Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica. Analogue Electronics. Paolo Colantonio A.A.

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1 Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica Analogue Electronics Paolo Colantonio A.A

2 Large signal consideration As for the FET, we can use a load line 2 21

3 As for the FET, there are several forbidden regions Choice of operating point 3 21

4 Choice of operating point Clipping of a sinusoidal signal 4 21

5 Bootstrapping In the classical CC configuration, the biasing network reduces the amplifier input resistance 5 21

6 Bootstrapping The adoption of a different configuration allows to increase the input resistance presented to the input signal source Assuming for the moment C =0 (i.e. open circuit), the input impedance is increased However R 3 is travelled by the base current, thus it cannot be too high (max. n 10 5 ) ThepresenceofC solvetheproblem 6 21

7 Bootstrapping The dynamic circuit becomes the following Applying the Miller theorem, the resistor R3 is equivalent to input and output resistances (very high, accounting for A V 1) given by 7 21

8 Darlington transistors An useful combination of two (or more) transistors is the Darlington connection The current gain of the first transistor is multiplied by that of the second to produce a combination that acts like a single transistor with an h fe equal to the product of the gains of the two transistors. 8 21

9 Darlington transistors i b1 i i c1 b B Q 1 i c2 C i c i e1 i b2 v i Q 2 (v c =0) E i e E 9 21

10 Darlington transistors i b1 i i c1 b B Q 1 i c2 C i c i e1 i b2 v i Q 2 E i e E In a similar manner it is possible to demonstrate that It is to remark that even if the two transistors are equal, their hybrid parameters are different due to the different quiescent bias point 10 21

11 Gives a better representation at high frequencies The hybrid model The bandwidth of the device is given by f The transition frequency f T (at which the gain drops to 1) is given by 11 21

12 A bipolar transistor as a constant current source Bipolar transistor applications The resistors R 1 and R 2 form a potential divider that applies a constant voltage to the base of the transistor. The constancy of V BE results in a fixed emitter voltage which results in a constant emitter (and thus collector) current The circuit may be refined by using a Zener diode in place of R 2 to improve the constancy of the emitter voltage 12 21

13 A bipolar transistor as a current mirror Bipolar transistor applications Transistor T 1 and T 2 have the same V BE thus the same I B thus the same I C 13 21

14 A bipolar transistor as a differential amplifier Bipolar transistor applications If R E is very high (theoretically an infinite value) the CMRR is very high 14 21

15 Analysis of the BJT differential amplifier The superposition principle can be applied a) V CC R c a) Equivalent circuit for the evaluation of the common mode voltage gain A C b) R c v o b) Equivalent circuit for the evaluation of the differential mode voltage gain A d v o R s E R s E + - v s 2R e + - v s / 2 -V EE 15 21

16 DC analysis of differential amplifier From the output mesh and accounting for the circuit symmetry From the input mesh i B i C I B v BE Q v CE V EE V CC + V EE 16 21

17 AC analysis of differential amplifier CMRR high requires larger R E, thus complicating the biasing 17 21

18 A long tailed pair amplifier using a current mirror 18 21

19 Circuit examples A phase splitter 19 21

20 Circuit examples A voltage regulator 20 21

21 Circuit examples A logical switch The input signal assumes two values HIGH (close to VCC) saturation LOW (close to zero) interdiction Analogical value V i =V CC V o 0 V i =0 V o V CC Logical state V i =1 V o =0 V i =0 V o =

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