Analysis the Response of Single and Multiple Superconducting Fault Current Limiters in Smart Grid for Symmetrical Faults

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1 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 Analysis he Response of Single and Muliple Superconducing Faul Curren Limiers in Smar Grid for Symmerical Fauls Priyanka Mahajan a, Paresh J. Shah b, Rakesh Saxena b a Elecrical deparmen, SSBTs COET Jalgaon, Maharashra, India b Elecrical deparmen, SGSITS, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Superconducing conducing faul curren limiers (SFCL) are being considered as a poenial echnology for reducing faul curren o accepable level, wihou expensive nework replacemen. One of he imporan applicaions of SFCL for upcoming smar grids is o is possible effec on of faul curren. In his paper he faul curren using single SFCL and muliple SFCL is invesigaed by simulaing symmerical fauls. For power sysem securiy limiing shor circui curren is very imporan. SFCL is mos aracive soluion o d faul curren. As he demand is increasing day-by-day, resuled in size of generaing saions and inerconneced disribuion nework. This leads o he risk of increasing abnormal operaion. This increasing level of faul curren will resul in replacing a large number of devices in power sysems, like ransformers and circui breakers. SFCL is one of he mos novel alernae soluions o avoid he problem of faul curren. I improves power sysem reliabiliy, power qualiy and ransien sabiliy by reducing he faul curren insananeously. Thus in recen power sysem, faul curren research has been direced owards he superconducing faul curren limiers. This paper firs presen a resisive ype SFCL model by inegraing in Simulink-Malab and hen simulaes various symmerical fauls a differen locaions in smar grid. Also analysis he response of smar grid wihou SFCL, single SFCL and muliple SFCL. Keywords: SFCL, Smar Grid, Power Qualiy, THD, Symmerical Fauls. INTRODUCTION Now days, here are in he elecrical nework o saisfy he energy demand wih he help of disribuion generaion and smar grid. Due o in demand, abnormal condiion is also occurs. There are various ypes of fauls in power sysem. Broadly i is classified as symmerical and unsymmerical fauls []. Such faul originaes from equipmen failures, lighning and various abnormal environmenal condiions. Whenever any faul occurs in power sysem high shor circui curren is produce i may damaged faciliy and equipmen and someimes blackous also. So i is very imporan o shor circui curren for safey and economy purpose [2]. SFCL are very aracive soluion for reducing high shor circui curren from he echnical and economical poin of view [5]. In addiion, considerable economical benefis can be achieved by using SCFCLs [6]. The organizaion of his paper is as follows: Secion II describes brief analysis of shor circui curren. Secion III describes SFCL echnology. Secion IV describes he Resisive SFCL module. Secion V describes modeling of resisive ype SFCL.VI describes he proposed SFCL sysem. Secion VII describes simulaion resuls. Finally, secion VIII provides conclusions regarding his paper. To he shor circui curren, many devices available such as high raing circui breaker, shun reacor, fuses, and pyroechnic curren limiers. Above mehods having lo of disadvanages such as circui breaker cu he curren a is zero crossing, all he componens relaed wih he faul have o wihsand he desrucive effecs of he shor-circui currens for a period of a leas 3cycles and for abou 5cycles. Shun reacor have fixed impedance so hey inroduce fixed load, which sysem efficiency and sabiliy [3]. Fuses and pyroechnic limiers have o replace afer each operaion and available only for low volage. SFCL overcome above disadvanages. SFCL have he capabiliy of rapidly heir impedance and limis high shor circui curren. As well as SFCL s faul curren only wihin s cycle. SFCL is made up of superconducing maerial. Superconducing maerials have a highly non-linear behaviour and i is ideal for he applicaion as faul curren limiers [4]. 2. BRIEF ANALYSIS OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT A brief review of shor circui is prior o discussing he applicaion of superconducing faul curren limiers. The general formula of shor circui curren [7] is described by equaion (). I = Ip sin( ω + α φ) + [Im sin(α φ ) Ipsin(α φ)]e ( ωr X ) () Where Ip is he peak value of he curren. Im is he peak value of curren during normal operaion. α is he iniial volage angle φ is he impedance angle prior o shor circui φ is given by an (X/R), X/R is he equivalen The maximum shor circui curren appears wihin firs half cycle. ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 47

