Comparative Study of Feed Forward and SPWM Control Technique for DC to DC Dual Active Bridge Converter Driving Single Phase Inverter

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1 JRST nernaional Journal for nnovaive Research in Science & Technology Volume 3 ssue 1 June 216 SSN (online): Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer Digvijay B. Kanase Assisan Professor Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering & Technology. Asha ndia. Yakub A. Makandar Assisan Professor Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering & Technology. Asha ndia. Swapnil S. Amale Assisan Professor Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering & Technology. Asha ndia. Dhanyakumar A. Pail Assisan Professor Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering Annasaheb Dange College of Engineering & Technology. Asha ndia. Absrac A Dual acive bridge converer is a high efficiency power converer. This converer is provided isolaion wih use of solid sae ransformer. DAB converer consiss of wo H-bridges of acive power conrol along wih one high-frequency ransformer. High frequency ransformer (SST) provides galvanic isolaion and ac as energy sorage device. The leakage inducance of ransformer a primary and secondary side acs as energy sorage componen. DAB converer has considerable amoun of harmonics. The aim is o reduce he harmonics. This paper discusses sinusoidal pulse widh modulaion echnique (SPWM) o achieve harmonics reducion. Solid sae ransformer is a high frequency ransformer can be used as power elecronic converer. The hree sage SST configuraion includes ac o dc recifier, isolaed dc o dc dual acive bridge converer, dc o ac inverer. The swiching frequency of inverer par is greaer han DAB par so inverer sage is model for double line frequency i.e. a 12 Hz. The second harmonics are dominan a his frequency. For beer performance of DAB converer P conrol is used bu a 12 Hz i has limied gain. To proposed mehods are P plus feed forward and P plus Resonan conroller. Keywords: Dual Acive Bridge converer (DAB), Sinusoidal Pulse Widh Modulaion (SPWM), THD, Feed Forward Conroller. NTRODUCTON Dual Acive Bridge converer is designed in (1). is basically a buck and boos dc o dc converer, and is isolaed by high frequency ransformer. The main advanage of his ype of converer is we can achieve bidirecional power flow. These DAB converers (buck and boos dc dc converer) are imporan componens in implemening power elecronics inerfaces for fuure power sysems based on smar-grid echnologies. The applicaions of hese ype of converer includes, inerconnecing grid and various sorage sysems, example fuel cell, baeries, phoovolaic sysems ec i also has applicaion in hybrid sysems and elecrical and hybrid vehicles so as o deal wih differen volage and power level. Main aim is o eliminae he losses presen in he power elecronics. The main objec consiss of minimizing circulaing currens, conducion losses and o operae he converer under sof swiching o minimize swiching losses. Convenional modulaion sraegy (CMS) can be use o achieve sof swiching, minimizes power losses depending upon volage conversion raio and on he oupu curren [1]. This migh be one of he drawbacks for some applicaion, where converer operaes for variable load, his reduces he efficiency. nverer is basic device ha is used o conver DC elecrical energy ino AC. The main purpose of inverer is o ake DC power from baery and conver ino AC. DC o AC inverer has wide applicaion such as uninerrupible power supply (UPS), AC moor drives. Now a day s inverer play imporan role in renewable source applicaions, as i is used o connec renewable energy sources such as phoovolaic sysem, wind energy sysem ec o he grid. Conrol algorihm used for inverers are similar o hose used in DC-DC converers. Curren conrol and volage conrol mehod can be applied o he converers as per he applicaions. Dc o AC inverer uses Pulse widh modulaion conrol (PWM) [3]. This PWM mehod is simple o implemen and is very advanced where he gae signal or pulses can be conrolled by various mechanisms. This mehod is used o conrol he oupu volage of inverer o he raed value as per he requiremen of is applicaion. n convenional ype inverer as he load varies so does he oupu volages vary. So as o deal wih his problem PWM echnique, adjus he widh of he pulses. Thus he oupu depends upon he swiching frequency and he pulse widh ha is adjused according o he oupu required so ha consan oupu is obained. nverer operaes in pulse widh modulaed (PWM) All righs reserved by 268

