TWIST. Guidelines for communication activities on women in science to be implemented by Science Centres and Museums. EU Project No:

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1 EU Prject N: Prject acrnym: TWIST Duratin: 36 mnths Prject title: Twards Wmen in Science and Technlgy Funding Scheme: Crdinatin and Supprt Actins (Supprting) Science in Sciety Deliverable N: 7.2 Prject Crdinatr: Experimentarium, Denmark Wrkpackage leader fr this deliverable: ECSITE - The Eurpean Netwrk f Science Centres and Museums, Brussels, Belgium TWIST Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities n wmen in science t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Prject partner authr f this deliverable: ASDO Assembly f Wmen fr Develment and the Struggle against Scial Exclusin (Rme, Italy)

2 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Authrs: Marina Cacace and Claudia Clnnell in cllabratin with Alessandra Olmi ASDO, Italy LEGAL NOTICE This dcument is drafted fr an internal use nly. The views expressed in this dcument are the sle respnsibility f the authr and d nt necessarily reflect the views f the Eurpean Cmmunity. The Cmmunity is nt liable fr any use that may be made f the infrmatin cntained therein. twist- prject.eu 2

3 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 BACKGROUND 5 Gender equality in science 5 Gender equality in scientific culture and cmmunicatin 6 THE REASONS FOR ENGAGING IN GENDER EQUALITY 9 The tp- dwn view: the decisin makers 9 The bttm- up view: the science centres and museums 11 PRINCIPLES 13 Mainstreaming 14 Negtiatin 15 Appeal 15 Partnerships 16 Sustainability 17 Cmmitment 18 GENDER POLICY 19 Strategy 1: Making science centres and museums a friendly envirnment fr wmen 19 Strategy 2: Rendering science centres and museums culturally prepared t prmte gender- aware science 22 Strategy 3: Prmting wmen s leadership in science centres and museums 23 EXHIBITIONS 26 Strategy 1: Addressing wmen s visibility in science 26 Strategy 2: Gendering exhibitins cntents and appraches 28 Strategy 3: Prducing and using research n gender and science 30 PROGRAMMING 33 Strategy 1: Creating partnerships fr ensuring the impact f gender- inclusive prgrammes 33 Strategy 2: Getting talented wmen emerge 34 Strategy 3: Organising special events t prmte a gender- aware scientific culture 36 Strategy 4: Devising mechanisms t enhance gender- inclusive prgramming ver time 39 COMMUNICATION AND MARKETING 42 Strategy 1: Expliting the ptential f ICT in a gender perspective 42 Strategy 2: Tailring marketing strategies t girls and wmen 44 Strategy 3: Hsting higly- visible events t keep the gender issue in the fregrund 45 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 48 Strategy 1: Supprting families in bsting girls passin fr science 48 Strategy 2: Supprting schl teachers in dealing with gender issues 49 Strategy 3: Helping infrmal educatrs upgrade their skills t supprt girls engagement in science 51 Strategy 4: Select educatinal appraches based n lessns learned 53 BIBLIOGRAPHY 58 3

4 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums INTRODUCTION Gender equality in science and technlgy is an issue f increasing significance, insfar as demand fr knwledge and technlgy is als grwing. As a matter f fact, prducing knwledge, applying its results and turning scientific views f reality int a shared culture require an expanding number f science and technlgy graduates, science cmmunicatrs, scientific managers, technlgy develpers an increasing diversity f scientific persnnel s as t reflect the glbal nature f scientific endeavur as well as a bradening interest and engagement f the public at large n scientific and technlgical research. Nne f this can be dne withut the full invlvement f wmen in science. The TWIST prject has been develped just t face this challenge. Its aim is t raise awareness f the rle and representatin f wmen in science and technlgy thrughut science centres and museums in Eurpe t enhance their capacity t cntribute t the need fr a gender- inclusive science. The prject, financed under the EU 7 th Framewrk Prgramme fr research and technlgical develpment, is carried ut by a cnsrtium f 11 Eurpean institutins f science centres and museums, netwrks and research bdies. It includes a wide range f activities such as the creatin f a multimedia database n wmen scientists as well as an exhibitin mdule and puppet n gender issues n shw in the science centres invlved and the celebratin f Gender Days with specific activities such as rle- playing games and exhibits were develped. These Guidelines fr science centres and museums n gender equality are ne f the utputs f the prject. They have been develped by ASDO in the framewrk f a wrkpackage led by Ecsite and in als clse cperatin with the ther partners f the TWIST cnsrtium. The main bjective pursued thrugh the Guidelines is t prvide science centres and museums with a set f recmmendatins and examples f strategies and tls fr activating r enhancing their cmmitment t gender equality. The guidelines are based n multiple surces. The main surce has been the utput f the Survey n gender, science and sciety, undertaken under the TWIST prject thrugh an extensive questinnaire invlving 74 Eurpean and nn- Eurpean science centres and museums. The survey prvided an verview f the missin, cmmunicatin strategies and gender cmmit- ment in science centres and museums and identified many examples f initiatives, strategies and tls used by them t better address girls and wmen. Anther surce has been a brad review f literature and websites which gave useful inputs and empirical material. Finally, a lt f supprt came frm the infrmatin given by the cnsrtium members, n the basis f their wn experience. The Guidelines are made up f 9 sectins, this intrductin included. The next tw sectins will dwell respectively n the backgrund and mtivatins fr a brader cmmitment f science centres and museums t gender equality. In the fllwing sectin, a set f tp ideas fr imprving the actin f science centres and museums in this dmain will be briefly presented. The ther five sectins will prvide a set f recmmendatins, each enriched with practical examples selected amng a wide empirical material cllected thrugh the survey. The sectins respectively regard five actin dmains: gender plicy, exhibitin, prgramming, cmmunicatin and marketing, educatin and training. 4

5 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums BACKGROUND Gender equality in science The under- representatin f wmen in science and technlgy The issue has been n the table fr many years nw: despite (slw) prgress, wmen remain strikingly under- represented in science and technlgy. In this regard, available data are unequivcal. Taking int cnsideratin natural sciences and engineering nly, Eurpean wmen accunt fr 31% f students, 36% f PhD graduates, 33% f researchers, 22% f assciate prfessrs (Grade B) and 11% f full prfessrs (Grade C) (Surce: Eurpean Cmmissin, She Figures 2009). Similarly striking is the under- representatin f wmen scientists in the media. As shwn by the 2010 Glbal Media Mnitring Prject Reprt, amng scientists appearing in the news (TV, radi and print), nly 25% were wmen and they were central nly in 4% f the news. Fur main trends These simple and well- knw data are sufficient t single ut the key trends: science, technlgy, engineering and math (STEM) careers are still nw scarcely attractive t girls and yung wmen; science and technlgy sectrs remain unfriendly envirnments fr wmen; wmen are seriusly hindered in their career paths twards leadership psitins (such as full prfessrships, tp administrative level, cmmunicatin manager r university bard member); in glbal cmmunicatin, wmen s cntributin t science and technlgy is marginalised. In this frame, it is als legitimate t suspect (as research is increasingly dcumenting) that gender discriminatin als has sme impact n imprtant aspects f the research prcess, such as funding, evaluatin prcedures, the chice f research tpics r maybe scientific cntents. 5

6 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums A cmplex phenmenn The stakes are high As any ther cmplex phenmenn, wmen segregatin in science and technlgy is the utput f a wide range f factrs such as: widespread cultural steretypes n wmen in science prducing indirect discriminatin and, amng wmen, self- censring behaviur; the still male- dminated cultural envirnment in science and technlgy sectrs; the enduring presence f pay gaps between men and wmen researchers (frm 11.5% in Denmark t 47.2% in Estnia); the extra bstacles wmen scientists face t publish; the unbalanced distributin f family respnsibilities between men and wmen; nn- transparent and gender- biased recruitment and prmtin prcedures; the under- representatin f the cntributin f wmen in the advancement f science; male- riented teaching styles. The stakes are high. The issue f wmen s discriminatin in science and technlgy, in additin t being a matter f rights, strngly affects the future f Eurpe. T attain the bjectives stated in the Lisbn Agenda, Eurpe needs t find and retain an extra 700,000 researchers; matching this gap is evidently impssible keeping unaltered the many gender segregating mechanisms presently affecting science and technlgy. In a brader perspective, gender discriminatin is manifestly a burden if scientific research has t match the needs f the knwledge sciety, increasingly requiring knwledge in every dmain f scial, cultural and ecnmic life. Gender equality in scientific culture and cmmunicatin The pr- active rle f science centres and museums Science centres and museums are at the cre f this picture. They are n lnger nly places where the histrical memry f science and technlgy is preserved. Much mre, they are increasingly practive players at the crssrad f the science & sciety relatinship, actrs f scientific educatin, labs where science and technlgy turn int shared culture, and prmters f a scientific citizenship enabling peple t get invlved n an equal fting with science and technlgy, with their wn rights and respnsibilities. Mrever, science centres and museums are increasingly invlved with shaping and spreading a new and mre updated representatin f science and the scientist within sciety. 6

7 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums The TWIST Survey A multifaceted actin A widespread rientatin fr a mre gender- balanced science In rder t gain an insight int rientatins and activities f science centres and museums regarding gender equality in science and technlgy, under the TWIST prject a survey has been carried ut. Thrugh an extensive questinnaire, 74 science centres and museums were asked t prvide infrmatin n a set f issues such as their missin, cmmunicatin strategies, quality and, bviusly, gender cmmitment. Frm the survey, the pr- active rle perfrmed by such institutins has clearly emerged. In particular, all the surveyed institutins have equipped spaces fr infrmal learning and educatin activities (e.g. labs, classrms, wrkshps, etc.), 91% has spaces fr permanent exhibitins, 88% fr travelling exhibitins, 82% fr cnferences and meetings and 64% fr dialgue events. Their regular activities include prgrammes addressing secndary schl students (97%) primary schl children (93%), and training initiatives aimed at teachers (88%), public cnferences, cnsensus cnferences and wrkshps (74%), adult educatin prgrammes (70%), events fr grups with specific needs such as elderly, disabled r minrities (61%) and activities fr university students (60%), preschlers (60%) and scientists (40%). Thrugh their utreach prgrammes, science centres and museums have an ever- greater impact n the territry and especially n educatinal institutins. Mrever, science centres and museums are increasingly develping new ways t cmmunicate science, especially expliting the ptential f Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgies (ICT). Mre than 75% f surveyed rganisatins extensively r significantly were adpting ICTs, such as multimedia, rbtics/artificial intelligence, 3D technlgy r pdcasting. In this framewrk, it is easy t understand the key rle science centres and museums can als play and ften actually play in prmting a gender- balanced scientific culture by, fr example, attracting girls and yung wmen t scientific careers, vercming gender steretypes, ffering a gender- aware representatin f science and technlgy, prmting a recgnitin f the ften neglected wmen s cntributin t the histry f science r supprting an pen debate n the cntrversial issues related t wmen and science. The survey pints t a widespread interest in gender equality: arund 7 ut f 10 f the respndents are in fact inclined t include it as a part f their cre business. The mtivatins are different, such as attaining equal pprtunities in science and technlgy, making the science mre in tune with sciety, cmbating the waste f talent r renewing scientific cntents and research strategies 7

8 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums The actin f science centres and museums n gender equality Mving frm rientatins t actual cmmitment, the survey dcuments that many science centres and museums are actually engaged, t different extents and in different ways, in gender equality in science. A large percentage f the respndent institutins (50%) adpts specific methdlgies r prcedures t ensure that in each target grup f their activities bth genders are invlved. Arund 42% f the rganisatins have specific internal gender expertise, while arund 25% f the science centres and museums explicitly put gender cmmitment at the very centre f their strategies. The link between gender cmmitment and innvatin A wealth f experience t be used Mrever, it is t be nticed that the science centres and museums that shw a strng rientatin twards gender issues are als thse mstly prepared t innvate their scial rle in the relatinship between science & sciety. This can be easily understd. Innvatin implies adpting participatry appraches, invlving citizens in debates n current cntrversial research tpics, prmting tw- ways dialgue between scientific and scietal actrs and bringing the different audiences t a pr- active engagement with science and technlgy. All this necessarily entails increasing attentin n features and expectatins f the target grups and tailring activities and actin tls t them, therefre including girls and wmen. At the same time, the survey als shws that these institutins already have cnsiderable experience n gender issues and have develped a wide range f effective and smetimes highly innvative strategies, practices and tls t gender mainstream science and technlgy cmmunicatin. This cncerns all the aspects and dimensins f the activities f science centres and museums, including gender equality plicies addressing persnnel, exhibits r utreach activities. This dcument is based n such experiences. Its aim is t supprt science centres and museums in building r reinfrcing cmmitment n gender issues, prviding them with a set f recmmendatins and a wide list f examples and resurces. The hpe is that the ideas and material ffered culd help them find their wn ways f develping brader and mre penetrating actins t prmte gender equality in science and technlgy. 8

9 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums THE REASONS FOR ENGAGING IN GENDER EQUALITY There are many reasns why science centres and museums shuld be engaged in gender equality. In the fllwing pages, sme f them are set ut, using the very wrds f decisin makers and the science centres and museums themselves. The tp- dwn view: the decisin makers Prmting equality in science and technlgy Allwing female researchers t cntribute t the wrld f research The Cuncil f the Eurpean Unin (.), invites Member States t: (a) make available existing infrmatin n the gender balance f R&D persnnel; and establish methds and prcedures t cllect and prduce apprpriate data and indicatrs in the medium- term ( ) t measure the participatin f wmen in the develpment f science and technlgy in Eurpe;(b) actively engage in the dialgue prpsed by the Cmmissin in its cmmunicatin by exchanging views n plicies pursued at the natinal level s as t be able t analyse the situatin and make a jint assessment f n- ging plicies, taking int accunt benchmarking and best practice in Member States ( ) ;(c) pursue the bjective f gender equality in science by apprpriate means, including thrugh ther natinal plicies (e.g. thrugh natinal emplyment actin plans, where relevant). Cuncil Reslutin f 20 May 1999 n wmen and science The Eurpean Parliament ( ) draws the attentin f the Member States t the fact that educatin systems in Eurpe cntinue t sustain gender steretypes, in particular in areas f research such as the natural sciences; Believes that it is f the utmst imprtance t prmte science as an interesting field fr bth sexes frm early n; ( ); Calls n the Cmmissin and Member States t take apprpriate measures t ensure that wmen s cntributin is nt excluded in publicatins n the histry f science and technlgy, nt just because this is a clear case f discriminatin but als because the absence f rle mdels may harm effrts t increase the presence f wmen in such fields; Calls n the Cmmissin and the Member States t take due accunt in the definitins f excellence and a 'gd researcher', f the differences between male and female scientific careers; stresses that female researchers als cntribute t the wrld f research with different perspectives and chices f research tpics. Eurpean Parliament, Reprt n wmen and science. Cmmittee n Wmen's Rights and Gender Equality, April

10 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Mainstreaming a gender perspective Changing values and views Quality f science The Cmmissin n the Status f Wmen may wish t call n Gvernments, the United Natins system, internatinal and reginal rganizatins, academia, research institutins, the private sectr, nn- gvernmental rganizatins, civil sciety and ther relevant actrs, as apprpriate, t: Mainstream a gender perspective in, and mnitr and evaluate the impact n wmen and men f, all science, technlgy and innvatin plicies and prgrammes ( ); Develp cmprehensive natinal strategies with clearly defined targets, time frames and resurces, in cllabratin with all stakehlders, t increase the participatin f wmen and girls in science and technlgy educatin and training and emplyment; ( ) Prmte a psitive image f careers in science and technlgy fr wmen, including thrugh sensitizing parents, students, teachers, career cunsellrs and curriculum develpers; Expse girls and bys and wmen and men t female rle mdels in science and technlgy ( ) and increasing the visibility f female scientists and engineers. Reprt f the UN General Secretary Ban Ki- mn at the 55th sessin f the Cmmissin n the Status f Wmen (February- March 2011) The gender issue is nt nly a matter f quantity and the necessity t balance the number f men and wmen wh gain access t science, participate in knwledge prductin and ccupy senir psitins. A gender perspective in science implies a critical viewpint abut existing epistemlgies, the prpsals fr innvative cultural dimensins and the enlarging f intellectual fields that can braden the functining f capabilities in knwledge scieties. Gender is nt purely a matter f sameness between men and wmen but a criticism against a whle system f values and limited views gverning and rdering science and/in sciety. MASIS Reprt, Eurpean Cmmissin, 2010 There cannt be quality in science and research withut a balance invlvement f bth the sexes in research decisin- making decisins regarding the directin taken by the research, and in the definitin f pririties and targets. There cannt be quality in research if it fcuses nly n the characteristics, the needs and bjectives f just half the wrld s ppulatin. Stcktaking 10 years f Wmen in Science plicy by the Eurpean Cmmissin , Eurpean Cmmissin,