2 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 So he SFCLs are available o limi he maximum faul currens wihin milliseconds [8]. 3. SFCL TECHNOLOGY Rnc() Ln SFCL have abiliy o overcome and limi of shor circui faul curren problems wih many significan advanages. There are various ypes of SFCLs, classified in hree ypes such as: a) Resisive ype SFCL b) Inducive ype SFCL c) Bridge ype SFCL In his paper resisive ype SFCL is simulae in Malab. In resisive ype SFCL main curren caring resisance is made up of superconducing maerial. Principle of SFCL is based on superconduciviy [9]. I saes Maerial is in superconducing region when curren, emperaure and magneic field are below o heir criical limi. In his region resisance is minimum. Bu when hese hree parameers exceed heir criical values or riggering values, superconducing maerial swich from superconducing sage o normal sage and show high resisance []. Fig. shows faul curren waveform and compensaed faul curren waveform using SFCL. Curren (Amp) Faul Curren Compensaed Curren Time (Sec) Fig. Faul Curren Waveform and Compensaed Faul Curren Waveform Using SFCL From fig. i is clear ha wih he use of SFCL faul curren is d rapidly and ransien sabiliy of power sysem is. 4. RESISTIVE SFCL MODEL The simple srucure of a resisive SFCL is shown in fig.2. I consiss of he sabilizer resisance R ns() of nh uni, he superconducor resisance R nc() of he nh uni, and he coil inducance is L n of he nh uni. Rns() Fig.2: Simple srucure of a resisive SFCL uni The subscrip n denoes he number of conneced unis. The values of boh resisance R nc() and R ns() of he SFCL are minimum or ideally i is zero in a normal seady-sae condiion []. However, curren is han he criical curren hey become nonzero ime-varying parameers for mainaining he superconducing sae [2]. This behaviour is known as quenching characerisic. The associaed equaion for RSFCL is expressed by equaion (2) o describe is quenching and recovery characerisics. R() ; ( > ) R = m [ exp ( )] T sc ; ( < ) a ( ) + b ; ; ( < 2 ) { a 2 ( ) + b 2 ; ( 2 ).5 Where R m maximum resisance of SFCL in is quench sae, Tsc is ime consan of SFCL during ransiion from superconducing sae o normal sae, is ime o sar quenching. Finally and 2 are he firs and second recovery imes, respecively. 5. MODELLING OF RESISTIVE TYPE SFCL The resisive ype SFCL model developed in he Malab- Simulink using SimPowerSysem block se. The parameers used o design such model are as: (i) ransiion or response ime = 2ms, (ii) maximum impedance = 2Ω, (iii) minimum impedance =.Ω, (iv) Recovery ime = ms and (v) Triggering curren = 55 Amp. Fig.3 shows he Resisive SFCL model, in which RMS block is used o calculae he RMS value of incoming curren. In SFCL module i is decide wheher he impedance level goes maximum or minimum[2]. The comparison concludes he value of resisance of SFCL as: (a) if he incoming curren is below he riggering curren level, and hen he SFCL resisance is minimum. (b) if he incoming curren is exceeds above he riggering value, hen is resisance is maximum close o he impedance level [3]. This resuls in he of he shor circui faul curren. ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 48

