A Control Technique for 120Hz DC Output Ripple-Voltage Suppression Using BIFRED with a Small-Sized Energy Storage Capacitor

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1 90 Journal of Power Elecronics, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 005 JPE A Conrol Technique for 0Hz DC Oupu Ripple-Volage Suppression Using BIFRED wih a Small-Sized Energy Sorage Capacior Jung-Bum Kim, Nam-Ju Park *, Dong-Yun Lee * and Dong-Seok Hyun * * Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, HanYang Universiy, Seoul, Korea ABSTRACT This paper presens a echnique o reduce he low frequency ripple volage of he dc oupu in a BIFRED converer wih a small-sized energy sorage capacior. The proposed pulse widh conrol mehod can be effecively used o suppress he low frequency ripple appeared in he dc oupu and sill mainains generally good performance such as low THD of inpu line curren and a high power facor. Using he small-sized energy sorage capacior, i has beer meris of low cos and smaller size han a convenional BIFRED converer. The proposed echnique is illusraed is validiy and effeciveness hrough simulaions. Keywords: BIFRED, Ripple-volage suppression, Small-sized energy sorage capacior. Inroducion L f i D n n i D Owing o he growing concern regarding harmonic polluion of he power disribuion sysem, and he adopion of sandards such as IEC-555- [], here is a need for single-phase power supplies whose AC line currens are low in harmonic conen and have a power facor close o uniy. The BIFRED(boos inegraed flyback recifier energy sorage dc-dc converer) converer is a single sage converer ha consiss of a boos converer for power facor correcion [] and a flyback converer for dc oupu volage regulaion [3]-[5]. The BIFRED has a near sinusoidal line curren, oupu isolaion and regulaed oupu volage [6]. In his sysem, power facor correcion and oupu volage regulaion are achieved by he pulse widh conrol Manuscrip received December 9, 005; revised April 4, 005. Corresponding Auhor: jungeon98@ihanyang.ac.kr Tel: , Fax: , HanYang Univ. * Dep. of Elecrical and Elecronics Eng., HanYang Univ. v in D R D R3 D R D R4 C f L S L Fig. The BIFRED converer D i C i C v C _ v _ C mehod. However here is a low frequency ripple volage in he DC oupu. The DC ripple volage produces he associaed ripple curren in he DC-link, which may flow hrough ino he baery, when he baery is conneced o he DC oupu. I is said ha he low frequency ripple curren flowing ino a baery causes an increase in he operaing emperaure and reduces he life ime of a baery. Also, he low frequency ripple volage is fed back o he conrol loop hrough he volage conroller and may inroduce any waveform disorion of he inpu line curren. In order o reduce he ripple volage, a large energy sorage capacior is R Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

2 A Conrol Technique for 0Hz DC Oupu Ripple-Volage Suppression 9 used. A ha poin is volage is essenially consan over he line period under normal operaing condiions. Therefore, energy sorage capacior can absorb and supply he difference beween he pulsaing (single-phase AC) insananeous inpu power and he consan DC oupu, and hence he oupu volage is originally consan. In his paper, wihou he exra power circui, he pracical suppression echnique o reduce he low frequency ripple volage of he DC oupu in he BIFRED converer wih he small-sized energy sorage capacior is proposed. Simulaion and experimenaion are performed o illusrae validiy of he conrol mehods.. Convenional BIFRED converer [9] The BIFRED converer, shown in Fig., consiss of a boos inpu circui inegraed wih a flyback oupu sage, hus using a single swich. The paricular problem of high energy sorage capacior volage a ligh loads is addressed and i is shown how his may be resolved if he boos and flyback secions of he converer are allowed o operae disconinuously. Therefore he boos sages operaes in a DCM (Disconinuous conducion mode) [7], [9]. i v i i C i D V n L L _ i nc V _ V nl L DTs V nv L i C V nv _ L n V nv _ L D Ts D 3Ts Ts Vin n V L n V Fig. Disconinuous conducion mode waveforms L Fig. shows he ideal waveforms of a BIFRED flyback converer in which boh he boos and he flyback secions operae disconinuously. The converer should be designed such ha he inpu inducor curren (i ) becomes disconinuous before ha of he ransformer magneizing inducance (i ). If his condiion is no saisfied, i becomes coninuous a he peak of he inpu volage, resuling in a surge of curren and, hence, an increase in he inpu curren oal harmonic disorion (THD). Therefore, he BIFRED converer mus be designed o operae in a mode whereby i becomes disconinuous before i. The operaion modes are classified ino 4 inervals shown in Fig... Large-signal model If he inducor and capacior currens are averaged over a swiching period, a large-signal insananeous average model of he operaion for he DCM BIFRED converer is given in Eq. () ~ (3). ( i ) C av D T = L dv d av s ( v nv ) vin v nv v in D T s vin v = L v nv vin L dv D T n s vin v v C = d av L v nv vin L nv (3) R where v in is he line volage, v is he bulk capacior volage, v is oupu volage, L is he inpu inducance, L is he flyback ransformer magneizing inducance, T s is he swiching period, D is swich duy cycle, n is he flyback ransformer urns raio, and R is he road resisance.. Seady-Sae Equaions In seady sae, he average value of he energy sorage capacior curren and he oupu capacior curren mus be zero over a half line period. If i is assumed ha he duy cycle D and swiching period T s are consan and ha he ripple of volages v and v can be negleced, hen he averaging () over a half line period and equaing o zero resuls in he seady-sae equaion () () Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