2 Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer way and swich beween differen circui opologies, his means ha inverer is nonlinear sysem or circui. UPS sysems are used a almos all places in order o provide emergency power o criical loads which canno afford uiliy failure. The core circui of UPS sysem is CVCF inverer [2]. High-qualiy oupu volage is required for hese ypes of inverers. SPWM echnique can prove o be grea conrol algorihm so as o obain improved oupu volage [4]. The dual acive bridge converer is used o inerface hese sources o grid. Dual acive bridge converer inerconnecs medium volage disribuion and low volage disribuion nework [1]. The SST is imporan elemen for fuure renewable elecric energy. SST manages he renewable energy ransfer from grid o disribuion side [3]. The disribuion ransformer is fundamenal componen and is inexpensive, highly reliable and efficien [2]. SST provides acive power flow conrol. Bu due o presence of power converer here are conducion and swiching losses [4]. The oupu of DAB converer is dc whereas he oupu a inverer side is ac so he power flucuaes a 12 Hz. So in order ha DAB converer o drive such inverer i is necessary o selec he capacior ha can absorb such 12 Hz harmonics. As he second order harmonics is less, o compensae i, capacior bank should be conneced a he oupu of DAB, bu he sysem becomes ineffecive also cos increases. This mehod is used in various applicaions because i is easy o implemen, low cos and reliable operaion [5]. This paper discusses implemenaion of novel sinusoidal pulse widh modulaion and Feed Forward conrol echnique for dc o dc Dual Acive Bridge converer (DAB) o eliminae harmonics presen a he oupu of inverer. A Dual acive bridge converer is a high power; high-efficiency power converer has he isolaion provided wih he use of SSTs. has wo H-bridges of acive power swiching devices and one high-frequency ransformer. This ransformer provides he galvanic isolaion and energy sorage capabiliy in he winding leakage inducance. The H Bridge is se and operaed a fixed 5% duy raio. Depending upon he available configuraion of swiching devices here are dc-dc DAB converers and ac-ac DAB converers. Circui of DAB converer consiss of wo bridges wih one high-frequency ransformer. Two bridges are made of four high-frequency swiching devices (MOSFETs or GBTs) his swiching device is conneced in an H-bridge connecion. This connecion is similar o ha used in full-bridge dc-dc converers. This configuraion uses wo acive bridges insead of diodes on he oher side of he ransformer. So he name Dual Acive Bridge is given o his ype of converers [7]. The high frequency ransformer which is conneced beween wo acive H bridges is used for providing galvanic isolaion of a DAB converer. The high-frequency ransformer reduces he weigh and volume of he magneic core. f we compare he convenional converers wih DAB converers, Dual Acive Bridge converers has more number of silicon devices (whose price is coninuously going down) and has less copper and smaller magneic core (whose price is coninuously going up). Apar from galvanic isolaion, he high-frequency ransformer has small amoun of leakage inducance in primary and secondary windings. This leakage inducance has severs wo purposes: (1) i acs as energy sorage in DAB converers (2) i used o reduce dv/d across swiching devices a ime of commuaion ransiens, i ensures he sof swiching, and reduces swiching losses. Figure shows SST configuraion, firs sage is ac o dc recifier. Second par is isolaed dc o dc dual acive bridge converer, power is ransferred beween wo dc buses using ransformer in his par. The hird sage is dc o dc inverer [8]. Fig. 1: Muli-sage configuraion of SST Fig. 2: Power ransfer using mulisage SST Figure 2 shows he novel power flow of DAB converer. The solid line indicaes he acive power flow and he dashed line is double frequency line. The oupu power from recifier and inverer is average power (dc) and ripple power (second order harmonics 12Hz) [6]. All righs reserved by 269

3 Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer w 2 sin w V 1 cos w p 2V sin (1) 2 s s s The main aim is design of DAB converer in SST following assumpions is made (1) recifier sage is designed o provide sable dc inpu o DAB converer (2) inverer is designed such ha oupu volage is sinusoidal nearly equal o 12 V (3) swiching frequency of inverer is more han converer. n his sudy he swiching frequency of DAB converer is 5 KHz and ha of inverer is 2 KHz. This is because he volage a inpu of DAB converer is higher han he inverer a disribuion level. By separaing he load from he source, he disurbances a grid side will be absen because i is compensaed by he SSTs. Thus solid sae ransformer help is providing he isolaion beween he wo sides of he converer and o reduce he disurbances occurring [1]. DUAL ACTVE BRDGE MODEL CONFGURATON For modeling he dc-dc DAB converer a full order discree ime model echnique is used. This model provides accurae conrol o oupu ransfer funcion [11] in marix form wrien as Where, (2) y Cx (3) y v o x v i i T o 1R 1 (4) (5) 1 RC o 2 sin( D ) A L 2 cos( D ) L 4 C o B o 4 sin( D ) C o R L ws 4 cos( D ) C o w s R L sin( D ) cos( D ) or 2V o cos( D ) L 2V o sin( D ) L T C 1 (8) Where v oupu volage of DAB converer, L is leakage inducance of ransformer of DAB converer, o equivalen resisance of ransformer winding. w s 2fs, fs 5 Hz. The Transfer Funcion of converer is given as s C s A B G vd 1 The power ransferred by DAB converer is v v s o P d 1 d 2 f L (9) s (1) (6) (7) R is lumped. CONTROLLER DESGN Various mehods for conrolling he oupu volage of DAB converer is discussed in he paper in deail viz, P plus feed forward, Sinusoidal pulse widh modulaion conroller. The inverer sage is model a double frequency as ha of inverer sage. So in his ype of converer second order harmonics are dominan. Using P conroller has limiaion of low gain a 12 Hz, o overcome All righs reserved by 27