3 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 Ia /z Uni dealy produc /z V+ Conrolled volage source 2 siganal Uni dealy V- RMS realy scope The swich block is used o se he value of impedance o minimum or maximum [4]. Afer SFCL subsysem here is conrolled volage source block. These are used o he harmonics and o compensaion of volage sag [5][6][7]. 6. PROPOSED SFCL MODEL The SFCL model developed in he Malab-Simulink using SimPowerSysem block se. The power sysem is composed of MVA convenional power plan, composed of 3phase source conneced wih 2km long ransmission line hrough sep-up ransformer. Generaing volage is kv (raed as /33 kv), a TR2 volage is sepped down kv from 33 kv. From Bus, Fig. 3: SFCL Module signal is wirelessly ransfer o SFCL module. High power load (kv) and low power load (24v) are being supplied by separae disribuion nework [km, (5+5) km. Fig. 4 and fig. 5 shows he complee proposed simulaion nework wihou and wih SFCL module respecively. In Fig. 4 arificial faul and locaions of SFCL are indicaed Three ypes of fauls represen hree-phase-o-ground faul in disribuion side, cusomer grid and cusomer grid & ransmission line respecively. Single SFCL are locae a poin of common coupling, a ransmission line and a disribuion line. As well as muliple SFCL are locae a ransmission line, disribuion line and poin of comman coupling. Fig. 4: Proposed Sysem wihou SFCL Module ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 49

4 ime(sec) Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 Fig. 5: Proposed Sysem wih SFCL Module In above model wireless signal ransmission is use. Source curren from bus is wirelessly ransmied o SFCL. The oupu curren of bus 3 is analyzed in secion VII. 7. SIMULATION RESULTS Four scenarios of SFCL s locaion analyzed for hree differen fauls occurring in power sysem. Firs we assume ha single SFCL locaed a poin of common coupling, second single SFCL locaed a ransmission line, hird single SFCL locaed a disribuion grid and forh muliple SFCL locaed a disribuion grid & ransmission line & poin of common coupling. The simulaions resuls are presened for he L-L-L-G faul occurring a differen locaion are follows: 7. Response of smar grid wihou SFCL under various fauls condiions. When LLLG faul occurs a differen locaion, he faul curren waveform of convenional power plan is shown below..5 x 4 (a) Faul a disribuion grid (b) Faul a cusomer grid.5 x 4 (c)faul a ransmission line and cusomer grid Fig.6: Convenional power plan faul curren wihou SFCL From able i is clear ha wihou SFCL, faul curren for faul a disribuion grid, a cusomer grid, a ransmission line and cusomer grid are 5432A, 787A, 428A respecively. 7.2 Response smar grid wih single SFCL under various fauls condiion: Here hree differen cases are considered for single SFCL and analysis he in faul curren wih percenages ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 42

5 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 Response of smar grid wih SFCL a poin of coupling: common When single SFCL is locae a he poin of common coupling hen he various faul curren are follows: (a) Faul a disribuion grid.5 x 4 (b) Faul a cusomer grid.5 x (c) Faul a ransmission line and cusomer grid Fig.6: Convenional power plan faul curren wih SFCL a poin of common coupling From able faul curren for faul a disribuion grid, a cusomer grid, a ransmission line and cusomer grid are 22.6%, 4.5%, 6% respecively. The 2nd and 3rd peak of faul curren is decrease han s peak, which shows seady sae condiion is achieving earlier han wihou SFCL Response of smar grid wih SFCL a ransmission line When single SFCL is locae a ransmission line he faul currens are follows: (a)faul a disribuion grid (b)faul a cusomer grid.5 x 4 (c) Faul a ransmission line and cusomer grid Fig.6: Convenional power plan faul curren wih SFCL a ransmission line From able faul curren for faul a disribuion grid, a cusomer grid, a ransmission line is 23.8%,.6%, 67% respecively Response of smar grid wih SFCL a disribuion sysem : When SFCL is locae a disribuion sysem he various faul curren are follows: ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 42

6 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 (a)faul a disribuion grid curren(amp) x 4 (b)faul a cusomer grid.5 x 4 (c) faul a ransmission line and cusomer grid Fig.6: Convenional power plan faul curren wih SFCL a disribuion sysem Table shows he faul curren for faul a disribuion grid, a cusomer grid, a ransmission line and cusomer grid are 24.4%, %, 2%. For faul a cusomer grid SFCL a disribuion sysem is no feasible because here is in faul curren. a. Response of smar grid wih muliple Here SFCL is insalled a hree locaions SFCL a ransmission line, disribuion and poin of common coupling analyze he response of smar grid wheher i is beer han single SFCL or no (a) Faul a disribuion grid x 4 (b) Faul a cusomer grid (c) Faul a ransmission line and cusomer grid Fig.6: Convenional power plan faul curren wih muliple SFCL When muliple SFCL is insalled in smar grid he faul curren is.3%,.37%, 3.92% for faul a disribuion grid faul a cusomer grid faul a cusomer grid and ransmission line. ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 422

