Transistors and Applications
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1 Chapter 17 Transistors and Applications
2 DC Operation of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is constructed with three doped semiconductor regions separated by two pn junctions Regions are called emitter, base and collector
3 Basic construction of bipolar junction transistors. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
4 Transistor symbols. NPN Not Pointing In NPN Pointing In Please Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
5 Collector: Attaches to Heat Sink Heat Sink Collector Gives off Most Heat
6 DC Operation of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) There are two types of BJTs, the npn and pnp The two junctions are termed the base-emitter junction and the base-collector junction In order for the transistor to operate properly, the two junctions must have the correct dc bias voltages the base-emitter (BE) junction is forward biased the base-collector (BC) junction is reverse biased
7 Forward-reverse bias of a BJT Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
8 DC Operation of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Voltage divider base biasing is widely used The voltage at the base controls the base current The base current controls the emitter/collector current I B I E I C I C = I B +I E I C I E
9 DC Gain beta (β DC ) alpha (α DC ) I C = β DC I B α DC = I C /I E 1 β DC typically has a value between 20 and 200 Is determined by construction of the transistor
10 DC Operation (Biasing) of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) The base voltage is aproximately: Emitter voltage and Current V E = V B -.07v E B I E = V E /R E or I E = (I B )(B DC ) V R 2 B V CC R1 + R2 I C I E I B = I C /B DC Collector voltage: V C = V CC I C R C VCE = V C - V E
11 The BJT as a Switch When used as an electronic switch, a transistor normally is operated alternately in cutoff and saturation A transistor is in cutoff when the base-emitter junction is not forward-biased. V CE is approximately equal to V CC When the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and there is enough base current to produce a maximum collector current, the transistor is saturated
12 Ideal switching action of a transistor V CE = V CC I C = 0 V CE = 0V I C = V CC /R C Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
13 BJT Class A Signal Amplifiers In a class A amplifier, the transistor conducts for the full cycle of the input signal (360 ) used in low-power applications The transistor is operated in the active region, between saturation and cutoff The load line is drawn on the collector curves between saturation and cutoff
14 Collector characteristic curves I C SAT Cutoff V CE = V CC Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
15 Signal Operation of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) A common-emitter (CE) amplifier capacitors are used for coupling ac without disturbing dc levels Signal Voltage Gain (A V ): V V out in V V C E R R C E
16 DC load line (red) Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
17 Signal operation on the load line Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
18 Signal Voltage amplification Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
19 Typical common-emitter (CE) amplifier with bypass capacitor Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
20 Adding an Emitter Bypass Capacitor Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e A bypass capacitor in the emitter circuit passes the signal to ground. This increases gain by lowering the base-emitter impedance and stabilizing the emitter voltage Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
21 Common Collector Configuration Signal Voltage Gain of Approximately 1 No Phase Inversion Used as a Buffer between Circuits or Current Amplifier
22 Common Base (Q1) Voltage Regulator Configuration
23 BJT Class B Amplifiers When an amplifier is biased such that it operates in the linear region for 180 of the input cycle and is in cutoff for 180, it is a class B amplifier A class B amplifier is more efficient than a class A In order to get a linear reproduction of the input waveform, the class B amplifier is configured in a push-pull arrangement The transistors in a class B amplifier must be biased above cutoff to eliminate crossover distortion
24 Class B push-pull operation Push-Pull Class B Amplifiers Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
25 Illustration of crossover distortion in a class B push-pull amplifier Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
26 Biasing the push-pull amplifier to eliminate crossover distortion Push-Pull Class B Amplifiers D1 and D2 provide the base bias voltage needed to prevent crossover disortion. Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
27 Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
28 Transistor Operating as a Switch Low Power Circuit (0V-05V Digital) Controlling a High Power Circuit (30V 240V) Switch Controlling a Relay Switch Controlling a DC Motor Flywheel Diode A flywheel diode is often required with an inductive load. This is because when the current through the inductive load is suddenly broken when the transistor turns off, a back EMF will build up as the magnetic field breaks down (The voltage across the coil quickly increases or spikes trying to keep the current in the coil flowing in the same direction ). If there is no path for the current, a high voltage builds up (this voltage spike can reach hundreds or thousands of volts). The high voltage can damage the transistor or cause arcing in a relay switch. The flywheel diode is connected in reverse bias across the load under normal operation, but becomes forward biased at turn off to provide a path for the current so the magnetic field and current can safely decline.
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