff Base-biased Circuit If R B is adjusted for I C = 1mA V CE VCC ICRC 12 1mAx5000 7v Near ½ V CC
12 Biasing the Transistor Base-biased Circuit Apply small input signal through a Cap Causes changes in I B around the level established by R B the and V CC. The changes in ΔI C = Δ I B x β The changes around the DC level set by R B and V CC will equal Δ I B x R C Finding I B is critical For base biased circuits like on this and the next slide with lower supply voltages V BE is critical
13 Biasing the Transistor Base-biased Circuit Finding I B is critical Assume R B = 3KΩ, β = 80, R C = 3KΩ Find: I B, I C, V CE V CC V BE I B R I B B 12A V R CC B 12 v 0.7 v 1M 11.3 A IC I B 8012A 0. 96mA 0.96m3K 9. V VCE VCC RC IC 12v 12
14 Biasing the Transistor Base-biased Circuit Distorted output The quiescent value of VCE is critical to having non distorted outputs Positive clipping indicates that the quiescent level of I C is too low Negative clipping indicates that the quiescent level of I C is too high Such circuits are unstable to variations due to temperature and age
15 Biasing the Transistor Base-biased Circuit In Class Exercises Problems 3-5 and 3-6 on page 58 of the textbook
16 Biasing the Transistor Voltage Divider & Emitter Resister Bias Provides a more stable quiescent value for V B Small changes in one component don t get multiplied by β I E I C V B V R E BE if V BE negligible I C V R B E If I E increases in value due to heat and V E increases, V B should be more stable and V B shouldn t change much since it depends on a ratio. Then V BE decreases and then decreases I C, thus the resulting change is less than expected from the initial change
17 Biasing the Transistor Voltage Divider & Emitter Resister Bias Provides a more stable quiescent value for V B β isn t required to determine I C I V E B I C V CC V R B 1 V RE R2 R BE 2 I C I V R C B E V R 1 CC R R 2 2 R E Thus even if β changes the gain of the transistor amplifier circuit is stable
18 Biasing the Transistor Voltage Divider & Emitter Resister Bias Example Problem Given: V CC =20v, R1=30KΩ, I R2=10KΩ, R E = 2KΩ, R C =3KΩ Find: I C and V C V R 20V 10K 2K CC 2 C 2. 5 R1 R2 RE 30K 10K In Class Problems: 3-9 to 3-12 on page 60 ma 2.5mA3K 12. V VCE VCC RC IC 20v 5
19 AC Signal Amplifier Input Characteristics AC signal coupled through a cap i b depends upon the resistance of the BE junction and β r e = resistance of the BE junction = 25mV/I E r in = βr e = resistance seen by the input signal Higher quiescent I E yields lower r e and r in, and higher quiescent I B and larger Δi b Sample Problem Given: I = 1mA and β =100 Find: r in
20 AC Signal Amplifier Input Sample Problem r 25mV r e 25 1mA in r e Circuit Analysis Biasing Values (DC values) I B V R CC B 10A IC I B 1mA VC VCC ICRC 7v AC values See Top of slide plus i b 5mV A i c peak i b peak 2A A
21 AC Signal Amplifier Circuit Analysis AC values vo peak ic peak RC 200A5,000 1v A v v v o v in 1v 5mv 200
22 AC Signal Amplifier Circuit Analysis Add a load on the output Under AC analysis V CC appears to the output AC signal as a ground Thus R C and R L form a current divider r L = R C R L Thus and A v v v o in v o i b i c r L ic rl r e r r L e
23 AC Signal Amplifier Circuit Analysis Voltage Divider and R E Variation Add a AC By-Pass Cap across R E The AC signal will see a short to ground The DC bias voltages will see the Cap as an open An open bypass Cap will result in significantly less gain - R E is usually much larger than r e A v r R L E
24 AC Signal Amplifier Typical Problems Transistor Problems Failures They don t become weaker They open or short Open Transistor No I C» DC voltage at the collector will = V CC Shorted Transistor Will have 0 volts across the transistor Other Component problems Resistors Values can change with age and heat Yields abnormal bias voltages Coupling Capacitors Can become leaky, short or open Leads to circuit malfunctions, i.e., bias voltage not blocked
25 AC Signal Amplifier Typical Problems Multistage amplifiers Coupling Capacitor An open would stop the AC output of the first stage from reaching the second stage A short would allow the DC biasing voltages on the first stage to send the second stage into saturation Manufacturing/Repair Solder Bridges As the one shown indicates a shorted transistor Cured by removing it Break/Opens in foil tracks Will appear as open components
26 Identifying the Basic Amplifier Characteristics Best practice when done on actual equipment Sample Commercial circuits used Part of Sony Tape recorder Model CF-320 Part of Panasonic Tape recorder Model RF-7400 Sample Circuit Analysis Sony Tape recorder Model CF-320 See circuit on the next slide & page 53 of the textbook Driver stage using Q4 Single stage audio amplifier Voltage divider in the base» R35, R36, R37» C29 from junction of R35 and R36 to ground serves to smooth power supply variations» C28 servers to filter out filter out high frequencies and to prevent oscillations
27 Sony Model CF-320
28 Identifying the Basic Amplifier Sample Circuit Analysis Sony Tape recorder Model CF-320 Driver stage using Q4 Emitter Circuit» R38 key to determining the R E (must be small than R38)» R43 provides feedback from the secondary of the output transformer. Has minimal effect on DC biasing levels Collector Circuit» Doesn t have a R C, but uses the primary of transformer T2» Drives a push-pull power amplifier that consists of Q8 and Q9» R39 and C30 are connected across the primary of T2 to filter out high frequency noise Panasonic Tape recorder Model RF-7400 Circuit is on the next slide and page 54 of the textbook Analysis that focuses upon another amplifier circuits starts with the third from the bottom paragraph on page 53
29 Panasonic Model RF-7400
30 Finding Single Stage Amp Problems Characteristics Usually uses a Voltage Divider with R E configuration Troubleshooting Check Power supply voltages Check V C If normal Transistor and all biasing resisters are normal Causes of low V C are: Larger R C value Larger I C value causes a lower V C Larger V B value causes larger I C and lower V C Cause of a high V B Lower R 1 value Larger R 2 value V C V CC I C R C
31 Finding Single Stage Amp Problems Troubleshooting Key points Understand the operation of the circuit Take some measurements to determine current operation The above steps will lead to the problem. The flow chart on the next slide demonstrates the measurement and thought process for troubleshooting a single stage amplifier Flowchart Walk through all the branches Homework Problems 3-17 through 3-22
32 Troubleshooting Flowchart The values in the flowchart are per the above circuit.
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