International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 2, April Supercapacitors
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1 Inernaional Journal of Elecronics and Elecrical Engineering Vol. 4, No., April 16 Equalizaion Chargers Using Parallel- or SeriesParallel-Resonan Inverer for Series-Conneced Supercapaciors Yifan Zhou and Lei Li College of Auomaion, NUST, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 194, China Absrac A equalizaion charger using parallel-or seriesparallel-resonan inverer for series-conneced supercapaciors is proposed in his paper, according o low volage characerisic of supercapacior. This opology reduces a large number swiches and only has resonan srucure including some diodes and a single ransformer. In addiion, because of he characerisic of parallel resonan inverer, he equalizaion charging curren can be limied in he numerical value. So he opology can work seadily wihou feedback conrol. The conrol circui is grealy simplified. The simulaion resuls from a W universal inpu prooype are given o verify he effeciveness of he analysis and he meris and demeris of his opology also are inroduced. II. OPERATION ANAYSIS OF EQALIZATION CHARGER Fig. 1 is he main circui of equalizaion charger. Firs, he circui has wo pars. Fig. is resonan inverer and volage muliplier. C Dr4 Cou1 Index Terms supercapacior (S), resonan inverer, equalizaion charger Coss C1 Dr Q D Cou Manuscrip received March 5, 15; revised July 1, Q D Coss Wih he rapid developmen of he rail ransporaion oday, how o reduce he subway s energy loss and operaing coss is especially imporan. The research on mero regeneraive braking energy recycling is of grea significance o he developmen of rail ransporaion, he energy conservaion as well as he proecion of environmen. In mero regeneraive braking energy recycling sysems, supercapaciors (S) are widely used o sore he regeneraive braking energy. However, he volage equalizaion of S in series is a key echnical problem which limis he applicaion of SC sorage sysems. The equalizers of S become research hospos. A SC volage equalizaion charger device used in mero racion power grid is sudied, and a novel volage equalizaion charger circui is proposed which is promised o achieve a high equalizaion precision. The equalizaion device also has oher auxiliary funcions o guaranee he securiy and reliabiliy of S. Alongside, a variey of equalizaion echniques have been proposed o miigae he volage unbalance of series-conneced Lic and Scs [1]-[4]. Bu he convenional opology exis oo much ransformers and swiches. So he equalizaion charger needs a large scale and high weigh [5]. The leas bu no he leas, i is raher expensive comparing o his novel opology. INTRODUCTION 16 In. J. Elecron. Elecr. Eng. doi: /ijeee Figure 1. Main circui of equalizaion charger I. Sc C Dr4 Cou1 Sc C1 Dr Cou Figure. Resonan inverer volage muliplier In resonan inverer circui, a source gives he energy o resonance uni. The resonance uni consiss of wo capaciors and single inducance. plays an effec as no only resonance uni bu also a blocking capacior. So he need o design much larger han Cp. This issue will also be discussed in he following aricle. Two swiches work a a very high frequency because when he characerisic impendence of resonan inverer is raher smaller, Cp can be designed a very low value.
2 Inernaional Journal of Elecronics and Elecrical Engineering Vol. 4, No., April 16 Also he equalizaion curren can be designed a high value. In volage muliplier circui, he equalizaion curren from primary side of ransformer deliver o ransformer secondary side. On accoun of curren flow direcion, we can be divided ino wo ypes. Firsly, he curren inflows ino diodes which have he odd-numbered subscrip. Secondly, he curren inflows ino diodes which have even-numbered subscrip. These wo siuaions are he same considering he effec on miigae he Scs. C1 and C have an effec on clamping volage. Cou is filer capacior and i is leaved ou when analysis he muliplier. VDrv1 VDrv Q1 Q Q Q1 va i vcr i idr Figure 3. Key operaion waveforms under volage-balanced condiion III. ANALYSISING AND MODELLING FOR VOLTAGE MUTIPLIER In his secion, volage analysis is showed in his par of aricle. We can ignoring he Cou because comparing o Sc, Cou is exremely small. As showing in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, he resonan inverer provide o he curren only when he Vcp is consan neiher nvi/ or nvi/. The volage muliplier only works in hese siuaions so he circui in Fig. 4 is negleced. I is reasonable o analysis Fig. 4 and Fig. 4(c). For clariy, only wo supercapaciors discusses in he model. The model also has wo saes. Firs he siuaion while curren