3 9 Journal of Power Elecronics, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 005 Vin peakl V = L M π π M π an M M (4) P F C DC / DC where, V M =, peak is he peak of he line volage, nv peak V and V are average volage of v and v respecively. L is he inpu inducance, T s is he swiching period and D is swich duy cycle. Subsiuing (4) ino he half line period average of he oupu capacior curren yields he following equaion for he seady-sae duy cycle D: Bridge Recifier V reference V DC Swich Duy sw P I Ripple Suppression Fig. 3 Conrol block diagram Energy Sorage Capacior L V D = (5) RT V ( V nv ) s.3 Condiion for DCM As menioned previously, he DCM BIFRED mus also be designed such ha i becomes disconinuous before i reaches zero. The condiion for ensuring he correc operaion is D D D 3 where D and D 3 are as defined in Fig., he condiion for ensuring he correc operaion is V peak To ensure ha he flyback secion of he converer remains disconinuous, he magneizing inducance of he ransformer mus be limied o a value ha will allow disconinuous operaion for maximum oupu power and for he minimum energy sorage capacior volage. When operaing a he cups of he inpu volage, he energy conribuion from he boos inpu is zero and hence all he energy is supplied by he bulk capacior. Therefore, he swich on-ime is a is maximum a his poin and he maximum magneizing inducance referred o he primary is L max min P ou max (6) (7) VminnV T s V nv = (8) To ensure ha he converer operaes in he correc mode, he magneizing inducance mus be calculaed from equaion (8), and hen he inpu inducance can be seleced by seing he energy sorage capacior volage equal o he peak of he minimum inpu volage in equaion (4). 3. Volage Ripple Suppression Scheme To reduce he volage of he energy sorage capacior, boh boos and flyback secions operae in he DCM. In he DCM mode, i is possible o reduce he energy sorage capacior volage, however i has a problem ha increases he conducion loss and low-frequency ripple of he oupu volage. Therefore, big-sized elecro exra power circui elemens such as big-sized energy sorage capacior are provided. The low-frequency DC ripple volage in he BIFRED converer wih he small-sized energy sorage capacior is easily suppressed wih he help of he ripple volage supression scheme, wihou adding he addiional power devices o he power circui. Fig. 3 shows a conrol block diagram of he proposed mehod. The proposed conrol loop consiss of wo differen loops. One conrol loop is for he oupu volage regulaion and he oher conrol loop is for he ripple volage suppression of he low frequency componen in he DC oupu volage. This ripple suppression is obained by feedforward of he low frequency ripple volage. Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

4 A Conrol Technique for 0Hz DC Oupu Ripple-Volage Suppression 93 V Energy sorage capacior High Pass Filer V Ripple K V Comp Duy sw Table. Parameers of he BIFRED Converer B I F R E D Ripple Suppression Volage error Volage Regulaor Fig. 4 deerminaion of he duy signal Parameer Value L 60µH C 0µ ~ 0µF N L 350µH V Energy sorage capacior 0 V ripple 0 High pass filer Invered gain Ripple suppression V comp 0 Fig. 5 Waveforms in he ripple suppression circui Fig. 4 shows he deailed conrol scheme for he ripple volage suppression. The conrol signal for he ripple suppression is esablished hrough a high pass filer and an invered gain block from a measuremen of he energy sorage capacior volage. The cuoff frequency of he filer is seleced so ha only he ac componen of he low frequency ripple volage around 0Hz can be shifed. I can be seen in Fig. 5 ha he conrol signal for he ripple reducion is obained from he waveform of he pracical ripple volage. The proposed DC ripple volage suppression scheme shows good performance in he DCM BIFRED converer as well as he CCM BIFRED converer. 4. Simulaion Several simulaion models of he proposed conrol echnique for he BIFRED converer are done o show validiy. V DC oupu ripple C 50µF R 8Ω L f 6µH C f µf f s (%) 30kHz Wihou proposed conrol scheme Wih proposed conrol scheme Energy sorage capacior ( µ F ) Fig. 6 Energy sorage capacior versus DC oupu ripple volage in he BIFRED converer They performed under an environmen of he inpu volage of 0Vac, 60Hz, he oupu DC volage of 48Vdc, and he oupu power of 300W. The componen values are given in Table. Fig. 6 shows he relaion of he energy sorage capacior and DC oupu ripple volage in he BIFRED converer. I can be seen from his figure, he ripple volage of he DC oupu is increased from % o 7% by reducing energy sorage capacior C from 0µF o 0µF. However, he DC oupu volage ripple is conrolled abou % regardless of he varying energy sorage capacior when he proposed conrol scheme is applied. Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