7 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 Table Values of Convenional power plan faul curren for faul (-3) wihou and wih various locaion of SFCL When faul occurs a disribuion grid Magniude of shor circui curren(amp) in Symmerical faul(lllg) When Faul occurs a cusomer grid When faul occurs a cusomer grid and ransmission line s 2 nd 3 rd s 2 nd 3 rd s 2 nd 3 rd Wihou SFCL SFCL a poin of common coupling % % % % % % % 447 6% % SFCL a ransmissi on line % % % 765.3% % % 47 67% 8 %.6% SFCL a disribuio n Sysem % % % 72 % 582 % 534 % 4 2% % 2.9% Muliple SFCL 543.3% % % 76 (.37%) 5552 (3.9%) 5 (5.33%) 372 (3.92%) 26 (6.72%) 975 (5.67%) Above resuls are shown by following graphs In following graphs locaion is indicae SFCL a poin of common coupling, locaion 2 is indicae SFCL a ransmission line, locaion 3 is indicae SFCL a disribuion sysem, locaion 4 is indicae muliple SFCL. From graph: i is clear ha when faul occurs a disribuion grid, single SFCL in disribuion grid is maximum faul curren. When faul occurs a cusomer grid i is clear from graph:2 ha he maximum of faul curren is achieve when single SFCL is locae a poin of common coupling (locaion ) for SFCL. faul occures a disribuion grid faul occures a cusomer grid 6 8 curren ()Amp s 2nd 3rd curren ()Amp s 2nd 3rd faul Graph: When faul occurs a disribuion grid faul Graph: 2 When faul occurs a cusomer grid ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 423

8 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 curren ()Amp faul occures a cusomer grid and ransmission line s 4 2nd 3rd 2 faul Graph :3 faul occurs a cusomer grid and ransmission line When faul occurs a cusomer grid and ransmission line i is clear from graph:2 ha he maximum of faul curren is achieve when single SFCL is locae a poin of common coupling (locaion ) for SFCL. 8. CONCLUSION In his paper a complee power sysem along wih he micro grid was modeled. And ransien analysis a hree phases o ground faul a differen locaion for faul were performed wih single SFCL and muliple SFCL insalled in he grid. I has been observe ha single SFCL when insalled a poin of common coupling is d maximum value of faul curren han muliple SFCL. Also observe ha single SFCL a ransmission line, disribuion line and muliple SFCL should no be insalled in smar grid. This placemen of SFCL resuls in abnormal faul curren conribuion from convenional power plan. Also muliple SFCL is insufficien boh performance and cos. So SFCL should insall a poin of common coupling. By insalling SFCL in nework and reducing high faul curren in ms only, power sysem ransien sabiliy is and power qualiy is also. Hence wih use of single SFCL he ransformer and oher expensive equipmen is proec from high faul curren and seady sae condiion is achieve rapidly. REFERENCES [] Byungchul Sung, Dong Keun Park, Jung-Wook Park, Tae Kukko, Sudy on a series resisive SFCL o improve power sysem ransien sabiliy: modeling, simulaion and experimenal verificaion, IEEE ransacions on indusrial elecronics, vol. 56, no. 7, pp , July 29. [2] X. Pei, A. C. Smih, M. Husband, M. Rindfleisch Experimenal ess on a superconducing faul curren limier using hree-srand MgB2 wire, IEEE rans. appl. superconduciviy., vol. 22, no.3, pp 5645, Jun. 22. [3] L. Ye, M. Majoros, A. M. Campbell, T. A. Coombs, S. Harrison, P. Sargen, M. Hasle and M. Husband, Invesigaions of curren limiing properies of he MgB2 wires subjeced o pulse over currens in he benchop eser, Supercond. sci. and echnology., vol. 2, pp , April 27. [4] W. V. Hassenzahl, D. W. Hazelon, B. K. Johnson, P. Komarek, M. Noe, C. T. Reis, Elecric power applicaions of superconduciviy, IEEE, vol. 92 no., pp , Oc. 24. [5] Mark Semmle, Claus Neumann, Frank Merschel, Ulrich Schwing, Karl-Heinz Weck, Mahias Noe, Frank Breuer, Seffen Elschner Analysis of unsymmerical fauls in high volage power sysems wih superconducing faul curren limiers, IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 7, no.2, pp , June 27. [6] Xiaoze Pei, Xianwu Zeng, Alexander C. Smih, Daniel Malkin, Resisive superconducing faul curren limier coil design using mulisrand MgB2 wire IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 5625, June 25. [7] Toshiada Onishi, Masahiro Kawasumi, Ken-ichi Sasaki, Ryo Akimoo An experimenal sudy on a fas self-acing magneic shield ype superconducing faul curren limier, IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 2, no., pp , March 22. [8] Nand K. Singh, Ryan M. Tumily, Graeme M. Bur, Chris G. Brigh, Cornel C. Brozio, D. A. Robers, Alexander C. Smih, Mark Husband, Sysem-level sudies of a MgB2 superconducing faul-curren limier in an acive disribuion nework, IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 2, no.2, pp 54-6, April 2. [9] B. W. Lee, K. B. Park, J. Sim, I. S. Oh, H. G. Lee, H. R. Kim, O. B. Hyun Design and experimens of novel hybrid ype superconducing faul curren limiers, IEEE ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 424