flow ino odd-numbered diodes, on he conrary, he siuaion while curren flow ino evennumbered diodes. According o KVL law, from Fig. 5 he secondary volage of ransformer which is inpu volage for volage muliplier can be expressed in following equaion. C Dr4 Sc Coss C1 Dr Q D Mode 1 C Dr4 Sc C1 Dr Coss Q D VS E Vm VCm E VD I Cm (rm rd ) Mode VS E Vm Vn VCn E VD I Cn (rn rd ) Sc Coss C1 Dr Q D VS O VCm O VD ICm (rm rd ) (c) Mode 3 VS O Vm VCn O VD ICn (rn rd ) Figure 4. Curren flow direcion 16 In. J. Elecron. Elecr. Eng. (1) where Vi is he volage of supercapacior, VCi-E is volage of C1, VD is volage of diode, Ici is curren of diode in conducion angle. ri and rd are resisance of SC and diode. Also According o KVL law, from Fig. 5 he secondary volage of ransformer which is inpu volage for volage muliplier can be expressed in following equaion. C Dr4 Q 1 D1 Waveforms in Fig. 3 are illusraed assuming he componens are ideal and Cou is large enough. Fig. 4 illusraes curren condiion in every sae. Time -1: Curren condiion are expressed in Fig. 4. The curren inflow ino fly-wheel diode while Vcp is clamped o nvi/ and i i have he curren ha from he primary ransformer. and happen resonance. Because before i reaches o zero, he driving signal of Q1 is emerged. So he Q1 can urn on a zero Volage (ZVS). Time 1-: When i reaches o zero, ransformer qui o he circui. So resonan. All he diodes in secondary ransformer have no currens. The muliplier does no work. These siuaions similar wih parallelseries resonan. In order o achieve he high equalizaion charger curren, we need o make i-max larger. So in his sae, need o design quie small. Time -3: When Vcr increases o nvi/, Vcr is clamped a his value. qui resonance. Volage muliplier works. The diodes wih even-numbered have he curren. So he equalizaion charger curren is sum of every diode curren. In oher words, he whole equalizaion charger curren can be divided ino several Scs. Time 3-4: When he driving signal of Q1 is off, aniparallel diode D can freewheel. So Q is ready for ZVS. The waveforms are similar wih he firs sae. Curren siuaion in 3-6 is symmerical o siuaion in ()
3 Inernaional Journal of Elecronics and Elecrical Engineering Vol. 4, No., April 16 having volage deecion module. The volage precision of equalizaion charger depends on Req-I (7). Req-i includes he equivalen resisance of Ci, Sc and diode. If he values of hree facors C1 r1 and rd are all he same as he value of anoher hree facors, he volage of he and Sc will be idenical. In oher words, he effec of he equalizaion is excellen. C Dr4 Sc C1 Dr IV. DESGIN GUIDE In his secion, a design guide will be discussed. A equalizaion charger using parallel resonan inverer is designed o charge 8 supercapaciors. These 8 supercapaciors have differen iniial volages. These volages are 1.1V, 1.V, 1.3V, 1.4V, 1.5V, 1.6V, 1.7V, 1.8V. The maximum power is W when he inpu volage dc source is 1V. Q1 and Q work a he frequency of 195kHz. A volage muliplier consis of Ci (Ci=1uF, ri=1mω) and diodes (VD=.38, rd=mω). C Dr4 Sc C1 Dr Ic/ Figure 5. Even-Numbered diodes are on odd-numbered diodes are on IVM/ In pracical, he ouer capacior flows larger curren when he inpu volage is larger. So i is necessary o use ouer capaciors o reduce curren of SC. Because wo saes are symmerical, he inpu volages of volage muliplier are he same. VS E VS O VS I Ci (4) fo 1 Ci f (5) 1 (1) (11) V. SIMULATION RESULT Req i (6) ( ri rd )} (7) Vc1 (V1 / ) (8) Vc (V / +V1 ) (9) Simulae in Saber. The parameers of he prooype are as follows: 1) Inpu volage: vin 1V ; ) Equalizaion charger curren: Ieq A ; 3) Equalizaion charger power: Peq W ; 4) Swiching frequency of he converer: 195kHz The parameers of he PRI sage are as follows: 1) Magneizing inducance: uh ; ) Resonance capacior: 3nF 3) Blocking capacior: 1uF 4) Duy raio: n 4 ; 5) Supercapacior: Sc F Fig. 7 shows he waveforms of consan duy cycle, he inpu volage of resonance uni, curren of, he volage of Cp, he volage of, he curren of ivm and evennumbered and odd-numbered Diode under volagebalanced condiion. So he volage muliplier can be modeled as he following equivalen circui. The inpu volage of muliplier doubles as Vs, while he curren halved as IVM/. IVM/ equals o sum of every Sc equalizaion charger curren. IVM/ auomaically disribues more curren ino he Sc which has lower volage han he oher S. In conclusion, he volage muliplier can equal S volage auomaically, wihou 16 In. J. Elecron. Elecr. Eng. B Then is designed o be 5uH while is 3n, is designed o be 1u and i is much larger han. where Req-i is equivalen resisance of volage muliplier: Req i { D [W] IVM I c1 I... c8 [A] 1[V] Finally Subsiuion (5) ino (4): VS Vi VD Req1 According o Fig. 6, IVM is he sum of Ici/ which is he equalizaion charger curren oward supercapacior. Under a volage-balanced condiion: In general, he variaion of capacior can be expressed in following equaion. I I V IReq C Cf D1 Ic1/ Figure 6. Equivalen of volage muliplier (3) I Ci ( ri rd ) D4 B1 VC i VCi O VCi E Req VS According o (1), (): VS Vi VD D3 18