11 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums The bttm- up view: the science centres and museums A real scietal issue Expanding the scientific wrkfrce Waste f resurces A gender perspective in every day wrking life Diversity in the research teams Including wmen perspective in the cre business There is a real sciety issue with t few yung peple and in particular girls in higher educatin and in jbs in the sectrs f science, technlgy and industry. Science centres and museum have an expertise in mediatin and finding ways t "get the message thrugh". They knw the right arguments t prmte a psitive image f science and technlgy t all genders, and especially girls. Cap Sciences, France The expansin f the scientific wrkfrce will necessitate the inclusin f wmen as full participants. The general public engagement by wmen and men with science is critical. While there are still barriers t wmen succeeding in science, there must be rganizatinal attentin paid t this issue. Explratrium, USA Wmen has the same r even greater abilities t "make" science. S Eurpe culd get almst 40% mre science if wmen had the same attitude t science and tech as the men. Experimentarium, Denmark Every science centre and museum shuld put a gender filter n every activity, frm building exhibitins, develping prgrammes, educating staff, training teachers t hw yu wrk within the rganisatin. Yu can t just put the questin in a certain crner in the centre and just talk abut it there. Yu have t raise the issue in every day wrking life. Teknikens Hus, Sweden It is t stress the imprtance f hetergeneus teams. Diverse team members think differently, slve prblems with diverse tls and appraches and therefre cntribute t much mre cmprehensive and cmplete slutins. Ustanva Hisa Experimentv, Slvenia Science Centres and Museums shuld necessarily include in their cre business specific activities riented t wmen, fr wmen cnstitute half f ur sciety (52% f the whle ppulatin). They need t develp their scientific skill and update their knwledge s as t be able t play a better rle in the imprvement f human cnditins. Tunis Science City, Tunisia 11

12 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums A mre inclusive science Scial respnsibility An imprtant rle in science Prejudice and mistrust Wmen are excluded frm the advancement f science and technlgy in the cntemprary sciety (mainly due t scial aspects and decisin prcesses), while S&T applicatins have a great impact n their life (i.e. health and life sciences). Science centres and museums shuld vehicle a better image f science in sciety, mre inclusive and respectful f wmen s needs. Fndazine Idis- Città della scienza, Italy Science centres and museums shuld integrate a gender cmmitment as part f their scial respnsibility, by making best use f their special assets. Blmfield Museum, Israel Because wmen, despite all kinds f effrts, are still behind: career- wise; recgnitin- wise, but nt by putting them apart, but rather by shwing girls and bys that wmen d play an imprtant rle in science and technlgy. Science Centre Nem, The Netherland We and the rest f the sciety still d nt take it fr granted that wmen shuld be invlved in science, math and technlgy. Wmen d still meet prejudice and mistrust. NAVET science centre, Sweden 12

13 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums PRINCIPLES Recmmendatins and practical examples cntained in these guidelines mstly grunded n the experience f science centres and museums and related research are extremely varied and pertain t a wide set f bjectives and activities. Still, a cmmn fabric f crss- cutting principles seems t emerge frm this variety, and gives an verview f the way in which science centres and museums are shaping their cmmitment twards gender equality in science, while at the same time prviding useful indicatins fr thse wh intend t fllw this curse f actin. This sectin therefre fcuses n singling ut and briefly presenting sme f these principles. Needless t say, the list is far frm being exhaustive. Nevertheless, it includes principles, which are deeply rted in the practice f science centres and museums as emerging frm the many prgrammes examined. As a matter f fact, mst f them have been identified as fundatinal principles by the representatives f the science centres and museums, which have been invlved in the TWIST survey. In the fllwing pages, the brief descriptin f each principle is cmpleted by a set f related keywrds highlighting its cnnectin t the cncrete examples, which are mre analytically presented in the ther sectins f the Guidelines. The aim f this sectin as the general aim f the Guidelines is in effect t help science centres and museums develp r enhance their wn apprach twards gender equality in science, accrding t their nature, size, bjectives, interests, as well as the features f their scial and ecnmic cntext. The Guidelines are intended t prvide them with sme fd fr thught and ideas t this end. Six principles are set ut in the fllwing pages: Mainstreaming Negtiatin Appeal Partnerships Sustainability Cmmitment 13

14 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Mainstreaming A cnditin t deliver a truly impacting gender perspective is that it permeates every aspect and activity within the science centre and museum internally and externally. It is nt smething t be added later, when a prgramme is already defined r an exhibit designed. Rather, the gender perspective shuld be an integral part f the identity f the rganisatin, t be rdinarily included in all prgrammes and initiatives at the very first develpment stage. Related keywrds Mainstreaming gender- inclusive design prcedures f exhibitins and prgrammes may trigger deep cultural and rganisatinal change. This als invlves prmting gender- balance in the design staff. The gal f intrducing gender- sensitive cncept mdels requires systematically linking actin t knwledge. It entails regularly generating r cllecting data and research, fr instance abut the characteristics, preferences and needs f girls and wmen visitrs, the presence and psitin f wmen within the rganisatin, the resurces available at the lcal level. In this same vein, it is equally imprtant t never stp learning frm ne s wn experience by setting up regular gender impact mnitring and evaluatin strategies (including reviews, evaluatin surveys, visitrs studies, etc.) It is als imprtant t capitalise n lessns learned in ther science centres and museums r ther kinds f rganisatins. One mre way t increase the impact and scpe f inclusive design is t frame gender issues in the brader cntext f diversity issues (such as ethnicity r age- based diversity), hwever preserving the specificity f gender diversity. 14

15 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Negtiatin Mainstreaming a gender perspective is a cmplex prcess, bth inside and utside the rganisatin. Experience has shwn that gender- riented initiatives ften prvke an ambivalent set f reactins in scientific and technlgical prfessinal envirnments. Negtiatin strategies are therefre needed t build cnsensus and cmmitment arund gender- equality initiatives, addressing different leadership levels and the many stakehlders directly r indirectly affected by change. Related keywrds A prerequisite fr successful negtiatin is incrprating awareness raising cmpnents n gender and science in all activities, at the internal level at first, but then als addressing the public. Besides, negtiatin entails engaging the whle rganisatin in gender equality effrts. That primarily means negtiating with staff n bjectives and tls, but als negtiating with the leadership t secure supprt and resurces. T ensure cntinuity and rganisatinal learning, it may als be necessary t create institutinal space (such as specific units, managers r reference fficers), t effectively implement, mnitr and develp gender- equality- riented strategies. As fr initiatives addressing the public, gender- sensitive participatry appraches are mst suitable, such as invlving visitrs in prgramme design, s t give bth genders the pprtunity t express their preferred appraches, needs, and pririties. Appeal Making science and technlgy appealing t bth genders (and t different audiences) is a traditinal bjective fr science centres and museums. This invlves managing the symblic and emtinal dimensins f science, and dealing with reprted gender differences (whse extent is still cntrversial) in appraching and perceiving science. Related keywrds The starting pint is the adptin f gender- sensitive language in all aspects f internal and external cmmunicatin (including bth texts and pictures) t represent inclusiveness and prevent the invluntary replicatin f steretypes, ften hidden in language. Creating a welcming atmsphere fr girls and wmen als requires carefully assessing the rganisatin f space, the selectin f clurs, pictures, layut and graphic signs. The setup f the website is relevant t. A welcming envirnment is als ne where female rle mdels are available and wmen are frequently prtrayed, enjying high visibility as primary actrs in science and technlgy, n an equal fting with men. In the same perspective, a gender- balanced cmpsitin f frnt- line staff is needed t facilitate cmmunicatin and interactin with girls and wmen. Besides, the emphasis n interactivity, cperatin, mtivatin and self- cnfidence was fund t be critical in creating the right cnditins fr girls t get engaged in science. 15

16 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Partnerships Gender inequality is s rted and widespread in all spheres f scial life that any effrt t redress it necessarily requires the cmbinatin f a wide range f players and institutins. Creating lcal, natinal r even internatinal partnerships allws science centres and museums t braden their scpe f actin, diversify their public, access additinal resurces, pprtunities, ideas and expertise, and develp impacting utreach prgrammes. The reverse is als true. Partnerships allw science centres and museums t have a favurable influence n ther players, mtivating them t take actin n gender issues. When well balanced, partnerships are therefre win- win strategies. Related keywrds A first type f integratin is with experts n gender and science, be they single individuals, institutins r netwrks, in rder t acquire and exchange knwledge and cmpetencies. Anther key aspect is being part f netwrks f science centres and museums, t be viewed as cmmunities f practices t share prblems and slutins abut hw t effectively intrduce a gender perspective in their specific sectr. Develping lcal cperatins is seen as being increasingly mre imprtant, t actually invlve and mbilise lcal stakehlders (such as wmen scientists, research institutins r wmen s assciatins, ecnmic actrs, educatin players), and lcal authrities (especially thse in charge fr diversity and equality plicies). Anther emerging rientatin is establishing prject- fcused partnerships: with infrmal and frmal educatin institutins (such as scut grups, schls r universities, fr instance t develp varius kinds f after- schl r utreach prgrammes); with ecnmic players (fr instance t develp prgrammes t attract wmen twards technlgical careers); with civil sciety rganisatins (fr instance t prmte special prjects addressing girls and wmen frm minrity grups). 16

17 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Sustainability Gender equality in science and technlgy is a lng- term bjective. Balancing the presence f wmen in rganisatinal leadership psitins, mdifying a male- dminated culture and representatin f science, r enhancing gender diversity in the scientific pipeline dn t happen suddenly. Therefre, ensuring cntinuity in gender cmmitment is a necessity fr science centres and museums, nt just an ptin, and the issue f sustainability cmes t the frefrnt. Different kinds f sustainability are t be cnsidered (e.g., ecnmic, institutinal, rganisatinal, etc.) and crdinated. Related keywrds A first cncrete step twards sustainability is t develp lng- term gender actin plans t be incrprated in the verall planning prcess f science centres and museums. The plan shuld aim at prmting the establishment f realistic and prgressive bjectives, securing ecnmic and human resurces and finding a balance between prgrammes specifically addressing girls and wmen and prgrammes addressing bth genders. Sustainability is als greatly increased by incrprating gender cmmitment int the very missin f the rganisatin. In practical terms, this means incrprating gender cmmitment when develping external activities addressing the public as well as when develping internal activities and training aimed at reaching gender equality within an rganisatin (fr example thrugh the drafting f internal dcuments, prcedure manuals and handbks). Equally imprtant, in view f lng- term sustainability, is t enhance internal transparency by prmting the visibility f cmmitment t gender, bth internally and externally, fr instance by devting a sectin f the rganisatin s website t it, including gender- riented activities in regular cmmunicatin tls, such as newsletters, press- releases r blgs, circulating related infrmatin t all the staff. The mre the cmmitment is public and explicit, in fact, the mre it is likely t last. 17

18 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Cmmitment Gender equality in science is nt an islated issue, as it inevitably raises the mre general cncern f science & sciety relatinships, which invlves critical risks and pprtunities fr Eurpe s future. A deep understanding f this brader picture and its many ethical and scial implicatins is imprtant fr science centres and museums t fully grasp what is at stake in the issue f gender equality in science and technlgy and nt t underscre the significance f their actin n this frnt. There is therefre a cmmitment cncerning gender and science which science centres and museums are asked t culturally develp and spread fr the benefit f bth science and sciety. Related keywrds Fr science centres and museums there is firstly the need t acknwledge the rapid and prfund transfrmatins presently affecting sciety in cnnectin with the increasing imprtance attached t science and technlgy. Science is becming the very fuel f the future- generating machinery, nt nly as regards ecnmic cmpetitiveness, but als in the shaping f the knwledge sciety. In this shift, science is in turn underging transfrmatins at every level, such as the vercming f its disciplinary rganisatin, the ever mre cmpetitive access t funds, the weakening f the bundaries between science and technlgy and between fundamental and applicatin research. All this means greater invlvement f scial, ecnmic and plitical actrs in the research prcess, which is multiplying science- sciety links. T define these changes, sme even speak f pst- academic science. Gender inequality dramatically reduces the capacity t guide these changes and has distrting effects n scientific research, limiting its quality, impacts and benefits. As key actrs in the field, science centres and museums shuld be cmmitted t cmmunicating this strng link between gender issues and the gvernance f science, prmting a cntinuus scial dialgue t feed what has been called scientific citizenship, that is, a set f respnsibilities, rights and duties cncerning science and technlgy which invlve everyne, scientists and rdinary peple, albeit with different rles and cmpetencies, in a srt f demcratisatin prcess f science and technlgy. 18

19 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums GENDER POLICY In rder t develp gender- riented activities and t cmmunicate a new image f science and scientists, science centres and museums are primarily t be gender- inclusive institutins. In fact, t be effective in their actin addressing the public, they are asked t get their rganisatinal culture in tune with gender equality issues. Hence the need fr activating a Gender Plicy t prmte an institutinal and cultural transfrmatin aimed at mainstreaming gender issues in all aspects f the rganisatin s life. The first step t put this rientatin int practice is launching a cmprehensive Gender Actin Plan as a permanent strategy. Launching a Gender Actin Plan The Natural Histry Museum f Lndn established a Gender Equality Scheme ( rx/files/gender- equality pdf) which prvides fr a wide range f actins, including pay and reward, career prgressin, wrk- life balance, jb evaluatin and family friendly plicies. An Equality and Diversity Steering Grup has been established fr facilitating the implementatin f the scheme and cnsulting peple n develpments. The US Assciatin f Science- Technlgy Centers develped an Equity and Diversity Tlkit fr Museums and Science Centers ( tlkit.htm), prviding guidance and recmmendatins n 7 different areas, including equity and diversity plicies, diversity leadership and diversity plicy assessment. T develp such an actin plan, three main strategies can be identified: 1. Making science centres and museums a friendly envirnment fr wmen. 2. Rendering science centres and museums culturally prepared t prmte gender- aware science. 3. Prmting wmen s leadership in science centres and museums. Gender Plicy - Strategy 1: Making science centres and museums a friendly envirnment fr wmen Science centres and museums shuld be a friendly wrking envirnment fr wmen, wh shuld never have t feel like intruders in a male- dminated envirnment, nt recgnised in their specific needs and capacities r discriminated in their career. N centre r museum can be credible and effective in adpting a gender perspective in its cmmunicatin strategies having, at the same time, a hstile wrking envirnment fr wmen staff members. 1.1 Dcument and mnitr the presence f wmen in the centre/museum staff The Swedish Museum f Natural Histry and the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences use gendered data in rder t keep a check n the gender cmpsitin f the staff and develp specific hiring plicies and career schemes t attain gender balance. Swedish Museum f Natural Histry 2008 Reprt: 42d44b9511f368fc8af /KeyResultsYR2008_we b.pdf Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Science 2009 Reprt: eprt/internet_ra_2009_en.pdf The Natural Histry Museum f Lndn activated a wrkfrce equality and diversity mnitring system aimed at dcumenting 19

20 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums prgress and drawbacks in balancing the gender cmpsitin f the staff at all levels. Brief descriptin f the system: rx/files/gender- equality pdf The Museum f Lndn Grup carries ut an impact assessment f its Gender Equality Scheme, the utputs f which are published as an attachment t its annual reprt. Text f the scheme: Gender- equality- scheme- 2007%E2%80% Implement internal awareness raising initiatives n gender issues invlving all staff At Teknikens Hus f Lulea (Sweden), an internal wrking grup n gender (with representatives frm all departments and led by the head f Educatin Department) has been created, with the task f raising awareness n gender issues by launching activities, meetings and discussins amngst staff (i.e. lectures, meetings with gender experts, etc.). Theatre grups representing rganisatinal life between men and wmen n the wrkplace have als been rganised. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): Prmte wrk- life balance thrugh flexible time schemes Flexible time schemes fr mthers and fathers have been adpted at the Mlekyverkstan in Stenungsund (Sweden), the Frida & Fred Children s Museum f Graz (Austria), the Muse de la Ciencia Principe Felipe in Valencia (Spain), the Explra Children Museum in Rme (Italy), and the Techmania Science Centre in Pilsen (Czech Republic). A telewrk scheme fr parents has been intrduced at Deutsches Museum (Germany) A salary rise scheme t stimulate parental leave plicies fr bth sexes has been established at Teknikens Hus f Lulea (Sweden), while a flexible wrking plicy and a career breaks plicy have been intrduced at the Natural Histry Museum f Lndn as utputs f a wmen in science review undertaken with the invlvement f wmen frm the different departments. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): Surce: the TWIST SURVEY; website f the Natinal Histry Museum: Prmte wrk- life balance creating r facilitating access t services At the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences, in Brussels, an in- huse childcare service ( Baby Din ) has been created t supprt female persnnel with children and t allw new mthers t cntinue breastfeeding. Website f the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences (in English): A prvisin f childcare vuchers fr the emplyers has been established at the Natural Histry Museum f Lndn. 12 peple tk up the childcare vucher scheme in 2009/10. Gender Equality Scheme at the Natural Histry Museum: resurces- rx/files/gender- equality pdf Childcare services n hlidays and summer t supprt emplyees with children have been rganised at the Muse de la Ciencia Principe Felipe in Valencia (Spain) and the Explra Children s Museum in Rme (Italy). Muse de la Ciencia Principe Felipe website (in English): Explra Children s Museum website (in English): 20