4 Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer his problem [13] Feed forward and SPWM mehods are used. Conrol of DAB converer consiss of () o regulae oupu volage () o reduce he ripples presen a he oupu of inverer. Fig. 3: MATLAB SMULNK model of Dual Acive Bridge Converer V. P PLUS FEED FORWARD CONTROLLER P conroller only regulaes oupu dc volage and conrol oupu average power, while feed forward porion akes care of disurbances a 12 Hz from inverer side and racks 12 Hz ripples. Afer volage of DAB converer is sampled low pass filer whose pass band is below 12 Hz [14]. The cu-off frequency of Low pass filer is less and P conroller only regulaes dc volage, so band widh of P conroller is no necessary o be large. The phase angle of inverer oupu is conrolled by he conroller used a inverer. According o equaion (1) he power angle is given by 2 p v 2 (11) Feed forward porion provides excellen ripple rejecion for uniy power facor loads. Bu he performance of converer is affeced for uniy power facor load. So o improve is performance P conroller is combined wih resonan conroller. Alhough he above soluion is able o rack he 12 Hz power by inverer, he analysis and parameer selecion is no sraighforward [15]. Also, if he load power facor is non-uniy, he feed forward erm may no properly rack he oupu power ripple. Fig. 4: Schemaic diagram of Feed forward conroller All righs reserved by 271

5 Volage [V] Power [W] Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer Fig. 5: MATLAB SMULNK model of Feed Forward conroller V. SMULATON RESULTS Time Time All righs reserved by 272

6 Ripple (duy raio) Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer Time Fig. 6: Simulaion resuls of P plus feed forward conroller for pure resisive load of 3Ω. (a) nverer power (b) oupu volage (c) ripple (duy raio). (d) FFT Analysis V. SNUSODAL PULSE WDTH MODULATON TECHNQUE SPWM conrol has numbers of oupu pulses [16] for duraion of per half cycle and hese pulses are of differen widh. The widh of hese pulses changes according o he ampliude of a sine wave; he gaing signals are produced by comparing he sinusoidal signal wih a high frequency riangular signal. Referring o fig (7), dc link volage gives us he informaion of ransfer of acive power beween source and grid. A oupu of dc link, volage regulaor gives acive curren m. [19] [2] by muliplying acive curren componen ( * U m ) wih uniy grid volage vecor emplaes ( a ) i gives reference grid curren ( a ). The grid neural curren is se o zero. The synchronizing angle ( ) obained from phase locked loop (PLL) is used o generae uniy vecor emplae as Sin U a (12) The dc link volage is hen supplied hrough firs-order low pass filer (LPF) ha reduces swiching ripples presen in dc-link volage also presen due o reference curren signal [17] [18]. The difference (dc-link volage and reference dc-link volage) is given o a discree-p regulaor. Consan dc-link volage is obained under varying load condiions. The error dc-link volage is given as: The oupu of P is m The reference curren is compued as Vdcerr * n Vdc n Vdc n (13) n mn 1 K Vdcerr n Vdcerr n 1 K Vdcerr n * m* p vdc a U a Equaion (15) is compared wih acual grid curren a vdc o as o calculaed curren error as (15) (14) All righs reserved by 273

7 Volage [v] Power [W] Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer aerr * a a This curren is compared wih riangular wave o generae he pulse signal. (16) Fig. 7: MATLAB SMULNK model of SPWM conroller V. SMULATON RESULTS Time Time All righs reserved by 274