4 Inernaional Journal of Elecronics and Elecrical Engineering Vol. 4, No., April 16 In Fig. 7, Duy cycle is 49.7% in order o preven shor circui of Q1 and Q. In Fig. 7(d), i can be seen ha when he volage of Cp is clamped o-nvi/ and +nvi/, he volage muliplier works. Energy from PRI disribues o he S o achieve he purpose of equalizaion charging. In Fig. 7(e), i can be seen ha plays a role of no only he resonance uni componen bu also blocking capacior. In Fig. 7(f), ivm in he duy is differen from he nex duy because he Scs is charging ha means he changes on he volages of Scs influence ivm. (f) (g) Figure 7. Simulaion waveforms consan duy cycle he inpu volage of resonance uni (c) curren of, (d) he volage of Cp (e) he volage of (f) he curren of ivm (g) curren of even-numbered (doed line) and odd-numbered Diode (solid line) (c) Figure 8. Equlizaion of Sci he volage of and Sc8 he curren of even-numbered and odd-numbered Diode Fig. 8 shows he waveform of volage of and Sc8 and he curren of even-numbered and odd-numbered Diode. Because of large capacior of Sc, he simulaion ime is exremely long. So in his siuaion use 1mF value insead of F. I can be seen from his waveform ha he volage of and Sc8 from unbalanced siuaion o balanced siuaion. The resul is excellen using his opology. In Fig. 8, i can be seen from his waveform ha he volage muliplier can auomaically disribue more curren ino he Sc which have he lower volage value. (d) (e) 16 In. J. Elecron. Elecr. Eng. 19
5 Inernaional Journal of Elecronics and Elecrical Engineering Vol. 4, No., April 16 VI. CONCLUSIONS The equalizaion charger using parallel resonance and volage muliplier has he advanage of opology simple and efficien, widely used in small and medium power applicaions while he volume of passive componens consrain is furher improve of he power densiy. A -W prooype of he proposed equalizer for 8 supercapaciors conneced in series was buil. The volage of S iniially differen and imbalance evenually eliminaes, hen become he same volage level. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Projec suppored by Naional Naural Science Foundaion of China. REFERENCES [1] C. S. Moo, Y. C. Hsieh, and I. S. Tsai, Charge equalizaion for series-conneced baeries, IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Elecronic Sysems, vol. 39, no., pp , Apr. 3. [] M. J. Isaacson, R. P. Hollandsworh, e al., Advanced lihium ion baery charger, in Proc. Baery Conference on Applicaions and Advances,, pp [3] Y. S. Lee, M. W. Cheng, S. C. Yang, and C. L. Hsu, Individual cell equalizaion for series conneced lihium-ion baeries, IEICE Transacions on Communicaions, vol. 89, no. 9, pp , Sep. 6. [4] Y. S. Lee and M. W. Cheng, Inelligen conrol baery equalizaion for series conneced lihium-ion baery srings, IEEE Trans. on Indusrial Elecronics, vol. 5, no. 5, pp , Oc. 5. [5] M. Uno and K. Tanaka, Double-Swich single-ransformer cell volage equalizer using a half-bridge inverer and volage muliplier for series conneced supercapaciors, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 9, pp , Nov. 1. Yifan Zhou was born in Nanjing, China, in 1991, received he B.S. degree from he Elecrical engineering and auomaion, Nanjing Normal Universiy, Nanjing, China in 13. He is currenly working owards he M.S. degree in power elecronics and power ransmission a collage of Auomaion, Nanjing Universiy of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China. His research ineress include supercapacior equalizer echnique. Lei Li (M 9) received he B.S. degree from he Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Shandong Universiy of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China, in 1997, and he Ph.D. degree from he Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Nanjing Universiy of Aeronauics and Asronauics, Nanjing, China, in 4. He is currenly an Associae Professor wih he College of Auomaion Engineering, Nanjing Universiy of Science and Technology, Nanjing. He has published more han 5 echnical papers. His research ineress include mulilevel echnique, high-frequency power conversion, and conrol echnique. Dr. Li was he recipien of one firs class reward producion of science and echnology of Jiangsu Province and is he holder of hree China paens. 16 In. J. Elecron. Elecr. Eng. 11
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