21 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums 1.5 Adpt a gender perspective in hiring The Ryal Belgian Institute fr Natural Science, nticing that the prprtin f wmen amng the scientific persnnel remains well belw what expected, is launching a recruitment campaign aimed at imprving female statutry staff. Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Science 2009 Reprt: eprt/internet_ra_2009_en.pdf T prmte the recruitment f wmen, Teknikens Hus f Lulea (Sweden) ffered schlarships t female engineering students t emply them as explainers. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): In rder t increase the number f wmen n its staff, the Indian Natinal Cuncil f Science Museums ffers incentives and assistance t yung female researchers t write prjects n science centres. Mre and mre wmen candidates have started jining the museums and taken up respnsible psitins as curatrs and educatrs. Website f the Cuncil (in English): ncsm.gv.in Different kinds f strategies have been devised fr establishing, applying and mnitring mre gender- aware recruiting prcedures at the Bltn Science and Technlgy Centre (UK), the Science Gallery f Trinity Cllege f Dublin (Ireland), the Deutsches Museums in Munich (Germany), the Eugenides Fundatin (Greece), and the Explra Children s Museum in Rme (Italy), based n new rules, new infrmatin prcedures aimed at making recruiting mre transparent, initiatives fr encuraging wmen t apply fr pen psitins, and gender balance in recruiting cmmittees. 1.6 Prvide wmen with persnal supprt t develp their career plan A set f science centres and museums adhering t the Eurpean cnsrtium, EDIT, launched a mentring scheme aimed at supprting yung wmen in their career plan, by helping them in cmpleting their thesis r in beginning their pst- dctral research at the institutin. Descriptin f the scheme: taxnmy.eu/nde/811 The same EDIT cnsrtium prvides yung wmen wrking at member institutins with shrt- term fellwships fr training r research t ensure that they are actively prmted in their early career. Descriptin f the fellwships: taxnmy.eu/nde/9 ScienceLinX f Grningen (The Netherlands), in cllabratin with the University f Grningen and the Rsalind Franklin Fellwship, prvides fellwships aimed at prmting and supprting female participatin in science. The fellwships are awarded t utstanding wmen scientists frm a wide range f disciplines including mathematics, physics, astrnmy, chemistry, bilgy, pharmacy, envirnmental studies, cmputer science, artificial intelligence, industrial engineering, and science educatin. Descriptin f the fellwship: Analyse and mnitr the gender pay gap The Natural Histry Museum f Lndn carried ut an audit n the functining f the pay system in rder t identify differences in pay by gender and detect and eliminate deviatins. Changes in pay terms and cnditins fr a part f the persnnel have als been intrduced. Brief descriptin f the audit: rx/files/gender- equality pdf 21

22 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Gender Plicy - Strategy 2: Rendering science centres and museums culturally prepared t prmte gender- aware science Cmmunicating science adpting a gender perspective requires a cultural rientatin which is aware f the steretyped and male- gendered nature f the current representatin f science, as well as f the presence f gender biases which culd even affect sme aspects f the scientific prcess. Science centres and museums are therefre asked t take a decisive step in this directin in rder t better perfrm their rle as key actrs in science cmmunicatin. 2.1 Prmte training initiatives t enhance internal expertise n gender issues At Teknikens Hus f Lulea (Sweden), an internal training initiative called gender detective missin is prmted, aimed at bserving life in the centre frm a gender perspective, bth inside the rganisatin and as regards the activities addressed t the public. Each mnth there are meetings with the whle staff in the Educatinal Department abut what peple bserve. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): Training staff is understd as a pivtal aspect fr designing and implementing diversity plicy als by Museums Assciatin (UK), which rganises training seminars t help supervisrs develp and implement successful psitive- actin training initiatives addressing staff. Descriptin f the scheme: In the framewrk f the permanent exhibitin n gender equality in science and technlgy prmted under the TWIST prject, a training sessin has been undertaken addressing the explainers in charge f handling the virtual character used t interact with the public n gender steretypes in science. Prject website: twist- prject.eu/it/ The Natural Histry Museum f Lndn deliver train the trainer seminars and wrkshps in rder t ensure all managers have access t equality and diversity training. Brief descriptin f seminars and wrkshps : rx/files/gender- equality pdf Under the Eurpean prject Pilts, a grup f science centres and museums frm Belgium, France, Italy, Prtugal and Slvenia, in cperatin with Ecsite, planned and tested a set f training mdules t enhance the rle f explainers, taking int accunt gender differences in the learning prcess. Prject website: Create a specific internal unit in charge f supprting staff in gendering scientific cntents The Museum f Lndn, in the framewrk f its equality and diversity plicies, established the Diversity Panel, aimed at gendering the scientific cntents f any activities carried ut by the institutin, be they exhibits, galleries, events r prgrammes. Text f the scheme: Gender- equality- scheme- 2007%E2%80% The Assciatin f Science- Technlgy Centers (USA) suggests the establishment in every science centre r museum f a Diversity Cmmittee, t help rganisatins fcus and resurce their diversity effrts. Diversity cmmittees need t have a wrk plan that is feasible and measurable, they shuld be prvided with necessary resurces (e.g. time, mney, training and space) and shuld be aligned with ther strategic initiatives. Descriptin f the rle f the Diversity Cmmittees: /ASTC_DiversityEquityTlkit_Plicies.pdf 22

23 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums 2.3 Establish partnerships with rganisatins specialised in wmen and science Brief descriptin f the frums: rx/files/gender- equality pdf The NEMO Science Centre, based in Amsterdam, established a partnership with VhT, an expert rganisatin specialised in wmen and science, t develp a checklist fr the staff aimed at supprting them in gendering cntents and appraches in all the activities prmted by the Centre. Websitef the NEMO Science Centre (in English): nem.nl/?id=5&s=85&d=551 The Tunis Science City (Tunis), in rder t enhance their activities addressing girls, established a partnership with wmen s assciatins such as the Natinal Unin f Wmen f Tunisia (UNFT) and the Wmen and Science Assciatin. Website f the Tunis Science City (in English): Prmte cmmunicatin and debate within the rganisatin abut gender and diversity issues and initiatives In its diversity tlkit, the Assciatin f Science- Technlgy Centers (USA) recmmends science centres and museums cmmunicate abut diversity issues and initiatives within the rganisatin, adpting internal cmmunicatin strategies (thrugh vides, small grups, staff meetings, internal newsletters, etc.) reaching all the staff, including male staff members. Systems fr gathering emplyees feedbacks are als strngly recmmended. ASTC cmmunicatin tlkit: EquityTlkit_Cmmunicatin.pdf In the Natural Histry Museum f Lndn, gender- enabling frums have been established t give grups f emplyees the pprtunity t discuss and have a vice n gender- related issues and n any matter they wuld like t see the Museum s management act upn. Gender Plicy - Strategy 3: Prmting wmen s leadership in science centres and museums Attaining gender balance in leadership psitins is a key bjective fr science centres and museums. This is decisive fr them in rder t fully explit the capacity f their female persnnel, t cntribute twards innvating science cmmunicatin, t adpt a gender perspective in their activities and t effectively and authritatively speak t girls and wmen. 3.1 Adpt a gender- equality prfed methd fr jb evaluatin The Lndn Natural Histry Museum and the Museum f Lndn Grup adpted a methd fr jb evaluatin (Jb Evaluatin and Grading System- JECS) which facilitates management in adpting a gender- equality riented apprach in identifying and selecting candidates fr a given jb psitin. The effect has been an increase in the number f wmen als in middle and high managerial psitins. Use f JECS at the Natural Histry Museum: rx/files/gender- equality pdf Use f JECS at the Museum f Lndn: Gender- equality- scheme- 2007%E2%80% Mdify rules and prcedures fr appinting bard members The Ontari Science Centre in Trnt (Canada) prmted a plicy aimed at increasing gender and ethnic diversity amng bard members. Thrugh a cnsultatin invlving external experts, bard members, senir manager teams and their netwrks, selectin criteria have been mdified s as t increase bard membership diversity. 23

24 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Brief descriptin f the experience: DiversityMatters.pdf 3.3 Supprt wmen staff members t attain leadership psitins The Natural Histry Museum f Lndn established a caching service designed t supprt talented staff members and t facilitate successin planning, in rder t keep a high quality management at the institutin. The prject is als designed t develp new managers n a gender- equality basis, allwing mre wmen t attain tp leadership psitins. Brief descriptin f the initiatives : rx/files/gender- equality pdf At the Frida & Fred Children s Museum f Graz (Austria), training initiatives in supprt f wmen s leadership n different issues (i.e. fund raising, partnership building, netwrking and cmmunicatin) have been rganised, in cperatin with the Hernstein Institute fr Management and Leadership f Vienna. Surce: interview frm the TWIST SURVEY; website f the Frida & Fred Children s Museum: Facilitate leaders t assess their actin in a gender perspective The Assciatin f Science- Technlgy Centers (USA) ffers a set f tls and prcedures facilitating leaders f science centres and museums t assess their actin in the dmain f diversity management, including gender. A leader self- assessment questinnaire is prpsed, the results f which can be used in several ways: as a perfrmance evaluatin instrument fr executives, as a starting pint fr executive team discussins, r departmental level fcus grups. Self- assessment questinnaire: lkit_assessment.pdf 24

25 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Additinal resurces American Assciatin f Museum; webpage prviding resurces n diversity fr museums: us.rg/museumresurces/div/diversity- Links.cfm Assciatin f Science- Technlgy Centers: Research Reprt n leadership in science and technlgy centers in the United States: Cuncil f Wmen Wrld Leaders, The business case fr Wmen: Quantifying The Ecnmic Value f Diversity. A Research Guide (2010): Eichinger C., Racial, ethnic and gender diversity f the U.S. museum wrkfrce: Harvard University, Clsing the gender Gap Cnference, 2010: var/ezp_site/strage/fckeditr/file/pdfs/centers- prgrams/centers/wappp/events/ Business%2520Case%2520Cnf% pdf Museums Assciatin, Diversify tlkit, a practical guidance fr emplyers in the museum sectr fr creating a divers wrkfrce: Natinal Army Museum Gender Equality Scheme: us/schemes- plicies- prcedures/gender- equality- scheme Schwarzer M., Wmen in the Temple, Gender and Leadership in Museums, AAM American Assciatin f Museums: us.rg/pubs/mn/gender.cfm Victria & Albert Museum: Gender Equality Scheme: media.vam.ac.uk/media/website/uplads/dcuments/legacy_dcuments/file_uplad/41799_file.pdf 25

26 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums EXHIBITIONS As the cre business f science centres and museums, exhibitin design and management prvide the greatest pprtunity t affect visitrs attitudes twards gender- inclusive science. It is smetimes cntrversial whether it is recmmendable t set up special exhibitins n wmen and wmen s issues. Sme cnsider it mre effective and less steretype- reinfrcing t always think in terms f the tw genders, wrking n cmmn exhibitins and activities, with an eye t engaging bth males and females. Valuable examples f bth appraches can be fund in the practice f science centres and museums which are the mst engaged n gender and diversity issues. A variable cmbinatin f the tw appraches may in fact serve specific purpses and adapt t the cntingent situatin f different rganisatins, at different levels f invlvement and prgress. Three main strategies can be highlighted: 1. Addressing wmen s invisibility in science, shwing bth wmen s scientific talent and cntributin, and the prblems and challenges they face. 2. Gendering exhibitins cntents and appraches, frm design, mnitring and evaluatin t staff training. 3. Prducing and using research t keep pace with prgress in the area. Exhibitins - Strategy 1: Addressing wmen s visibility in science Many aspects f wmen s experience in scientific and technlgical research are usually under- represented, thus fllwing and simultaneusly reinfrcing the steretype f wmen scientists as strangers in a man s land. Feeling like a stranger is in turn a strng disincentive fr girls t get engaged in science, prducing a srt f vicius circle. One way f addressing feelings f estrangement is t prtray what is ften neglected: wmen s crucial cntributin t scientific prgress; wmen s special talent and passin fr science; wmen s daily experiences, successes and challenges. Shedding light n the existence f prblems and steretypes still t be vercme is als imprtant, s as t cnvey public cmmitment abut them. 1.1 Celebrate utstanding histrical r cntemprary wmen scientists The Principe Felipe Science Museum in Valencia (Spain) has held since 2006 an exhibitin entitled The line f Isis, with the spnsrship f l Oreal Spain, t shw the rle played by wmen scientists during histry and in all fields, up t the present. The itinerary is based n 18 mdules centred n three themes: Wmen with science, Wmen withut science and Science withut wmen. Brief descriptin f the exhibitin: The Explratrium in San Francisc (USA) set up and first hsted ( ) the natinal travelling exhibitin The changing face f wmen s health, hnuring the lives and achievements f American wmen in medicine. The "Changing the Face 26

27 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums f Medicine" website cntains the virtual versin f the exhibitin als ffering educatinal and prfessinal resurces, as well as lessn plans fr classrm activities. The site als includes a sectin called "Share Yur Stry," which allws the public t add stries abut wmen physicians they knw. Natinal travelling exhibitin website: Virtual exhibitin: n/ The Muse Civic f Rveret (Italy) hsted ( ) the travelling exhibitin Nbel Prizes denied t wmen scientists, presenting 6 utstanding wmen scientists and a reflectin n the difficult recgnitin f wmen s scientific merit. The exhibitin was accmpanied by a series f thematic lectures. Brief descriptin f the exhibitin: EA=5&ID_EVENT=312&GTEMPLATE=default.jsp Nt a temprary r sectral exhibitin, the Internatinal Wmen s Air and Space Museum is an example f a museum which is entirely dedicated t the preservatin f the histry f wmen in aviatin and space and the dcumentatin f their cntinuing cntributins tday and in the future. Website f the Museum: blg/ 1.2 Prtray the everyday life f wmen scientists The Field Museum f Chicag (USA) created a virtual exhibitin presenting persnal interviews with 13 wmen wrking at the Museum abut why they chse science, their diverse careers, their thughts abut being scientists, and their persnal reflectins abut their lives as wmen. The aim is t help increase awareness f careers in science, t fster understanding f the real peple wh practice science, and t encurage yung peple t pursue individual areas f interest. Virtual exhibitin: m The Natural Histry Museum f Flrence (Italy) hsted the pht exhibit titled The Wmen wh run the biggest machine ever built by Man, devted t the scientific and life experience f 30 Italian wmen researchers currently invlved with the experiment f recreating the cnditins immediately after the Big Bang at the Large Hadrn Cllider at the CERN in Geneva Brief descriptin f the exhibitin: lhc/ The prtable exhibitin n wmen and physics created fr the Museum f Suth Africa by SAASTA (Suth African Agency fr Science and Technlgy) prfiles a number f wmen scientists t present different career ptins using real life examples. It demnstrates hw physics can be fun and is an essential part f everyday life, s as t inspire a new generatin f physicists. Brief descriptin f the exhibitin and sme prfiles f wmen physicists: Use interactivity and theatre t uncver and challenge steretypes Technplis in Mechelen (Belgium) created a travelling exhibitin (n display in different cuntries since 2002) called The gender experiment where, by means f mre than 40 interactive exhibits (28 f which are integrated in a registratin system which keeps track f visitrs scres), visitrs take part in an experiment where they can discver their wn and each ther s talents and skills, als finding ut what wmen can d better than men r what men can d better than wmen. The aim is t shw that science and technlgy are nt exclusively men s business. Brief descriptin f the exhibitin and cntact details: The TWIST Exhibitin, designed in the framewrk f the EC- funded TWIST prject, is t be permanently installed in 7 Eurpean science centres and museums. It is an 27

28 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums exhibitin n wmen and science which includes, amng ther things, an interactive multimedia database cntaining 42 bigraphies f utstanding wmen scientists frm different cuntries; the aim is t prmte interactive dialgue with the public with the specific aim f challenging gender steretypes in science and technlgy. twist- prject.eu/en The Science Live Theater f the Science Museum f Minnesta (USA) rganises the cmedy Lst in science, telling visitrs abut hw a character, Prfessr SmartPants McGee, learns that the cntributin f wmen in science far exceeds thse in his dusty ld textbks, full f steretypes. Brief descriptin f the main perfrmances f the Science Live Theater: Exhibitins - Strategy 2: Gendering exhibitins cntents and appraches The strategy here is mainstreaming gender int all the exhibitins and activities f the centre r museum. T d s, useful suggestins can be drawn frm research and successful experiences. What is even mre imprtant, thugh, is putting tls in place t cnstantly assess the gender impact f any initiative and imprve its inclusiveness and fairness, whilst enhancing its ptential in attracting bth genders and challenging steretypes. Cntinuus staff training is a prerequisite fr this aim, and can be achieved by regular mnitring, evaluatin and imprvement f the design f the initiatives. Mrever, training is inherent in the adptin f strngly participatry appraches. 2.1 Display different perspectives n science The primary gal f the PDK Pster Prject, hsted in 2001 as a temprary exhibitin at the Texas Memrial Museum f Science and Histry in Austin (USA) and nw available nline, is t encurage scientific literacy and prmte the public's awareness and appreciatin f science and technlgy by humanising the image f science and the scientists. Accrding t prmters, the prject (whse slgan is Using visual means t challenge steretypes ) represents an intersectin between science and art, gender scialisatin and educatin. It displays an image f science far frm the ivry twer, cut ff frm peple, which ften scares peple, and especially girls. One f the bjectives f the psters is in fact t prve that scientific prfs get made thrugh cnversatin and interactin with the cmmunity, and research is a prcess that invlves cllabratin. PDK Pster Prject website: T highlight the link between scientific and scial issues, which is credited with arusing greater interest amng girls/wmen, the Trash fashin exhibitin was created by the Science Museum f the Suth Kensingtn Museum f Lndn (UK). It fcused n the use f new technlgies t create style withut waste by recycling ld materials. Brief descriptins f the exhibitin: fashin- live- event- wrap- up/ and: Vide psted n the website f the Guardian: scanner- edible- clthes Vide psted n the website f the New Scientist: d= &bctid= The exhibitin Teen Facts, rganised at the Nem Science Centre in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) addressed teenagers and aimed at allwing visitrs thrugh a strng multi- sensry and interactive apprach t jurney thrugh puberty and sexual grwth, as well as 28