8 Comparaive Sudy of Feed Forward and SPWM Conrol Technique for DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer Driving Single Phase nverer Fig. 8: Simulaion resul of DAB converer using SPWM mehod (a) nverer Power (b) Oupu Volage (c) FFT analysis. Table 1 Resul Comparison Conroller Toal Harmonic Disorion (THD) Feed Forward Conroller 21.19% SPWM Conroller 3.6% V. CONCLUSON DC o DC Dual Acive Bridge Converer driving a single phase inverer has dominan second order harmonics. To improve he performance of DAB converer by using convenional echnique like P conrol has some limiaion, o have ripple free oupu volage a he inverer, he phase margin has o be increased bu his may desabilize he feedback loop. This limiaion can be overcome by using Feed forward and Sinusoidal pulse widh modulaion conrol mehod. Simulaion resuls show ha THD can be reduced more as compared o feed forward Conroller (Feed Forward-21.19% and SPWM-3.6%). The fuure scope may exend o he analysis of dc-dc DAB converer by using non-linear conrol echnique such as sliding mode conrol echnique. REFERENCES [1] R. W. De Doncker, D. M. Divan, and M. H. Kheraluwala (29) A hree phase Sof swiched high power densiy dc-dc converer for high power applicaions EEE Trans. nd. App, 27 (1), 63 73, [2] S. noue and H. Akagi (21) A bidirecional isolaed dc-dc converer as a core circui of he nex-generaion medium-volage power Conversion sysem EEE Trans. Power Elecron., 22(2), [3] Ming Li, Dong Dai & Xikui Ma (27) Slow-Scale and Fas-Scale nsabiliies in Volage- Mode Conrolled Full-Bridge nverer Journal: Circuis Sysems and Signal Processing - CRC SYST SGNAL PROCESS, 27(6), [4] S. noue and H. Akagi (27) A bidirecional dc dc converer for an energy sorage sysem wih galvanic isolaion EEE Trans. Power Elecron., 22 (6), [5] M. Liserre, T. Sauer, and J. Hung (21) Fuure energy sysems: negraing renewable energy sources ino he smar power grid hrough indusrial elecronics EEE nd. Elecron. Mag., 4 (1), [6] X.Wang, F. Tian, and. Baarseh (27) High efficiency parallel pos regulaor for wide range inpu dc-dc converer EEE Trans. Power Elecron.,23 (2), Lin.W.Song & Huang..Bau (211) Harmonic Reducion in nverers by Use of Sinusoidal Pulse Widh Modulaion EEE Transacions on ndusrial Elecronics, 27(3), [7] Anand. D & Jeevananhan.S (21) Modeling and Analysis of Conduced EM Emissions of a Single-Phase PWM nverers: Asian Power Elecronics Journal. 4 (3), [8] M. B. Camara, H. Gualous, F. Gusin, A. Berhon, and B. Dakyo (29), DC/DC converer design for super capacior and baery power managemen in hybrid vehicle applicaions Polynomial conrol sraegy EEE Trans. ndusrial Elecron., 57 (2), [9] G.-J. Su and L. Tang (211) A reduced-par, riple-volage dc-dc converer for EV/HEV power managemen EEE Trans. Power Elecron., 24 (1), [1] S. Waffler and J. W. Kolar (28) A novel low-loss modulaion sraegy for high-power bidirecional buck+ boos converers, EEE Trans. Power Elecron., 24 (6), [11] F. Krismer and J. W Kolar (21) accurae power loss model derivaion of a high-curren dual acive bridge converer for an auomoive applicaion, EEE Trans. nd. Elecron.,57 (3), [12] H. Tao, J. L. Duare, and M. A. Hendrix (28), Three-por riple-half-bridge bidirecional converer wih zero-volage swiching EEE Trans. Power Elecron.,23 (2), [13] J. Zhang, J. S. Lai, R. Y. Kim, and W. Yu (29), High-power densiy design of a sof-swiching high-power bidirecional dc dc converer, EEE Trans. Power Elecron.,22 (4), [14] Y. Xie, J. Sun, and J. S. Freudenberg (212).Power flow characerizaion of a bidirecional galvanically isolaed high-power DC/DC converer over a wide operaing range, EEE Trans. Power Elecron.,25 (1), [15] R. De Doncker, D. Divan, and M. Kheraluwala (21), A hree-phase sof-swiched high-power-densiy dc/dc converer for high-power applicaions, EEE Transacions on ndusry Applicaion, 27(2),63 73 All righs reserved by 275

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