9 Inernaional Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No. 7, July, 25 ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 8, no. 2, pp , June 28. [] Seven M. Blair, Campbell D. Booh, Graeme M. Bur, Curren ime characerisics of resisive superconducing faul curren limiers, IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 22, pp 5625, no. 2, April 22. [] Priyanka Mahajan, Dr. Paresh J. Shah, Designing and analysis of power sysem wih SFCL module Inernaional journal on recen and innovaion rends in compuing and communicaion, ISSN: vol. 3, Issue: 2, pp 78 82, Feb 25. [2] N. Dul kin, D. V. Yevsin, L. M. Fisher, V. P. Ivanov, A. V. Kalinov, V. A. Sidorov, Modeling hermal process in a resisive elemen of a faul curren limier, IEEE rans. appl. supercond., vol. 8, no., pp. 7 3, Mar. 28. [3] Byung-Ik Jung, Hyo-Sang Choi. Combined effec of he SFCL and solenoid coils, IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp 5644 June 24. [4] Byung-Ik Jung, Hyo-Sang Choi. Combined effec of he SFCL and solenoid coils, IEEE ransacions on applied superconduciviy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp 5644 June 24 [5] Paresh J. Shah, Rakesh Saxena, M.P.S. Chawala, Various echniques for improving power qualiy in power supplies, IEEE inernaional conference on compuaion inelligence, communicaion sysem and nework (CICSyN 29) Indore, pp 58, July 29. [6] P. J. Shah, Rakesh Saxena, M. P. S. Chawla, Digial filer design wih harmonics esimaion for power supplies, Springer-Journal of he Insiuion of Engineers (India): series B, vol.93, no.2, pp , July 22. [7] P. J. Shah, Rakesh Saxena, M. P. S. Chawla, Digial conrol echnologies for improving he power qualiy of power supplies, Neural compuing and applicaions, Springer Inernaional Journal, vol.22, no., pp , May 23. ISSN: IJET Publicaions UK. All righs reserved. 425

Investigation and Simulation Model Results of High Density Wireless Power Harvesting and Transfer Method

Investigation and Simulation Model Results of High Density Wireless Power Harvesting and Transfer Method Invesigaion and Simulaion Model Resuls of High Densiy Wireless Power Harvesing and Transfer Mehod Jaber A. Abu Qahouq, Senior Member, IEEE, and Zhigang Dang The Universiy of Alabama Deparmen of Elecrical