29 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums t understand and even experience sme aspects f typical teenage phenmena. The exhibitin demnstrates t yung visitrs hw scientific knwledge is nt smething remved frm reality but n the cntrary can be directly relevant t the everyday experience f yung bys and girls. Highlights frm the exhibitin can be viewed here: teens.htm; / Technrama, (Swiss Natinal Museum f Science & Technlgy) and Teknikens Hus hsted the travelling exhibitin The inventins f wmen with the aim f prmting entrepreneurship and stimulate wmen's and girls' interest in science and technlgy. The exhibitin s main message is that all peple are creative in the cntexts in which they perate. Using bjects, the exhibitin tells the stry f the prblem slved by the inventin, the circumstances f the inventr, and the end result. The exhibitin, recently re- pened with mre than 30 new exhibits and a general make- ver, presents 80 inventins in several areas within which wmen inventrs have cntributed in particular, what drives wmen t slve prblems, and wmen wh serve as examples in histry and their cntexts. Website f the exhibitin: Adpt participatry design Internal prcedures have been intrduced at the Teknikens Hus in Lulea (Sweden) thrugh a checklist t be used and discussed by science educatrs when they develp new prgrammes. Under the gender perspective checklist heading questins are asked such as: Is this fun fr bth bys and girls? Can bth bys and girls identify themselves in the setting and with the task? Can everyne have the pprtunity t speak up?, and als indicatins are given: Try t be cmpensatry (stimulate brave girls and tender bys ). Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): The Nem Science Centre in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) published a Gender checklist, i.e., a bklet fr science centres and museums cntaining guidelines n hw t make their exhibitins and events appealing and interesting t bth genders, especially targeting bys and girls. The checklist, which was designed in cperatin with the VHTO, a natinal expert rganisatin n girls/wmen and science/technlgy, is rganised int 7 sectins: a) chsing the issue and develping cntents; b) the exhibitin; c) interactive devices; d) recmmendatins fr parents and teachers; e) design and atmsphere; f) cmmunicatin; g) evaluatin. Website f the Nem Science Centre (in English): nem.nl/?id=5&s=85&d=551 The Science Museum f Lndn (UK) directly invlves the public in exhibitin design thrugh fcus grups and specialist audience panels, which are als ccasins t prvide infrmatin abut the museum s learning resurces and ther initiatives n gender diversity. Surce: interview frm the TWIST SURVEY; website f the Science Museum f Lndn: Cnstantly mnitr and assess gender impact Science Linx, the University f Greningen science centre (The Netherlands), carries ut user tests t assess exhibitin prttypes and their impact, as regards aspects such as language, clurs, layut, interactivity, etc. fcusing special attentin n attractiveness fr bth genders. Website f Science Linx: At the Città della Scienza f Naples (Italy) visitrs are asked t leave pinins and suggestins by writing them in a dedicated crner f the exhibitin hall. The analysis f 29

30 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums these materials represents an imprtant basis fr identifying the different interests and attitudes f bys and girls twards the exhibitin. Website f the Città della Scienza (in Italian and English): At the Swedish Museum f Natural Histry exhibitin design is made n the basis f the wrk f a reference grup cnsisting f experts and staff members that has in- depth knwledge f visitrs reactins, thughts and cmments n prir exhibitins. Website f the Swedish Museum f Natural Histry: At the Nem Science Centre in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) grups f girls and bys are sent as mystery guests t visit new exhibitins, t assess their impact and the differences in male and female interest and reactin. Teacher evaluatin is als cllected and used. Website f the Nem Science Centre (in English): Regularly invlve and train staff The Navet Science Centre in Brås (Sweden), prmtes discussin n gender issues amng its staff thrugh the establishment f wrking grups with a diverse membership, bth in terms f gender and gegraphical rigin. Website f the Navet Science Centre (in English): At the Teknikens Hus in Lulea (Sweden), meetings amng educatinal staff with a balanced gender attendance and a multidisciplinary apprach are regularly cnducted t develp the ability f develping exhibitins and educatinal prgrammes taking int accunt the gender perspective. Gender checklists and test grups are used. Special attentin is devted t accessibility fr bth bys and girls (fr instance designing different exhibits fr the use f small/big hands, cnsidering the difference amng wmen and men in terms f physical strength). Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): At the Museu Agbar de les Aigües f Barcelna (Spain), gender is included amng the standards t be cnsidered by staff when develping prducts and prgrammes. Internal fcus grups are rganised n a regular basis t meet this requirement and at the same time train staff n gender issues. Website f the Museu Agbar de les Aigües (in English): Exhibitins - Strategy 3: Prducing and using research n gender and science T cntinuusly imprve gender inclusiveness and impact a science centre/museum shuld establish and maintain effective links between current research n gender attitudes, learning styles and interests in relatin t scientific exhibitins. This wuld als result in psitive utcmes in staff training, updating and skills develpment. Museums can directly prmte research r establish partnerships with universities and research centres. Making the mst f already existing scientific literature, by regularly rganising internal presentatins and discussins, is a mre ecnmic but still effective mean t keep up with new ideas and appraches. 3.1 Prmte r participate in research The Teknikens Hus in Lulea and the University f Lulea (Sweden) cperate in carrying ut studies n the attitudes f bys and girls twards their visit t the centre and the specific prgrammes they participated in during their visit. Results will be used t see patterns f participatin frm a gender perspective. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): 30

31 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Supprted by a three- year grant frm the Natinal Science Fundatin, fur science museums in the Philadelphia area cnducted a study f family learning. The cllabrative, knwn as PISEC (the Philadelphia/ Camden Infrmal Science Educatin Cllabrative) cnsists f: the Franklin Institute Science Museum, the New Jersey State Aquarium at Camden, the Academy f Natural Sciences, and the Philadelphia Zlgical Sciety. Under this prgramme, bservatinal studies f family behaviur in infrmal science settings are cnducted, targeting families with children frm 5 t 10 years f age. Amng thers, the finding can be mentined which indicates that sns are mre frequent visitrs than daughters, s that gender bias perates in the frm f a selectin factr at wrk befre families even cme t the science museum. Synthetic reprt available at: a0a6t9- a_5730.pdf In 2007, the Children's Museum in Vienna, in partnership with the Institute fr Eurpean Ethnlgy f the University f Vienna, launched the research prject Science with all senses: Gender and science in the making t bserve children s (4 t 10 years) interactins with and within science and technlgy- related exhibitin displays in Viennese museums. The prject is interested in the prductin f implicit and explicit knwledge by multisensry, multimedia displays taking in accunt the mre general tpic f felt knwledge and its relatin t gender. It therefre investigates mdes f gendered sensuality and embdied knwledge. The sensescape f exhibitins is explred and the different uses that children make f bject- wrlds are analysed. The prject furthermre identifies design- elements and cmmunicatinal features with a gender impact and will tgether with exhibitin planners, curatrs, mediatrs and artists develp and evaluate gender- sensitive inclusive science cmmunicatin frmats fr yung peple. Webpage f the prject: php?pkey=827_de_o 3.2 Review and apply research results The Glasgw Science Centre (UK) applies the ROSE theretical matrix n differences in gender attitudes twards science and technlgy t exhibitin design. ROSE (Relevance Of Science Educatin), is a cntinuing internatinal cmparative prject (40 cuntries are currently invlved) meant t shed light n affective factrs f imprtance t the learning f science and technlgy. Key internatinal research institutins and individuals wrk jintly n the develpment f theretical perspectives, research instruments, data cllectin and analysis. The target ppulatin is students twards the end f secndary schl (age 15). Backgrund and ratinale f the ROSE prject: idactica.pdf Overview f key findings: r- Sjberg- Schreiner- verview pdf Blgs reviewing and discussing research utcmes can be particularly useful fr internal discussin and training sessins at science centres and museums. The blg Space wands and table saws: Tls and rules fr girls at Califrnia s science centers is an interesting example. Partly granted by the Cnsrtium fr Wmen and Research at the University f Califrnia, Davis, it reprts extensive literature review and the results f research carried ut at science museums and centres f varying sizes in Califrnia. The blg regularly publishes new psts n abut 25 different thematic categries related t the issue f girls/wmen and science centres and museums. Website f the blg: and- science- centers/ 31

32 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Additinal resurces ASTC Equity and Diversity Tlkit: Exhibit, prgram & audience resurces: Dancu T.N.: Designing exhibits fr gender equality: (2011) Bartkvski A.: Language, gender, directins and explainer training: (2010) Benne Kremer K., Mullins G.W., Children s gender behaviur at science museum exhibits (abstract): (2010) Allisn- Bunnell S., Brun M., Schaller D., Chambers M., One Size des nt fit all. Learning style, play, and nline interactives: (2007) Arambula Greenfield T., Sex differences in science museum exhibit attractin (abstract): (2006) Gttlieb H., Simnssn H., Gävert- Asplund L., Lindberg S., Audi guides in Disguise Intrducing Natural Science fr Girls: (2005) Abrahamy M., Blake Finkelsn E., Lydn C., Murray K., Caregivers scializatin f gender rles in a children s museum: (2003) The Smithsnian Institute: The making f exhibitins: Purpse, structure, rles and prcess (describing the stages f exhibitin- building, in the perspective f diversity): (2002) Audience research blg created by Linda Kelly: Virtual exhibitin n Female Nbel Prize Laureates (and ther resurces n wmen and science), by the Nbel Prize Internet Archive: Virtual exhibitin 4000 Years f Wmen in Science, by the University f Alabama: Website Wmen in Bilgy Internet Launch Pages by the wmenbi.net cntaining links t many virtual exhibitins (and ther resurces) n wmen and science: 32

33 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums PROGRAMMING It is nt just exhibitins, but the whle prgramming prcess that shuld be invlved in delivering a gender perspective in cmmunicating science and technlgy. This des nt nly mean including specific initiatives targeting girls and wmen nly (the effectiveness f which is still debated), but als assuming gender as ne f the basic criteria shaping the prgramming prcess, thus making all initiatives carried ut gender- sensitive. Hence the need t devise a plicy f prgramming, which culd include gender equality as a specific bjective t pursue, addressing bth girls and wmen (t attract them t science) and the public at large (t prmte a gender- sensitive culture f science). In this regard, the experience f science centres and museums can prvide helpful examples f hw such a gender perspective can be practically develped, t the benefit f bth male and female audiences. Even mre imprtant, these examples suggest that a gender- inclusive apprach requires the reinfrcement and wise management f the main structures t make a prgramme a gd prgramme, such as innvatin and creativeness, a slid strategic set- up, partnerships and in- depth knwledge f the target grups needs and expectatins. On the basis f this experience, fur main strategies have been identified: 1. Creating partnerships fr ensuring the impact f gender- inclusive prgrammes. 2. Getting talented wmen t emerge, thrugh supprt activities and wmen s recgnitin initiatives. 3. Organising special events t prmte a gender- aware scientific culture, mainly amng yuth. 4. Devising mechanisms t enhance gender- inclusive prgramming ver time. Prgramming - Strategy 1: Creating partnerships fr ensuring the impact f gender- inclusive prgrammes Develping a gender- inclusive prgramming prcess usually requires a wide range f resurces which science centres and museums ften d nt have. As a matter f fact, wmen are nt a minrity, but mre than half f the ppulatin; they are nt a hmgeneus grup, but as diversified as the entire ppulatin is. Mrever, gender- inclusive prgramming addresses bth wmen and men. All these elements invlve crdinating many skills, languages, and cmmunicatin channels and netwrks. Fr these reasns, gender- inclusive prgramming is much mre effective when a system f slid partnerships capable f mbilising a wide range f resurces and expertise is develped. This strategy is therefre specifically aimed at addressing this aspect, by prmpting science centres and museums t devise their wn partnership plicies fcusing specific attentin n gender equality. 1.1 Cperate with ecnmic and research actrs t make science and technlgy careers attractive fr girls and yung wmen The Suth- African Sci- Bn Discvery Centre prmted a partnership with lcal research institutins t design and carry ut the utreach prgramme Take a girl learner t wrk. The prgramme aims at rienting girls t scientific careers, especially thse cming frm schls places in destitute areas. Under the prgramme, visits t partners wrkplaces in scientific and technlgical sectrs are rganised s as t prmte direct cntact between girls and scientific prfessinals. Brief infrmatin n the prgramme: girl- learner- t- wrk.html 33

34 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums The Mlekylverkstan Museum in Stenungsund (Sweden) established a partnership with lcal petrchemical industries t deply a set f educatin prgrammes addressing yung wmen in secndary schls in rder t attract them t science and technlgy careers. Website f the Mlekylverkstan Museum: The Carnagie Science Centre f Pittsburgh established a cperatin agreement with lcal research institutins and individual researchers t develp the Tur yur future prgram, a career explratin initiative aimed at cnnecting girls aged with Pittsburgh- area institutins, in rder t give them an pprtunity t meet female prfessinals wh wrk in thse rganisatins and t be intrduced t different scientific careers. Prgramme website: Invlve lcal educatin players t reach female students The Miami Science Museum prmted a partnership with Miami Dade Cunty Public Schls and SECME (a pre- cllege alliance) t launch the Raising Interest in Science & Engineering (RISE) Prgramme. RISE was designed in respnse t the natinal need t increase the numbers f traditinally under- represented students, particularly girls. It includes a wide- ranging set f activities such as: Saturday wrkshps; a fur- week summer design curse; internships and cllege turs fr girls; prfessinal develpment fr science and math teachers; parent invlvement activities. Prgramme website: The science centre Cap Sciences, based in Burdeaux (France) prmted a brad partnership, including the Aquitaine Bard f Educatin and lcal secndary schls, t prmte a wide- range actin plan mainly addressing female students. The actin plan includes a prize fr girls scientific and technical vcatin, meetings and debates n Sciences fr girls and bys, a website n science and gender actins at lcal level, a creativity labratry and a wrkshp invlving lcal cmpanies. Fr each yearly editin f the prize, the prtraits f each winner and each mentr are set ut as digital files with a pht taken by a prfessinal phtgrapher, and a text written by a jurnalist, bth being laid ut by Cap Sciences graphic designers. Then, they are published n Cap Sciences internet site and displayed in the Industry and Research Gallery area within Cap Sciences (a wrkstatin is specifically devted t these prtraits). Website f Cap Sciences: sciences.net Prgramming - Strategy 2: Getting talented wmen t emerge An imprtant cultural rle which science centres and museums are increasingly playing is supprting talented girls and yung wmen s that they can emerge in scientific and technlgy sectrs. This is mainly dne bth by creating enabling pprtunities fr girls and yung wmen t be recgnised fr their talent and ptential and supprting them in fully expliting their wn skills and capacities. Therefre, visibility and supprt f talented girls and yung wmen are the tw main tracks thrugh which this strategy can be put int practice. 2.1 Use awards t make wmen s participatin in science visible The Natinal Science Centre f Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), in cperatin with ther scientific institutins, established the Bridging the science gender gap in develping cuntries Wmen Scientists Award with an aim t encurage excellence f wmen in science and technlgy. The award is given t wmen researchers frm 34

35 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums develping cuntries fr their research activities, in ne f fur categries, namely life sciences, agricultural science, medicine, engineering and technlgy. Brief descriptin f 2009 editin: The Explratrium f San Francisc (USA) rganises the Annual Awards Dinner fcused n Wmen in Science Wmen in Science: Inspiring Wmen in the Field, aimed at celebrating wmen leaders in science and technlgy sectrs and attracting girls t scientific careers. Web address: She blinded me with science, 32nd Annual Awards Dinner: blinded- me- science- explratrium- awards- dinner#nav 2.2 Prmte science- related cmpetitins, fcusing especially n yung wmen The science centre NEMO f Amsterdam prmted the vide cntest Tube Yur Future. Students f secndary schls are invited t interview a prfessinal in the field f science and technlgy, t film it and t develp a shrt mvie. The best films f each schl are nminated by the students and upladed n the NEMO s website and YuTube. The cntest ends with a natinal gala award event where the best films are awarded by a panel f experts. The purpse is t interest mre students, especially girls, in an educatinal prgramme r a career in science and technlgy, t meet the demand fr rle mdels, especially female rle mdels, and t prvide infrmatin abut science and technlgy prfessins tuned in n students f this age. Prgramme website (in English): A netwrk f Suth- African institutins, including fur science centres (Sci- Bn Discvery Centre, Unizul Science Centre, Nrth West University Science Centre and Mndi Science Centre) prmted the Astrquiz, a cmpetitin aimed at Grade 7 secndary schl students based n themes f astrnmy. The cntest includes different quiz runds and the final quiz event between finalists. The prject is intended t attract girls and bys t basic astrnmy and t celebrate the participatin f wmen in astrnmy s as t fster interest in girl learners fr career pprtunities in the discipline. Prgramme website (in English): cntent&view=article&id=35&itemid= Mtivate schl girls t study science and technlgy thrugh mentring and direct supprt The Miami Science Museum activated the Girls Engineering Cmpetitin Open (GECO), addressing the need t widen the engineering pipeline by raising awareness f and interest in science and engineering amng middle schl girls and mtivate them t pursue advanced curses in mathematics and science. The Museum rganises engineering training wrkshps fr 120 girls and their teachers, led by Museum staff and fur female mentrs frm the University f Miami. The prject culminates in a day f engineering challenges and a Family Day at the Museum. Brief descriptin f the prgramme: equity.php The Bstn Museum f Science, in the framewrk f a larger prject f the Cmputer Clubhuse Netwrk, participates in the Hear Our Vices mentring prgramme, addressing girls aged 8-18 years ld. The prgramme aims at fstering lng- term mentring relatinships between wmen and girls and at utilising technlgy as a psitive tl fr experimentatin, self- expressin, creativity and cllabratin. Examples f activities include: creating flash animatin, 3- D animatin, and rbtics prjects; writing, filming, and editing riginal mvies and vide prductins; cnstructing science and 35

36 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums engineering prjects participating in wrkshps and field trips that supprt girls' academic gals and career planning. Prgramme website: equity In the framewrk f the Prize fr girls scientific and technical vcatin annually rganised by Cap Sciences (France), winners are supprted fr a perid with a mentr (preferably a wmen) wrking in the field f activity the winner intends t enter. The mentrs cme frm all ver France and are chsen fr their prximity t the yung girls schl. The mentrship lasts at least ne year. Website f Cap Sciences: sciences.net Different science centres and museums - such as Blmfield Science Museum f Jerusalem (Israel), Natinal Cuncil f Science Museums (India), Teknikens Hus f Lulea (Sweden) r Navet Science Centre in Brås (Sweden) - are invlved with ther frms f direct supprt t yung wmen such as studentships, schlarships, internships r assistance t yung wmen in cmpiling prject wrks. Prgramming - Strategy 3: Organising special events t prmte a gender- aware scientific culture The prgramming prcess helps science centres and museums t vercme any static appraches and adpt a pr- active attitude t scientific cmmunicatin. They are n lnger simple places t visit but increasingly agents f scientific culture at the lcal r natinal level. This strategy aims at giving this increasing pr- active rle played by science centres and museums a gender- inclusive character, making them cultural agents f a gender- aware scientific culture. This means, fr example, prmting a recgnitin f wmen s cntributins t science and technlgy, shwing t the public the diversified impact and use f science and technlgy n the male and female ppulatin, attracting girls and yung wmen t science, reaching them in the places where they live, using venues f science centres and museums as meeting pints fr cultural initiatives r raising the public s awareness n critical pints such as the influence f gender steretypes n scientific research and the risks f a gender unbalanced scientific culture. 3.1 Develp specific tls and initiatives t fight gender steretypes The Blmfield Science Museum f Jerusalem rganised in 2011 an initiative n gender steretypes in science addressing bys and girls. Students were invited t respnd t three prvcative statements n wmen and science, vting them by expressing agreement, indifference f disagreement. The results f vting were publicly discussed with students in rder t raise their awareness abut their wn uncnscius gender biases. Website f the Blmfield Science Museum (in English): The Science Museum s Dana Centre in Lndn rganised in 2009 a meeting called War f the sexes, entirely fcused n steretypes n differences between men and wmen. The initiative was part f the larger Cnflict and Harmny prgramme prpsing a series f lectures and meetings n cntrversial issues in sciences. Presentatin f the prgramme: prgrammes/18 In the cntext f the 2011 Gender Day the Nem Science Centre in Amsterdam hsted a debating event fr high schl students (aged years) called Wmen in the tp. The aim f the event was t give students an idea f the differences between the careers f men and wmen and hw these differences are influenced by cultural, plitical, ecnmical, psychlgical and bilgical factrs. T this end, Nem, using the frmat Play Decide, develped a rle game n 36

37 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums gender steretypes abut science and technlgy addressing bys and girls. Website f the Nem Science Centre (in English): nem.nl/en/. Presentatin f the Play Decide frmat: The Trinity Cllege s Science Gallery in Dublin carried ut an initiative t raise visitrs awareness f their implicit and explicit attitude and gender steretypes. In the framewrk f this initiative, visitrs were invited t take part in the Implicit Assciatin Test (IAT), applied t find ut biases cncerning wmen in science. Presentatin f the event: The Science Museum f Minnesta prmted in 2010, in the framewrk f the natinwide prgramme She s Geeky, a s- called uncnference designed t give wmen in technlgy and ther geeky fields like engineering, math and science an pprtunity t get tgether and discuss the issues they face in their respective fields. The 2- day event was pen t wmen and girls wrking in science and technlgy sectrs and nn- prfessinals having a passin fr technlgy. Presentatin f the event: geeky- twin- cities- august- 6-7th/ In the framewrk f the Gender Day prmted under the TWIST Prject in 2011, Experimentarium f Cpenhagen rganised a set f events fcusing n breaking dwn barriers fr wmen within science, including prejudices and steretyped ideas f men and wmen in science. One f the many initiatives carried ut was putting prvcative questins and shwing prejudices using psters, banners and printed sweatshirts distributed t science cmmunicatrs and visitrs. Website f Experimentarium: Prvide pprtunities fr girls t meet with rle mdels The Trinity Cllege s Science Gallery in Dublin rganised a 3- day TWiSTing Science event, aimed at celebrating wmen in science and technlgy. The event included different cmpnents, including: XXLAB, t Celebrate the rle f wmen and science, engineering and technlgy thrugh a variety f participatry and interactive research experiments and research prjects; XX Factr, allwing a grup f wmen scientists t speak fr 5 minutes abut a key persn, place r bject that has inspired them in their scientific wrk and career; XX TALK, a cnversatin with the yung inventr Damini Kumar, a multi award winning internatinal expert in prduct design, creative thinking, and design thinking. Prgramme website: f The Museum f Science f Bstn annually prmtes a special prgramme called Inspiring minds: meet wmen in science, centred arund a series f meetings with wmen scientists specialised in fields ranging frm archaelgy and astrphysics t marine bilgy and weather frecasting, wh are asked t describe their research wrk and experiences Editin: Science Linx f Grningen (the Netherlands) rganised a science speed- dating event, where visitrs had the pprtunity t meet wmen scientists face- t- face and talk t them abut their career plans, private lives and challenges. In this way, wmen scientists can becme rle mdels able t interact with visitrs, especially girls. Science Linx website (in Dutch): 37

38 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Experimentarium f Cpenhagen, in the framewrk f the Eurpean prject PILOT, prmted an initiative, titled Xciters, under which a grup f students were taught t cmmunicate science t yunger nes and act as rle mdels fr them, s as t increase especially girls interest in science. Xciters is inspired by the learning by teaching strategy r peer- t- peer teaching ften used in Danish schls when the fcus is n emtinal tpics. Preliminary results indicate that the Xciter students became mre interested in science and develped cnfidence in their cmmunicatin skills, abilities and their knwledge f science subjects. Prgramme website: Attract girls t science and technlgy thrugh grup experiences Since 1972, the Clumbus Science Centre (USA), in partnership with the Girls Scut Seal f Ohi Cuncil, has been rganising an vernight prgramme, called COSI Camp- In, allwing grups f yung campers t explre the science centre, including exhibitins, shws, demnstratins and wrkshps. The campers spend 19 hurs in the institutin, while it is clsed t the general public. In April 2009, COSI reached the milestne f 1 millin campers. Prgramme website: in/ A summer prgramme fr female students, called Science Prgram Inspiriting Creative Exhibits (Girls SPICE), has been prmted by the Miami Science Museum. The prgramme addresses the need t develp girls' interest in science, self- esteem, use f technlgy, and cmmunicatin skills. Participants meet afterschl twice a mnth and attend a three- week summer academy, where they wrk cllabratively in small teams t create interactive museum exhibits. Brief presentatin f the prgramme: equity.php 3.4 Give a symblic significance and visibility t the issue f gender and science Under the TWIST prject, a Gender Day including a set f initiatives celebrating the cntributin f wmen t science was carried ut by 7 science centres and museums n the 2011 Internatinal Wmen s Day. Each museum develped a different prgramme including a wide range f initiatives such as a tur in the museum n the discveries made by wmen scientists, wrkshps n wmen and science, talks and debates n gender equality in science, the distributin f a test allwing visitrs t measure their wn gender biases, infrmatin pints and shwrms n gender and science, speed dating fr meeting wmen scientists, lectures n female inventrs, students debates, hands n science wrkshps addressing primary schl bys and girls and interactive debating games. Brief descriptin f the Gender Day: e_news/ecsite- e- news- march Different science centres and museums, tgether with scientific institutins, schls and private cmpanies, were invlved in the celebratin f Girl s Day, prmted natinwide by the Dutch public rganisatin VhT, with the aim f prmting a higher participatin f wmen in science and technlgy and raising awareness f the rle f wmen in scientific and technlgical advancement. Brief presentatin f the initiative (in Dutch): html Fr the Internatinal Year f Astrnmy (2009), the Tunis Science City (Tunisia) rganised a wide range f wrkshps and events, including a meeting entirely devted t the celebratin f the cntributin f wmen t astrnmy, in the framewrk f the Unesc prgramme She is an astrnmer. Prgrammes f initiatives prmted by the Tunis Science City fr the Internatinal Year f Astrnmy (in 38

39 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums English): df/iya2009_tunisia_6m_reprt.pdf 3.5 Prmte specific utreach initiatives addressing nn- regular visitrs In rder t reach nn- regular visitrs and peple far frm science centres and museums, the Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Science Museum launched the XperiLAB, a prgramme which centres arund a science truck set up fr making demnstratin experiments in different fields such as chemistry, bilgy, physics and technlgy (such as making tthpaste, examining fibres under the micrscpe r carrying ut a chrmatgraphy). The prgramme was designed t attract bth male and female students years f age. Prgramme website: index.html The Natinal Science Centre and the US Army prmted the MDC (Mbile Discvery Center), a mbile classrm placed n an 18- wheeler van, aimed t enhance girl visitr interactivity n science issues. A 45- minute prgramme f scientific demnstratins was rganised. Brief presentatin f the prgramme: fuseactin/hme.stry/stry_id/2335 Prgramming - Strategy 4: Devising mechanisms t enhance gender- inclusive prgramming ver time As science & sciety relatins change, the gender perspective and cultural debate n science and technlgy changes t. Cnsequently, gender- sensitive prgramming shuld cntinuusly change and update cntents, tls and strategies. This furth strategy specifically addresses this need. Its aim is t prvide sme examples f science centres and museums which intrduced mechanisms t update r renvate their appraches t imprve the targeting f female audiences, develping mre apprpriate tls t cmmunicate science in a gender perspective r making their initiatives mre attractive fr wmen r girls. 4.1 Launch cperative effrts t develp innvative tls and strategies A grup f science centres/museums and research institutes carried ut the Eurpean prject Gender Awareness Participatin Prcess (GAPP), with the aim f, n the ne hand, understanding the reasns fr the decrease f interest in yuth fr scientific careers and, n the ther, develping innvative practical tls t address the prblem in a gender perspective. Under the prject, sme pilt initiatives were launched, experimenting varius kinds f tls and appraches. Brief presentatin f the prject: cperatins/gapp The Thrackray Medical Museums f Leeds rganised in 2010 the wrkshp Cmmunity engagement in Science. Featuring Wmen Scientists, aimed at prmting the develpment f new utreach mdels, dealing with questins such as the rle f science museums in prmting wmen in science and the frms f cperatin between science centres and museums and cmmunity rganisatins t supprt gender equality. The wrkshp cnvened experts and rganisatins engaged in cmmunity utreach, infrmatin educatin, science cmmunicatin and gender equality. Brief presentatin f the seminar: bin/webadmin? A3=ind1002&L=IALONLINE&E=quted- printable&p=42825&b= _%3D_ NextPart_001_01CAAC07.D39C9214&T=text%2Fhtml;% 20 charset=utf- 8 39

40 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums 4.2 Evaluate prjects in a gender perspective A cmprehensive evaluatin, using written questinnaires, face- t- face interviews, fcus grups, direct bservatin, and telephne interviews, was cnducted ver a five- year perid by the Franklin Institute Science Museum in its Girls at the Center (GAC) prgramme, addressing girls aged The key features f GAC are cmmunity and museum- based wrkshps that fster active science investigatin, at- hme science activities, and special family events. Shrt reprt n the evaluatin results: curriculum/girls- at- the- center The Chabt Space & Science Center in Oakland (USA) set up a system fr mnitring and evaluating its Techbridge initiative, made up f afterschl and summer prgrammes which have been serving, since 2000, ver 2,500 primarily underserved girls in grades 5-12 thrugh hands- n prjects, career explratin pprtunities, and academic and career guidance t expand girls interests and ptins in technlgy. Techbridge als ffers prfessinal develpment fr teachers, rle mdels and partners. The mnitring and evaluatin system included pre- and pst- surveys, fcus grups, interviews with girls, teachers, and families, and prgramme bservatins. Prgramme website: 40

41 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Additinal resurces Platfrm Bèta Techniek: Betamentality : Attracting Yung Peple t Science and Technlgy, text presenting a mdel aimed at reaching teenagers t attract them t science and technlgy, integrating gender cnsideratins in a strng mainstreaming cntext: engels.pdf Bard f Science Educatin, Center fr Educatin, Learning Science in Infrmal Envirnments: Peple, Places, and Pursuits: id=12190 Friedman A., Framewrk fr Evaluating Impact f Infrmal Science Educatin Prjects: (2008) Girls RISE (Raising Interest in Science and Engineering) Museum Netwrk: website prviding resurces fr prgramming: Great Science fr Girls: Extensin Services fr Gender Equity in Science thrugh After Schl Prgrams (GSG): website prviding examples f utreach prgrammes evaluatin: Hegarty E. et al., Evaluating the Lndn Science Museum s Activity Bxes at UK STEM Clubs: prject/available/e- prject / Institute f Educatin Science, Encuraging Girls in Science and Maths: Puget Sund Center fr Teaching, Learning and Technlgy, Evaluating Prmising Practices in Infrmal Science, Technlgy, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Educatin fr Girls: practices_in_infrmal_stem_educatin_fr_girls.pdf 41

42 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums COMMUNICATION AND MARKETING Science centres and museums are primarily cmmunicatin agents and as such they are als pwerful agents f cultural change. Cmmunicatin is in fact necessarily implied in their whle set f activities, frm exhibitins t utreach, special prjects and partnerships f varius kinds, which all can be riented t reach gender equality gals, as exemplified thrughut these Guidelines. Besides, sme specific effrts can be islated which represent a direct attempt t incrprate gender cnsideratins in the frmal channels f cmmunicatin f the centre/museum r in their explicit marketing strategies, thus fcusing n websites and ther ICT tls, advertising materials, public events with high cmmunicatin impact. These effrts are the bject f the sectin. Three strategies can be suggested in this regard: 1. Expliting the ptential f ICTs in a gender perspective, using tls which are effective, in particular, t reach yung peple, withut getting trapped in their mre discriminating features as cncerns girls access and use; 2. Tailring marketing strategies t girls and wmen, by critically assessing and mdifying the images, texts and tpics cnveyed by the marketing materials f the museum/centre; 3. Hsting highly- visible events t keep gender issues in the fregrund, actively taking up the rle f change agents in the lcal, natinal r internatinal cmmunity. Cmmunicatin and Marketing - Strategy 1: Expliting the ptential f ICT in a gender perspective ICT tls are extremely suitable fr reaching yung audiences. It is t be stressed, hwever, that they als imply the cncrete risk f reinfrcing steretypes and invluntarily selecting a prevalently male target grup, as research cnsistently shws. Amng cmmunicatin tls, websites are the mst used ne t disseminate the activities f science centres and museums. Effrts t design websites in a gender perspective are smetimes undertaken, while many science centres and museums are creating special areas r web pages fr girls r wmen n their websites. In bth cases, what is crucial is that general r dedicated tls are designed with a strng awareness f the gendered dynamics f ICT use, and the differentiated purpses they can serve with respect t bys and girls. Fr instance, ICT tls can be usefully adpted t strengthen girls self- cnfidence and interest in science, als thrugh the creatin f nline cmmunities and scial netwrks. 1.1 Design layut, language and interactivity with a gender perspective The website f the Science Museum f Lndn has been designed keeping in mind the necessity t make bth genders feel at hme in science, by prtraying equal numbers f males and females in the pictures, but als by prviding different access paths t scientific tpics that can be f different interest t bys and girls. Advanced technlgical and hard subjects d nt nly g fr instance under headings such as 42

43 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums physics and maths r space, but are als included under: everyday things, art, and envirnment, while a cunter- steretypical matching is prpsed in the case f cmmunicatin and cmputing, its symbl being a Barbie dll at wrk at a cmputer statin. Recgnitin is als given t wmen s cntributin t varius fields (such as Ada Lvelace in cmputing). Subjects page ( nline stuff sectin) f the website f the Science Museum f Lndn: The web site f the Explratrium f San Francisc addresses its different publics thrugh a Wh are yu menu, where the sectin Teens may fr instance be chsen, thus accessing attractive cntents fr teenagers, with a particular attentin at representing girls and fighting gender steretypes. Teens webpage f the Explratrium website: Launch scial netwrks, nline cmmunities and initiatives The Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh (USA) set up BrainCake.rg, an nline sisterhd fr girls aged 11-17, which features prgrammes, schlarships, virtual mentring, girl blgs, hmewrk help, research, and resurces in a framewrk that integrates pp culture, science, and learning. Sectins fr mentrs, teachers, and stakehlders interested in gender equity are included. The site draws mre than 30,000 individual visitrs mnthly, receives mre than 12 millin hits a year, and serves a grwing member database f 12,500+ users frm 70 cuntries acrss the glbe. BrainCake website: The abve mentined BrainCake prject, prmted by the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, is running the pdcasting prgramme Girl Talk Radi, where wmen scientists and technicians frm different fields are interviewed by girls. A similar initiative was undertaken by Explratrium f San Francisc, which invlved yung girls as Teen Explainers in interviewing speakers n scientific issues in a gender perspective during the Wmen s Health Cnference held at the Museum in The interviews are nw available at the Explratrium website thrugh webcasts. Girl Talk Radi website: Explratrium web page where interviews can be accessed thrugh webcasts: Dragnfly TV, prmted by PBS (US Public Bradcasting Service), is an award- winning multimedia science educatin prgramme partnering with many science centres acrss the United States. It cmbines televisin, cmmunity utreach, the web, and hands- n activities at science centres. Prduced by Twin Cities public TV statin KTCA, DragnflyTV engages children, parents and teachers and is designed t appeal t persns frm diverse ethnic, sciecnmic, and educatinal backgrunds. DragnflyTV, in partnership with the Natinal Science Fundatin, als directs SciGirls, a prgramme that ffers fun science experiences fr girls acrss the cuntry. SciGirls get tgether in camps, clubs, and science centres t watch DragnflyTV vides that shwcase girls and wmen ding science. Then they take the wheel, ding their wn investigatins that relate t the science seen in the vides. A wealth f resurces is als ffered: a rich, interactive web site, a biannual children's science magazine, educatrs' guides, fun kits, and ther utreach materials. Dragnfly TV website: SciGirls website: The Davidsn Institute f Science Educatin, established n the campus f the Weizmann Institute f Science (WIS) in Rehvt (Israel), prmted the "Wmen Scientists Tday and 43

44 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Tmrrw". It is a web- mentring prgramme aimed at encuraging female high schl students t pursue prfessinal careers in science by using ne- n- ne cmmunicatin. After first cntacts by e- mail, the relatinships then develp accrding t the needs and preferences f each mentr/mentee pair. 20 girls and 20 female WIS researchers participated in the prgramme in Web page mentining the prgramme: Davidsn_Institute_f_Science_Educatin.html Cmmunicatin and Marketing - Strategy 2: Tailring marketing strategies t girls and wmen In a wider perspective, all materials prduced and disseminated by the science centre/museum are t be assessed frm the pint f view f their ability t aruse the interest f bth male and female visitrs and t fight the image f science as a male preserve. Actin in this field usually invlves, fr example, the careful chice f images t be used in advertising materials, t make them mre inclusive f diverse publics and attitudes, the prmtin f special days devted t selected target audiences, the rganisatin f dedicated discussin sessins f the marketing team f the museum and/r the creatin f new wrking units in charge f marketing fr selected target audiences. 2.1 Chse images t include diverse peple and attitudes At the Musen in The Hague (The Netherlands), images n psters nt nly rdinarily prtray girls and wmen, but als include specific scial elements (fr instance representing the envirnmental significance f technlgical advancements) s as t attract diverse interests and represent diverse attitudes and appraches twards science and technlgy. Website f the Musen in The Hague (in English): Offer special pprtunities t selected target audiences The At- Bristl science centre (UK) rganised in 2010 a special sleepver event fr Brwnie girl scuts, ffering a prgramme integrating typical scuting activities with a Planetarium shw, specifically tailred wrkshps where the girls wrk tgether t build mini- hver crafts and learn the art f papermaking, plus an explsive science shw. The event fllwed a lng recrd f cllabratin between The At- Bristl Learning Team and Girlguiding UK, which was functinal t the develpment f a relevant prgramme fr the girls. Webpage f the event: bristl.rg.uk/brwniesleepver.html?searched=girls&a dvsearch=newrd&highlight=ajaxsearch_highlight+ajax Search_highlight1 Many science centres and museums ffer free entrance fr selected target audiences n sme special days. On the 8 th f March, fr instance, entrance is ften free fr wmen. Experimentarium in Hellerup (Denmark), IDIS- Città della Scienza in Naples (Italy), the Blmfield Museum in Jerusalem (Israel), participating in the TWIST prject, ffered female visitrs free entrance n Gender Day, which was rganised in the framewrk f the prject. twist- prject.eu/it/ 2.3 Fcus marketing teams n different audience segments At the Teknikens Hus in Lulea (Sweden), meetings f the marketing team are rganised t discuss hw t have marketing materials cmmunicate attractive and 44

45 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums empwering messages t girls. At the meetings, the different meanings f images and texts are discussed: Wh is in the pictures? Wh is active/passive? What abut the text? Which wrds d we use? What kind f experiences d we aim at in ur marketing material? Can girls feel cnfident? etc. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): The Natural Histry Museum in Lndn established a New audiences team that undertakes activity in cperatin with lcal cmmunity grups, s t prmte differentiated marketing strategies, nt nly addressing wmen and girls, but als ther audience segments, in the frm f persnal selling. Website f the Natural Histry Museum: Cmmunicatin and Marketing - Strategy 3: Hsting highly- visible events t keep the gender issue in the fregrund Hsting prestigius public events which raise the gender and science issue helps science centres and museums gain recgnitin as relevant cmmunicatin actrs at lcal, natinal and internatinal levels, thus reinfrcing their netwrks, credibility and effrts twards inclusiveness. Amng such events, thse linked t natinal campaigns prmted by gvernment, educatin r equal pprtunities authrities can be mentined, as well as thse spnsred by internatinal rganisatins and netwrks, be they prfit r nn prfit. Even when the hsted event is nt directly linked t the issue f wmen r girls and science, the museum can still make use f it, by getting wmen speakers r giving them ther visible rles during the event, r explicitly including the gender fcus in its wn cntributin. 3.1 Hst public events fcusing n wmen/girls in science Many science museums hst the prestigius natinal award ceremnies f the l Oreal- UNESCO Prizes fr wmen in science. Fr example, the Canadian Museum f Civilizatin hsted the 2007 editin f the award ceremny by l Oreal Canada- UNESCO, with mre than 200 high- prfile guests participating; the American Museum f Natural Histry in New Yrk hsted the 2008 editin f the l Oreal USA- UNESCO Wmen in Science Awards Lunchen, which was the culminating event f a week f cnferences and prfessinal develpment wrkshps; the French science museum Palais de la Décuverte, in Paris, usually hsts the prize ceremny rganised by l Oreal France- UNESCO. Web page f the event at the Canadian Museum f Civilizatin: html Web page f the event at the American Museum f Natural Histry: web page f the Palais de la Décuverte: decuverte.fr/index.php The Minnesta Science Museum hsted the 6 th Annual Girls & Science event, targeting girls in the 4 th grade up and their parents, which was rganised by a large partnership including several crpratins, Fx 9 Televisin, the Sciety f Wmen Engineers f Minnesta and the University f Minnesta. Website f the initiative n Fx 9 TV: media.myfxtwincities.cm/special/girlsandscience/200 8/2008GSphts.htm The Ryal Belgian Institute f Natural Sciences hsted the Annual Cnference f the Eurpean Platfrm fr Wmen in Science, titled Wmen in Present and Future Eurpean Research held n June 10-11, 2010 in Brussels and attended by abut 60 45

46 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums representatives f Eurpean rganisatins f wmen scientists frm 13 cuntries frm all ver Eurpe. Web page f the event: iew&id=453&itemid=4545 actively seek t ensure that wmen are adequately represented in all public events in their prgramming, be they fcused n gender issues r nt. Website f the Science Gallery: The Museum f Science in Bstn (USA) has rganised fr ver 10 years the biennial Wmen in Science Lunchens, spnsred by a large netwrk f public, private and nn prfit entities in the area f scientific and technlgical research, and invlving distinguished female scientists and engineers. The high prfile and visibility f the event greatly cntributes t the sustainability f the museum s prgrammes n wmen and science. Web page f the event: vents&d=4407 The Muse Nazinale della Scienze e della Tecnica Lenard da Vinci in Milan (Italy) hsted in 2009 the Internatinal Cnference Wmen and Technlgy, spnsred by many institutinal and crprate entities, in the framewrk f the Eurpean Year f Creativity and Innvatin. Web page f the event (in English): / 3.2 Intrduce a gender perspective in nn gender- fcused events The Teknikens Hus in Lulea (Sweden) regularly sends gender experts t participate in cnferences n varius tpics prmted by universities and natinal/lcal schl authrities, bth at events held at the science centre and in ther venues, t cntribute t discussins by intrducing a gender perspective n the basis f its experience as a gender- sensitive institutin. Website f the Teknikens Hus (in English): Many science centres, such as fr instance the Science Gallery in Dublin (Ireland), 46

47 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Additinal resurces ASTC Equity and Diversity Tlkit: Cmmunicating abut diversity: Ch S., Gdman M., Oppenheimer B., Cdling J., Rbinsn T., Images f wmen in STEM fields: (2009) EC- funded prject MOTIVATION Prmting psitive images f SET in yung peple under gender perspective (2009): gineering_and_tehcnlgy_(set); ev.rg/fileadmin/bildmaterial/knsens/k1_2_3_2009/knsens_3_54.pdf Gunn R., Mss G., Bwen J.P., Bernal I., Lisney E., McDaid S., Encuraging gender balance: A survey f Eurpean science museum websites (2006) Steinke J., Science in cyberspace: science and engineering. Wrld Wide Web sites fr girls: (2004) Smithsnian Institute, Exhibitins and their audiences: actual and ptential: (2002) Sme girls & science websites: Girls Start, Girl Tech, Speak Out: Eyes t the Future, Wmen Oceangraphers, Natinal Institute fr Wmen in Trades, Technlgy and Science BrainCake, DragnflyTV, pbskids.rg/dragnflytv/ SciGirls: Jsie True, Girls G Tech, Sally Ride Science, The Fun Wrks, 47

48 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums EDUCATION AND TRAINING The educatinal ptential f exhibitins and ther prgrammes at science centres and museums is strngly dependent n the behaviur and attitude f mediating figures, such as parents, teachers, and educatrs in general, which may challenge r cnfirm gender steretypes, ignite r limit interests and aspiratins. Based n their experience, science centres and museums can supprt the psitive invlvement f these figures in their educatinal prpsals, either in the centre/museum r thrugh utreach activities and partnerships f varius type and scpe. Three strategies in this sectin therefre target different influencing figures. Mrever, educatinal appraches which are reprted as effective by authritative surces and research are the bject f a furth recmmendatin. 1. Supprting families in bsting girls passin fr science, fstering their self- cnfidence and encuraging educatinal and prfessinal chices in science; 2. Supprting schl teachers in dealing with gender issues, ffering them tls and resurces fr teaching science and awareness- raising ccasins; 3. Helping infrmal educatrs upgrade their skills t supprt girls engagement in science, t build a mre cmmitted and cmpetent prfessinal cmmunity; 4. Select educatinal appraches based n lessns learned n what wrks fr wmen and girls in infrmal science educatin. Educatin and training - Strategy 1: Supprting families in bsting girls passin fr science Family attitudes twards science bviusly play a rle in influencing educatinal and prfessinal chices, s that science centres and museum als need t target mthers and fathers t effectively reach the new generatins. Mrever, a grwing bdy f literature dwells n the subtle differences in parental expectatins (and cnsequent behaviur) f bys and girls as far as a career in science is cncerned, whereas the latter tend t receive less encuragement t get engaged in this area, fllwing widespread steretypical beliefs. Science centres and museums can play a crucial rle here, wrking n mthers and fathers attitudes twards science and at the same time raising their awareness f the pssible existence f uncnscius biases and steretypes influencing their behaviur. 1.1 Invlve parents and children in cmmn activities The Franklin Institute Science Museum f Philadelphia prmtes the Girl at the Center prject, in the framewrk f its Gender and Family Learning Prgram and with the c- spnsrship f the Natinal Science Fundatin. The prject is a natinal cllabratin, active in 48 US states, t encurage family invlvement in girls' science learning by prviding girls and adult partners with pprtunities t investigate the wrld arund them thrugh inquiry- based, hands- n science activities. The prject includes a hands- n intrductry package (Sneak Preview), three annual events designed t 48

49 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums cultivate cllabrative science learning and questining between the girl and her adult partner (Discvery Days), and an annual final event (Family ScienceFest). Website f the prject: The Miami Science Museum, with funds frm the Kennedy Family Fundatin, prmtes the Girls Engineering Cmpetitin Open (GECO) addressing the need t widen the engineering pipeline by raising awareness f and interest in science and engineering amng middle schl girls. Besides rganising engineering training wrkshps fr 120 girls and their teachers, led by museum staff and fur female mentrs frm the University f Miami, the prject includes a Family Day at the museum t supprt parent invlvement in their daughter's science and technlgy educatin aspiratins. Website f the Miami Science Center, with a descriptin f the prject: equity.php 1.2 Prvide training and resurces fr parents The Science fr mums prgramme is prmted in Canberra by the Natinal Science and Technlgy Centre Questacn, in cperatin with the Australian Natinal University. The prgramme aims t teach mthers the fundamentals f science s that they can help their kids with hmewrk and enthuse a new generatin abut science. Website f the prject: cpas.anu.edu.au/wrkshps/fr_mums.php A prgramme prmted by the Blmfield Science Museum, based in Jerusalem (Israel), in cperatin with the lcal municipality, addresses mthers as a majr factr influencing their daughters' chices fr nging studies. Under the prgramme, wrkshps fr bth wrking and nn- wrking wmen are rganised t encurage them t supprt their daughters chice f science and technlgy. Website f the Blmfield Science Museum (in English): TryScience is a gateway t the learning resurces ffered by science and technlgy centers wrldwide, crdinated by the Austin Children's Museum f Texas. The website features interactive multimedia activities, with a bank f archived activities always available. In additin t an nline educatinal adventure and a database f mre than 500 science and technlgy centers frm arund the wrld, TryScience ffers experiments and tips t parents and teachers n ways t engage yung peple in the wrld f science. Amng the fundatinal ideas f the prject there is the belief that parents and families can make a huge difference in helping their children with science educatin. Parents and teachers pages f the TryScience website: The Partnership fr Science Literacy is a natinal initiative f the American Assciatin fr the Advancement f Science (AAAS) t increase awareness amng parents and families particularly thse in Latin/Hispanic, African American, and ther minrity cmmunities f the value f science literacy fr all children. The Partnership is building a calitin f lcal and natinal rganisatins t empwer families t imprve their children's interest in and learning f science. Website f the prject: htm Educatin and training - Strategy 2: Supprting schl teachers in dealing with gender issues When scientists are asked why they chse their field f study, they frequently mentin ne special teacher wh was able t elicit their enthusiasm fr a particular subject. Cperatin between science centres/museums and schl 49

50 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums teachers is indeed crucial, nt nly t aruse students interest, but als t give it cntinuity and translate it int an educatinal and career path in science. Raising awareness f gender issues in science educatin is anther critical bjective. As a matter f fact it can play a crucial rle t cunteract the miscnceptin held by sme that science and math are mre apprpriate fr bys than girls by educating students abut what different STEM fields invlve and explaining that bth men and wmen can be scientists and engineers. Cperatin can cme in different ways: frm utreach activities taking educatrs frm science centres and museums t the classrms, t the setting up f resurces fr teachers t use in their daily activities with students. 2.1 Make partnerships with teachers t make science mre exciting fr girls and students in general The Australian Gvernment prmted the SIS- Scientist in schl prgramme, implemented by CSIRO Educatin, with the supprt f the Scitech Discvery Centre f Perth. The prgramme is based n the establishment f partnerships between schl teachers and vlunteer scientists cming t the schls and invlved as mentrs f the students, which has a particularly beneficial impact n girls. The initiative, launched in 2007, has becme s ppular that it has been financed fr three years mre. Arund 1,400 partnership initiatives f this kind have been established all ver Australia. Website f the prject: csirs- scientists- in- schls- mre- ppular- than- ever.html The Science, Technlgy, Engineering and Maths Ambassadr (STEM) Prgramme is prmted by the Birmingham Science Museum. Ambassadrs are vlunteers frm a wide variety f STEM backgrunds, disciplines and careers at all levels, and they represent ver 1,000 different emplyers, frm large multi- natinals t small and medium enterprises and ther rganisatins like the Natinal Health System and the Envirnment Agency. Many STEM ambassadrs are als undergraduates, studying at universities acrss the UK. These individuals act as rle mdels t students thrugh the wrk they d in schls, smething that is especially imprtant fr girls, typically lacking rle mdels. A similar prgramme runs at the Techniquest Science Discvery Centre in Cardiff. Website f the prject in Birmingham: Science%2C+Technlgy%2C+Engineering+and+Maths+( STEM)+Ambassadrs Website f the prgramme in Cardiff: sadrs.php The FIRST- Female Invlvement in Real Science and Technlgy Prject is a partnership verseen by the Chabt Observatry & Science Centre in Oakland, Califrnia, including the Oakland Museum, the Mills Cllege, the University f Califrnia at Berkeley, the East Bay Assciatin f Wmen in Science and arund 45 elementary and middle schls. It invlved arund 1,200 teachers and girls frm the 5 th t the 8 th grade. Funds were initially prvided by a grant frm the Natinal Science Fundatin. The intent is t encurage and mdel an early and successful interest in science and keep this interest alive within the transitin frm elementary t middle schl. Activities are bth science- fcused and aimed at raising awareness n gender issues, and include: classrm discussins n what life wuld be like if they happened t be brn the ppsite sex; classrm activities fr bth bys and girls; after- schl science clubs fr girls; leadership training fr girls; activities linking female scientists/mentrs with girls science clubs; hands- n activities fr students and teachers wrking tgether; trips t labratries, clleges, r nature sites; talks by 50

51 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums wmen scientists; prfessinal develpment fr teachers including in- depth examinatin f gender equity issues. Althugh the initial funding has expired, several schls have cntinued their participatin in FIRST. Website f the prject: ummary/?&id=5824a057-9d62-4ba6- B34F- CFB9CFB02C25 Chabt Observatry & Science Centre Resurce Guide FIRST Girls: a Guide t Starting Science Clubs fr girls, fr teachers, parents and anyne interested in encuraging girls in science: QVwreQ%3D&tabid= Set up resurces, guides and tlkits fr science teachers The Girl Slutin, develped by the Girls, Math & Science Partnership (als prmting the already mentined website fr girls in science BrainCake) is a gender equity tlkit with the gal t help teachers and mentrs (but als parents) build better relatinships between girls and science by prviding innvative resurces, ranging frm trading cards and psters t electrnic hmewrk assignments and research. The centrepiece f The Girl Slutin is a Multimedia Gender Equity CD, which cntains printable PDFs with backgrund and techniques fr engaging girls in math and science. Website f the prject: In the vide cntest Tube Yur Future, prmted by the science centre Nem (The Netherlands) within the framewrk f the Eurpean Prject GAPP (Gender Awareness Participatin Prcess), students f the 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th year f secndary educatin are asked t interview a prfessinal in the field f science and technlgy, t help them create their wn image f what it is like t wrk in this area. The prject is designed as a cperative effrt t be develped with the help f science teachers in schls, which are likely t help their students in the realisatin f the interview. A teachers manual has therefre been set up, which prvides teachers with an verview f the prject, backgrund infrmatin n gender and science and girls issues as far as engagement in science in cncerned, tips, and fully detailed lessn plans. Website f the Tube Yur Future prject (in English): Teacher s manual (in English) available at: centenhandl_2010jj_en_klein.pdf? Educatin and training - Strategy 3: Helping infrmal educatrs upgrade their skills t supprt girls engagement in science Cperative effrts with infrmal educatin prfessinals are useful t disseminate cmpetencies n gender and diversity management in science educatin which science centres and museums have gathered thrugh their daily experience. 3.1 Prvide gender training and resurces t infrmal educatrs Techbridge, a prgramme launched by Chabt Space & Science Center in Oakland, Califrnia, with supprt frm the Natinal Science Fundatin, runs a summer institute ffering training prgrammes fr educatrs interested in gaining hands- n curriculum training and strategies fr engaging girls in science. A 3- day wrkshp aims at giving participants strategies and curriculum fr inspiring girls in science and engineering. Tpics include: missin and underlying philsphy (why and hw t accmplish this missin); the prgramme mdel (what wrks well, what desn't and lessns learned); critical success factrs in prgrammes fr girls; girls recruitment and engagement strategies; innvative curriculum design fr girls; wrking with rle mdels and crprate 51

52 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums partners (hw t plan a successful and impactful visit); cncrete actin plan fr implementatin. Website f the Techbridge Summer Institute: px The Miami Science Museum, the Assciatin f Science- Technlgy Centers (ASTC) and SECME (an institute specialised n minrities and science) prmted the Girls RISE Museum Netwrk, a prject supprted by the US Natinal Science Fundatin aimed at building a natinal netwrk f museums cmmitted t strengthening the prfessinal capacity f infrmal science educatrs t engage and mtivate girls in science and engineering. The netwrk supprts science museums and centres in designing and implementing innvative appraches t infrmal educatin thrugh the prmtin f exchange, supprt t new initiatives and the prvisin f infrmatin and knwledge resurces. GirlsRISE Museum Netwrk website: The website f the EC- funded prject Permanent EurpeaN resurce Centre fr Infrmal Learning (PENCIL), is a Eurpean repsitry fr science educatrs with a special fcus n infrmal learning envirnments and methdlgies. Within the PENCIL prject pilt actins were carried ut by 14 infrmal institutins (mainly science centres) in eleven Eurpean cuntries and Israel. One f the prjects, carried ut by Fndazine IDIS- Città della Scienza f Naples, had a strng gender apprach and was called: S Science! The scial dimensin f science, diversity and gender issues. Website f the pilt prject n the scial dimensin f science, diversity and gender issues: Prmte cnferences and ther ccasins t share experiences and slutins The Pie netwrk (Prmting Science Inquiry and Engineering thrugh Playful Inventin and Explratin with new digital technlgies) is aimed at bringing educatrs frm different backgrunds tgether t devise effective tls t bridge gender and sci- ecnmic gaps in science engagement. The netwrk includes MIT, the Explratrium f San Francisc, the Science Museum f Minnesta, The American Visinary Art Museum, the Frth Wrth Museum f Science and Histry, the Smithsnian s Lemelsn Center at the Natinal Museum f American Histry, The Center fr Children and Technlgy in New Yrk. The PIE Netwrk is based n clse cllabratin amng MIT Media Lab and the PIE museums. A cre grup f Media Lab researchers (fcusing n design f new technlgies fr learning and educatin) wrks tgether with PIE museum educatrs and prgramme develpers sharing ideas, technlgies, and supprt materials with ne anther. Media Lab researchers als wrk clsely with museum staff t integrate new technlgies and educatinal ideas. Staff develpment and cllegial supprt are an integral part f the PIE netwrk cncept. Educatrs and prgramme develpers frm the museums meet and cmmunicate regularly t share prject ideas, ffer feedback, make presentatins at ne anther s events, cllabrate n develpment f materials, and learn frm ne anther s experiences. Presentatin f the PIE Netwrk: handut.pdf Beynd Painting Science Pink: Creating Prgrams that Engage Girls in STEM, was a sessin rganised at the 2009 ASTC Annual Cnference with the aim f prmting discussin and exchange amng researchers and infrmal educatrs n hw t integrate research- based best practices with high- interest cntent t develp prgrammes that 52

53 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums serve girls in meaningful ways. Website f the initiative: cnnect- frum- beynd- painting- science- pink/ The final cnference f the EC- funded GAPP prject (Gender Awareness Participatin Prcess: Differences in the chices f science careers) was an ccasin t discuss, amng prfessinal educatrs frm different cultural areas and cuntries, issues such as the reasn fr the lss f interest f yung peple, particularly girls, in scientific studies and careers; the need t implement scial dialgue between the research cmmunity, teachers, students, parents and ther scial actrs and identify main issues and expectatins frm these grups; which practical activities culd help vercme gender differences. GAPP final cnference prceedings: /Berufsbilder_und_- zugaenge/gapp_cnference_prceedings.pdf The Natinal Cnference Science & Technlgy in Out- f- Schl Time (September 2010), spnsred by Time Warner Cable as part f its Cnnect a Millin Minds Initiative and rganized by the Calitin fr Science After Schl and Prject Explratin. The cnference brught tgether nearly 300 natinal and lcal stakehlders invlved with science educatin ut- f- schl: yuth and ut f schl prgram service prviders; leaders f nn prfit, science institutins and cmmunity- based rganizatins; representatives frm K- 12, cmmunity clleges and higher educatin; and researchers and plicy- makers tracking reginal and natinal trends in innvatin, science and wrkfrce develpment. Amng the sessins: Lessns frm the Natinal Cllabrative Girls Prject Prgramme f the cnference: Educatin and training - Strategy 4: Select educatinal appraches based n lessns learned Even thugh there is n unanimus cnsensus n the mst effective educatinal appraches t supprt girls and yung wmen s learning styles and attitudes in science, effrts have been undertaken t take decades f experience and try and identify the mst up- t- date strategies amng researchers and prfessinals in the infrmal educatin area. The ne recmmendatin fr this strategy therefre calls n science centres and museums t actively search, discuss and elabrate n the suggestins that cme frm lessns learned arund the wrld. In particular, quite cnvergent indicatins can be fund in different surces as regards suitable curriculum cntent and type f learning experience fr female visitrs/partici- pants/students. 4.1 Make the mst f existing studies and evaluatins f effective educatinal appraches In 2008, the Evaluatin and Research Assciates (ERA) f the Puget Sund Center fr Teaching, Learning and Technlgy cnducted, n behalf f Girl Scuts USA, a review f infrmal STEM educatin prgrammes in rder t identify prmising and effective educatinal appraches fr girls. Study cmpnents included creating a directry f infrmal STEM educatin prgrammes fr girls, cnducting a literature review t establish a baseline f effective appraches, develping and administrating a survey t prgramme representatives, and develping a final reprt f findings identifying effective practice. Survey questins cllected bth quantitative and qualitative data frm respndents. 53

54 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums As regards types f learning experience, the fllwing have been cnsidered, deriving frm the literature review, and are reprted belw starting frm thse rated in the study as the mst effective: Hands- n experiences. Opprtunities t wrk tgether with ther peple. Small grup sizes. Frequent affirmatin and verbal supprt frm instructrs. Utilising a variety f teaching styles. Cmfrtable physical learning envirnment. Lw student t staff rati, e.g., 10 (r less) t 1. Girls- nly envirnments. Psitive interactin between girls is explicitly addressed. High- end, up- t- date equipment and resurces. Als as regards curriculum cntent, practices are reprted frm the mst t the least effective: Prject- based learning pprtunities (e.g. prjects with real- wrld activities). Making curriculum relevant, tying it t real- life issues. Opprtunities t use technlgy t be creative and explre. Brad array f enrichment activities. Using curriculum materials that appeal t girls. A challenging cntent level. Opprtunities t use technlgy t cmmunicate/scial netwrk. Curriculum relevant t participants culture. The full reprt: Evaluating Prmising Practices in Infrmal Science, Technlgy, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Educatin fr Girls, is available at: evaluating_prmising_practices_in_infrmal_stem _educatin_fr_girls.pdf The IES (Institute f Educatin Sciences) at the Natinal Center fr Educatin Research f the US Department f Educatin set up in 2007 a Practice guide t encurage girls in science and mathematics. Accrding t the authrs, practice guides sit smewhere between cnsensus reprts and meta- analyses while their specificity lies in prviding advice at the level f specific actin steps. Even thugh mstly fcused n frmal educatin, the five general recmmendatins that are prpsed and detailed and whse effectiveness has been rated by a panel f experts with natinal reputatin and up- t- date expertise n the tpic can be useful and inspiratinal als in infrmal educatin settings, prvided they are prperly interpreted and adapted. The five recmmendatins (starting again frm thse with a higher level f evidence, accrding t the experts rating), are the fllwing: 1. Teach students that scientific abilities are expandable and imprvable. 2. Prvide prescriptive, infrmatinal feedback. 3. Create an envirnment that sparks initial curisity and fsters lng- term interest in math and science. 4. Expse girls t female rle mdels wh have succeeded in math and science. 5. Prvide spatial skills training. The full reprt: Encuraging Girls in Math and Science, is available at: pdf The already mentined SciGirls Prject, prmted by PBS (US Public Bradcasting Service), in recgnising that a quarter f century f studies have cnverged n a set f cmmn strategies that wrk, sets ut its SciGirls Seven: Prven Strategies fr 54

55 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Engaging Girls in STEM. The strategies, each accmpanied with relevant literature references) are: Girls benefit frm cllabratin, especially when they can participate and cmmunicate fairly. Girls are mtivated by prjects they find persnally relevant and meaningful. Girls enjy hands- n, pen- ended prjects and investigatins. Girls are mtivated when they can apprach prjects in their wn way, applying their creativity, unique talents, and preferred learning styles. Girls cnfidence and perfrmance imprves in respnse t specific psitive feedback n things they can cntrl such as effrt, strategies and behaviurs. Girls gain cnfidence and trust in their wn reasning when encuraged t think critically. Girls benefit frm relatinships with rle mdels and mentrs. The SciGirl Seven dcument is available at: rint/scigirls_seven.pdf 55

56 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Additinal resurces AAUW (American Assciatin f University Wmen, Why S Few, (2010) AAUW (American Assciatin f University Wmen), Where the Girls Are: The Facts Abut Gender Equity in Educatin: (2008) Beta Partner Prject, invlving schls, universities and the Nem Science Centre, aimed at raising interest amng pupils in secndary educatin fr science and technlgy thrugh curriculum refrm (a special prgramme has been designed t stimulate interest in science and technlgy amng girls): Canadian Cuncil n Learning, Lessn in learning. Gender differences in career chices: Why girls dn t like science, cntaining suggestin fr parents and nline resurces: cca.ca/pdfs/lessnsinlearning/nv Gender- Difs.pdf (2007) Crwley K., Parent Explanatins During Museum Visits: Gender differences in Hw Children Hear Infrmal science: a0a6u0- a_5730.pdf (2000) GirlsRiseNet, Planning Rle Mdel Visits and Field Trips t Inspire Girls in Technlgy, Science and Engineering: (2008) Gras- Velazquez A., Jyce A., Debry M., CISCO White Paper, Wmen and ICT. Why are girls still nt attracted t ICT studies and careers?, cntaining the results f a study targeting parents and teachers influence n girls attitudes twards ICTs: (2009) Milgram D., Natinal Institute fr Wmen in Trades, Technlgy & Science, Gender differences in Learning Style Specific t Science, Technlgy Engineering and Math, (STEM): Differences- In- Learning- Style- Specific- T- Science,- Technlgy,- Engineering- And- Math- - - Stem&id= (2007) Natinal Girls Cllabrative Prject (NGCP), reaching girls- serving STEM rganisatins in the US: 56

57 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Ride S., Guide fr Encuraging Yur Daughter s Interests in Science, Math, and Technlgy (fr children grades 4-7), (2006) Science: It s a Girl Thing!, n the website f the AED Center fr Schl and Cmmunity Services in New Yrk, cntaining shrt entertaining and educatinal vides and free dwnladable PDF activity cards fr parents t use in wrking with their daughters, Science Daily website, with a lt f resurces abut parents and teachers influence n girls and bys interest in science and technlgy, Xplra website, The Eurpean Gateway t Science Educatin fr teachers, science cmmunicatrs and pupils, Resurces sectin n the website Great Science fr Girls, research Blg Wmen in Science. Past, present and future 57

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61 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Fitzgerald L. Webb P. (1994). Vivent les differences: identifying audiences fr a museum exhibitin. Public Understanding f Science 3(3) Fx Keller E., The Origin, Histry, and Plitics, f the Subject Called Gender and Science : A First Persn Accunt, in Jasanff S., Markle G.E., Petersen J.C., Pinch T. (eds.), Handbk f Science and Technlgy Studies, Sage Publicatins, Thusand Oaks, 1995b Fx M.F., Stephan P.E. (2001). Careers f yung scientists. Preferences, prspects and reality by gender and field. Scial Studies f Science, 31(1) Francsali C. (2000). What we knw abut girls, STEM, and afterschl prgrams. A summary Friedman A. (2008). Framewrk fr evaluating impact f infrmal science educatin prjects Frntier Ecnmics (2009). Assessing the impact f science centres in England. Frntier Ecnmics Ltd, Lndn Frueh S. (2009). New reprt n science learning at museums, zs, ther infrmal settings. EurekaAlert nr php G GAPP Gender Awareness Participatin Prcess (2008). Bringing yung peple clser t science and technlgy prfessins. Geller P.L. (2009). Identity and difference: cmplicating gender in archaelgy. Annual Review f Anthrplgy, 38 GirlsRiseNet (2008). Planning rle mdel visits and field trips t inspire girls in technlgy, science and engineering Gttlieb H., Simnssn H., Gävert- Asplund L., Lindberg S. (2005). Audi guides in disguise Intrducing natural science fr girls Guthier D. (2009). Immagini della matematica. Matematica per immagini. D Amre B., Fandiñ Pinilla M.I. Sbaragli S. (a cura di). Atti del Cnvegn Pratiche matematiche e didattiche, Università degli Studi di Blgna Guthier D. (2007). Cntesti del sapere scientific della scula. Scienza under 18. Il sapere scientific della scula. FrancAngeli, Milan Guthier D. (2007). Life stries, science jbs and gender. GAPP summary reprt f the in- depth interviews with pinin leaders. GAPP Gender Awareness Participatin Prcess Guthier D. (2007). Why d wmen hld nly 7 percent f the lead psitins in science? GAPP Gender Awareness Participatin Prcess Guthier D. (2005). Cmprendere i pubblici della scienza. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 4(1) Guthier, D., Manzli, F., Ramani D. (2008). Research, scientific careers and gender differences: 58 Eurpean life stries. Paper presented at the II Cnvegn nazinale STS Italia: Catturare Prte. Tecnscienza e scietà della cnscenza in Eurpa, Università di Genva, Giugn Gras- Velazquez A., Jyce A., Debry M. (2009). White paper. wmen and ICT. Why are girls still nt attracted t ICT studies and careers? CISCO Grec P. (2007). I musei della scienza e la scietà della cnscenza. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 6(2) Grec P. (2006). Jhn Ziman. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 5(3) Grec P. (2004). Per un mdell mediterrane di cmunicazine della scienza. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 3(3) Guberman S.R.,Em K. (1999). Infrmal science learning: parent- child cnversatins in a natural histry museum 61

62 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Gunn R., Mss G., Bwen J.P., Bernal I., Lisney E., Mcdaid S. (2006). Encuraging gender balance: A survey f Eurpean art museum websites. Eva - Cnference, Lndn July Gupta A. (2009). Math and gender: Is there a link? The perfrmance gap is negligible, s we shuld encurage bys and girls t resist steretypes. The Vancuver Sun, March 31 Gupta A.K., Mashelkar R.A. (2005). Wmen and frmal and infrmal science. IIMA Wrking Paper N Gutbezahl J. (1995). Hw negative expectancies and attitudes undermine females' math cnfidence and perfrmance: A review f the literature. Prjects/MCTP/Essays/WmenAndMath.txt H I J Hayes B.C., Tariq V.N. (2000). Gender differences in scientific knwledge and attitudes tward science: a cmparative study f fur Angl- American natins. Public Understanding f Science, 9(4) Hegarty E. et al. (2009). Evaluating the Lndn Science Museum s activity bxes at UK STEM clubs prject/available/e- prject / Henriksen E. K., & Frøyland, M. (2000). The cntributin f museums t scientific literacy: Views frm audience and museum prfessinals. Public Understanding f Science 9(4) Internatinal Cuncil f Museums (ICOM). (1997). Museums and cultural diversity: plicy statement. Reprt f the Wrking Grup n Crss Cultural Issues f the ICOM. Presented at the 89 th sessin f the Executive Cuncil f ICOM n December 1997 Jvanvic J., Dreves C. (1995). Math, science, and girls: Can we clse the gender gap?. Tdd, C.M. (ed.). Schl- age cnnectins, 5(2). University f Illinis Cperative Extensin Service. Urbana, IL Jipsn J. L., Tenenbaum, H. R., Sennichsen, M. S., & Crwley, K. (2001). Gender differences in parent- child cnversatins abut bilgy and electricity in a children's museum. Pster presented at the Cgnitive Develpment Sciety: Virginia Beach, VA Jlly E.J., Campbell P.B., Perlman L.K. (2004). Engagement, capacity and cntinuity: a trilgy fr student success. GE Fundatin K L Keller J., Dauenheimer D. (2003). Steretype threat in the classrm. dejectin mediates the disrupting threat effect n wmen's math perfrmance. Persnality and Scial Psychlgy Bulletin, 29 Lagesen V.A. (2007). The strength f numbers. strategies t include wmen int cmputer science. Scial Studies f Science, 37(1) Lng M., Steinke J. (1996). The thrill f everyday science: images f science and scientists n children's educatinal science prgrammes in the United States. Public Understanding f Science, 5(2) M Machin R. (2008). Gender representatin in the natural histry galleries at the Manchester Museum. Museum and Sciety 6(1) Mangia C. (2006). Cstruire nuvi immaginari scientifici. Mangia C., Clella P., Lantte, A. Giia G., Grss D. (eds.) Mangia C., Clella P., Lantte, A. Giia G., Grss D. (eds.) (2006). Dnne, scienza e ptere. Oserem disturbare l'univers? Università degli Studi di Lecce, Lecce MASIS Expert Grup (2009). Challenging futures f science in sciety. Emerging trends and cutting- edge issues. Eurpean Cmmissin, Luxemburg 62

63 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Merzagra M, Rdari P. (2007). La scienza in mstra. Musei, Science centre e cmunicazine. Brun Mndadri, Milan Milgram D. (2008). 5 Easy steps t retaining wmen t trades, science and technlgy classrms Easy- Steps- t- Retaining- Wmen- t- Trades,- Science- and- Technlgy- Classrms&id= Milgram D. (2007). Gender differences in learning style specific t gender, technlgy, engineering and math STEM Differences- In- Learning- Style- Specific- T- Science,- Technlgy,- Engineering- And- Math- - - Stem&id= Miller L., Chaika M. Grppe L. (1996). Girls' preferences in sftware design: Insights frm a fcus grup. Interpersnal Cmputing and Technlgy, 4(2) Mlendini S. (2006). La carriera delle dnne nella scienza: affrntiam il prblema. Mangia C., Clella P., Lantte, A. Giia G., Grss D. (eds.) Mlfin F. (2006). Dnne, plitica e steretipi. Perché l vvi nn cambia. Baldini Castldi Dalai, Milan Mlfin F., Zucc F. (eds.) (2008). Wmen in bitechnlgy. Creating interfaces. Springer, New Yrk- Lndn Mulkay M. (1997). Misunderstanding science? The public recnstructin f science and technlgy. Science, Technlgy, & Human Values, 22(2) Murphy P., Whitelegg E., Girls in the Physics Classrm: A Review f the Research n the Participatin f Girls in Physics, 2006 N Natinal Academy f Science, Natinal Academy f Engineering, Institute f Medicine f the Natinal Academies (2007). Beynd bias and barriers. Fulfilling the ptential f wmen in academic science and engineering. The Natinal Academies Press, Washingtn NSF s Prgram fr Gender Equity in Science (2001). Technlgy, engineering and mathematics: A brief retrspective NSF- Natinal Science Fundatin(2000). Summary n the impact study f the Natinal Science Fundatin s Prgram fr Wmen and Girls Nrtn M., Nhara K. (2009). Science cafés. Crss- cultural adaptatin and educatinal applicatins. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 8(4) Nsek B.A. et al., Natinal Differences in Gender- science Steretypes predict Natinal Sex Differences in Science and Math Achievement, in: PNAS, June 30, 2009 Nwtny H. (2006). Real science is excellent science hw t interpret pst- academic science, Mde 2 and ERC. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 5(4) O O' Brien L.T., Crandall C.S. (2003). Steretype threat and arusal: Effects n wmen's math perfrmance. Persnality and Scial Psychlgy Bulletin, 29(6) OCDE Prgram fr Internatinal Studies Assessment - PISA (2011). Great expectatins: Girls in schl tday expectatins- girls- in- schl- tday/ Ota C. (2008). Gender and science museum exhibit chice: An experimental study. P Q Palumb J. (2009). Resurces and activities f Eurpe s science centres and museums. Ecsite The Eurpean netwrk f science centres and museums Phipps A. (2008). Wmen in science, engineering and technlgy. Three decades f UK initiatives. Trentham Bks, Stke n Trent 63

64 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Pitrelli N., Ramani D., Sturlni G. (a cura di) (2008). Atti del VI Cnvegn nazinale sulla cmunicazine della scienza. plimetrica Publisher, Milan Pitrelli N., Sturlni G. (a cura di) (2007). Atti del V Cnvegn nazinale sulla cmunicazine della scienza. plimetrica Publisher, Milan Platfrm Bèta Techniek: Betamentality Attracting yung peple t science and technlgy. engels.pdf Prnin E., Steele C.M., Rss L., (2004). Identity bifurcatin in respnse t steretype threat. wmen and mathematics. Jurnal f Experimental Scial Psychlgy, 40 Quaranta, G. (2007) Knwledge, respnsibility and culture: fd fr thught n science cmmunicatin. JCOM, 6 (4) R Ramey- Gassert L. (1996). Same place, different experiences: explring the influence f gender n students' science museum experiences. Internatinal Jurnal f Science Educatin, 18(8) Reitherman R., Anagns T., Meluch W. (2008) Building bridges between civil engineers and science museums. Cnsrtium f Universities fr esearch in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE) Ricci C. (ed.) (1999). BIT Burattin virtuale. Appunti su un esperienza di interazine nella Città della Scienza. CUEN, Napli Ride S. (2006). Guide fr encuraging yur daughter s interests in science, math, and technlgy (fr children grades 4-7) Rdari P. (2009). L apprendiment della scienza nei cntesti infrmali: individui, lughi e ricerche. Un dcument di sintesi del Natinal Science Cuncil statunitense. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 8(3) Rdari P. (2007). Science and scientists in the drawings f Eurpean children. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 6(3) Rdari P. (2005). Apprendere al muse. La cstruzine del sapere cme attività sciale. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 4(3) Rdari P. Merzagra M. (2007). The rle f science centres and museums in the dialgue between science and sciety. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 6(2) Rse S.P.R. (2003). Hw t (r nt t) cmmunicate science. Bichemical Sciety Transcritins, 31(2) Ruiz Ruiz- Funes C. (2008). Mediatin within science centres and museums. The guides f Universum, Méxic. Jurnal f Science Cmmunicatin, 7(4) S Sanders J. (2005). Bibligraphy n gender and technlgy in educatin, 700 entries, with keywrds and anntatins Sanders J. (1994). Lifting the barriers: 600 strategies that really wrk t increase girls' participatin in science, mathematics, and cmputers. Sandifer C. (1997). Time- based behavirs at an interactive science museum: Explring the differences between weekday/weekend and family/nnfamily visitrs. Science Educatin, 81(6) Schwarzer M. (2007). Wmen in the Temple, Gender and Leadership in Museums, AAM American Assciatin f Museums: us.rg/pubs/mn/gender.cfm Shachar O. (2000). Sptlighting wmen scientists in the press: tkenism in science jurnalism. Public Understanding f Science, 9(4) Simpkins S.D., Davis- Kean P.E., Eccles J.S., Parents scializing behaviur and children s participatin in math, science, and cmputer ut- f- schl activities, in Applied Develpmental Science, 9,

65 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Slmn J., Harrisn K. (1991). Talking abut science based issues: d bys and girls differ? British Educatinal Research Jurnal, 17(3) Stake J.E. (2003). Understanding male bias against girls and wmen in science. Jurnal f Applied Scial Psychlgy, 33(4) Steinke J. (2005). Cultural representatins f gender and science. Prtrayals f female scientists and engineers in ppular films. Science Cmmunicatin, 27(1) Steinke J. (2004). Science in cyberspace: science and engineering wrld wide web sites fr girls. Public Understanding f Science, 13 Steinke J. et al. (2007). Assessing media influences n middle schl aged children's perceptins f wmen in science using the Draw- A- Scientist Test (DAST). Science Cmmunicatin, 29(1) Stcklmayer S. (2005). Public awareness f science and infrmal learning a perspective n the rle f science museums. The Infrmal Learning Review 72.htm Sturgis P., Allum N. (2004). Science in sciety: re- evaluating the deficit mdel f public attitudes. Public Understanding f Science 13(1) T Taasbshirazi G., Carr M. (2008). Gender differences in science: An expertise perspective. Educatinal Psychlgy Review, 20(2) Taylr D. (2002). Gender differences in infrmal educatin envirnments: A review f the literature n gender and learning in science and museums. Infrmal Learning, 52 Tenenbaum H.R., Frd S., Alkhedairy. B. (2010). Telling stries: gender differences in peers' emtin talk and cmmunicatin style. The British Jurnal f Develpmental Psychlgy Tenenbaum H.R., Snw C.E., Rach K.A., Kurland B. (2005). Talking and reading science: lngitudinal data n sex differences in mther child cnversatins in lw- incme families. Jurnal f Applied Develpmental Psychlgy, 26(1) , Tenenbaum H.R., Leaper C. (2003). Parent- child cnversatins abut science: The scializatin f gender inequities? Develpmental Psychlgy, 39(1) Tenenbaum H.R., Rach K., Kurland B. (2003). Mther s differential talk t girls and bys during a science task: Implicatins fr future learning. Smiler A.P. (Chair). Gender matters: Parental talk, identity develpment, sexuality, and cnflicting rle demands. Sympsium presented at the 61st Biennial Meeting f the Sciety fr Research in Child Develpment: Tampa, FL. Tenenbaum H.R., Thmpsn R.B. (2002). Parent- child discurse in science: gender differences in talk abut a technlgy task. Sciety fr Research in Adlescence Biennal Meeting Tenenbaum H.R., Leaper C. (2002). Are parents' gender schemas related t their children's gender- related cgnitins? A meta- analysis. Develpmental Psychlgy, 38(4) Tenenbaum H.R., Leaper C. (2001). D parents' gender schemas affect their children? A meta- analysis. Sciety fr Research in Child Develpment 60th Biennial Meeting April 2001, Minneaplis, Minnesta The Cuncil f the Eurpean Unin, Cuncil Reslutin n Wmen and Science (OJ 1999/C 201/1), 1999 The Cuncil f the Eurpean Unin, Cuncil Reslutin n Science and Sciety and Wmen in Science (OJ 2001/C 199/01), 2001 The Rcard Reprt n Science Educatin (2007). Science educatin NOW - A renewed pedaggy fr the future f Eurpe, Eurpean Cmmissin The Smithsnian Institute (2002). Exhibitins and their audiences: Actual and ptential. 65

66 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums The Smithsnian Institute (2002). The making f exhibitins: Purpse, structure, rles and prcess. Thielen C., Survey f Literature n Wmen and Engineering, SWE Magazine, 2002; Equal Opprtunity Cmmissin, Evidence t the Huse f Cmmns Science and Technlgy Grup Inquiry, Lndn, 2002 Thm M. (2001). Yung wmen's prgress in science and technlgy studies. Overcming remaining barriers. NASSP Bulletin, 85(6) U UN, Reprt f the UN General Secretary Ban Ki- mn at the 55th sessin f the Cmmissin n the Status f Wmen (February- March 2011) University f British Clumbia (2006). Wmen s math perfrmance affected by theries n sex differences. ScienceDaily, Octber 20. Retrieved April 17, University f Michigan (2007). Hw dads influence their daughters' interest in math. ScienceDaily, June 25. Retrieved March 23, 2010, University f Michigan (2003). University f Michigan study helps define why fewer wmen chse math- based careers. ScienceDaily, May 26. Retrieved March 23, 2010, UPGEM Prject (2008). Understanding puzzles in the gendered Eurpean map brain drain in physics thrugh the cultural lking glass. Final Reprt V W Y Valente A., Cerbara L. (2003). Sguard di ragazze sulla scienza e sui sui valri, AIDA Infrmazini, 21(1) Valian, V. (1998). Why s slw? The advancement f wmen. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA Wajcman J. (1991). Feminism cnfrnts technlgy. Plity, Cambridge Wajcman J., Feminist Theries f Technlgy, in Jasanff et al. (eds.), Handbk f Science and Technlgy Studies, Thusand Oaks, Sage, 1995 Walln G. (2005). Aptitude r attitude? EMBO reprts 6(5) Warren B. (2001). Rethinking diversity in learning Science: The lgic f everyday sense- making. Jurnal d Research in Science Teaching Watt H.M.G. Eccles J.S. (2006). The leaky mathematics pipeline fr girls. A Mtivatinal Analysis f high schl enrlments in Australia and the USA Watt H.M.G., Richardsn P.W., Pietsch J. (2007). Chsing t teach in the STEM disciplines: Characteristics and mtivatins f science, ICT, and mathematics teachers Williams J.C., Gender Bias Learning Prject, Yentsch C.M., Sindermann C.J. (1992). The wman scientist: Meeting the challenges fr a successful career. Plenum Press, New Yrk, NY 66

67 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums ASDO, Rme Italy ASDO is an internatinal assciatin f wmen researchers, based in Rme (Italy), with the missin f prmting knwledge n wmen as a key actr fr understanding and slving crucial issues fr cntemprary scieties. inf.rg Experimentarium, Cpenhagen Denmark Science centre since Situated nrth f Cpenhagen. Science Gallery and Trinity Cllege, Dublin Ireland The Science Gallery is a wrld first. A new type f venue where tday s science issues are displayed and discussed. Hisa Ekperiementv, Ljubljana Slvenia This huse f experiments is a hands- n science center Teknikens Hus, Luleå Sweden This huse f techniques is the nrthernmst science center in Sweden. A whle wrld f technlgy and a exiting place fr the curius f all ages Fndazine IDIS Citta Della Scienza, Napli Italy Citta Della Scienza belngs t the new generatin f science museums 67

68 Guidelines fr cmmunicatin activities t be implemented by Science Centres and Museums Kings Cllege, Lndn England King s is ne f the wrld s leading research and teaching universities based in the heart f Lndn. Blmfield Science Museum, Jerusalem Israel A Science Museum funded by the University f Jerusalem and The Jerusalem Fundatin. NEMO, Amsterdam The Netherlands NEMO is the largest science centre in the Netherlands with five flrs f activities nem.nl Ecsite, Brussels Belgium The Eurpean netwrk f science centres and museums, linking science cmmunicatin prfessinals in mre than 400 institutins in 50 cuntries. Funded 20 years ag, Ecsite cnnects member institutins thrugh prjects and activities and facilitates the exchange f ideas and best practice n current issues. twist- prject.eu 68