5 94 Journal of Power Elecronics, Vol. 5, No. 3, July DCM BIFRED converer Fig. 7(a) shows he simulaed inpu volage and inpu curren of he DCM BIFRED converer using he proposed conrol mehod. Fig. 7(b) shows ha he simulaion resul of he inpu curren under he load condiion is varied from full o half a =00ms. As shown in Fig. 7, he waveform of inpu line curren is nearly a sinusoidal waveform, mainaining he high power facor. Fig. 8(a) shows he simulaion resul of he DC oupu volage waveforms. I is said in his figure ha he low frequency ripple componen is relaively reduced when he proposed ripple suppression scheme is applied a =50m. Fig. 8(b) shows he simulaion resuls of he inpu volage and oupu volage under he inpu volage is varied from 3V o 350V a =00ms. Fig. 8(c) shows he simulaion resuls of he oupu volage and oupu curren under he load condiion is varied from full o half a =00ms. I can be seen from hese figures ha he oupu volage is consanly regulaed. (a) Wih proposed conrol mehod (a 50ms) (b) Oupu volage and inpu volage( 5) waveform a he variaion of inpu volage (a 00ms) (a) Inpu volage and inpu curren( 30) waveform (b) Inpu curren a he variaion of he load (a 00ms) (c) Oupu volage and oupu curren( 5) waveform a he variaion of load from full o half (a 00ms) Fig. 7 Inpu curren waveform in DCM BIFRED converer Fig. 8 Oupu volage waveform in DCM BIFRED converer Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

6 A Conrol Technique for 0Hz DC Oupu Ripple-Volage Suppression CCM BIFRED converer Fig. 9 shows he simulaed inpu volage and inpu curren of he CCM BIFRED converer using he proposed conrol mehod. Fig. 0 shows he simulaed resuls of he DC oupu volage waveforms when he proposed ripple suppression scheme is applied. I also shows ha he low frequency ripple componen is relaively reduced. i in 5. Experimen Fig. shows he experimenal inpu volage and inpu curren of he DCM BIFRED converer using he proposed conrol mehod. As shown in Fig., he waveform of he inpu line curren is nearly a sinusoidal waveform, mainaining he high power facor. [00V/div, A/div, Time : 5ms] Fig. npu volage and inpu curren waveform BIFRED converer V o [0V/div, Time : 0ms] Fig. 9 Inpu volage and inpu curren( 30) waveform in CCM BIFRED converer (a) Wihou proposed conrol mehod V o [0V/div, Time : 50ms] Fig. 0 Wih proposed conrol mehod (a 50ms) in CCM BIFRED converer [0V/div, Time : 0ms] (b) Wih proposed conrol mehod Fig. upu volage waveform in BIFRED converer Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

7 96 Journal of Power Elecronics, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 005 Fig. shows he experimenal resul of he DC oupu volage waveforms. Fig. (a) shows he DC oupu volage waveform wihou he proposed conrol scheme. In his case he DC oupu volage ripple is abou 7%. Fig. (b) shows he DC oupu volage waveform wih he proposed conrol mehod. I is said in his figure ha he low frequency ripple componen is relaively reduced when he proposed ripple suppression scheme is applied. As hese resuls show, he validiy of he proposed recifier wih he high power facor and he oupu volage ripple suppression is verified. Table shows ha he BIFRED converer using he proposed conrol mehod performs beer han he exising BIFRED. Table omparison of he BIFRED Converer. BIFRED Power facor Energy sorage capacior Oupu ripple volage Convenional high 0u % Wih small-sized energy sorage capacior Using proposed conrol mehod high 0u 7% high 0u % 5. Conclusions The DC ripple volage suppression scheme in BIFRED converer wih a small-sized energy sorage capacior is presened in his paper. In addiion, he validiy of he proposed scheme was varified hrough he simulaion resuls. The advanages of he proposed echnique are as follows. High power facor and regulaed DC oupu volage. Small flucuaion agains he sep change of he load and inpu volage. Simple conrol circui for DC ripple suppression. Small-sized energy sorage capacior compared wih he convenional BIFRED converer. Small size and low cos. I has been shown ha he BIFRED converer wih he small-sized energy sorage capacior can be employed in applicaions requiring a well regulaed oupu volage and power facor correcion. References [] Inernaional Elecroechnical Commission, Subcommie 77A, Equimen Connecion o he public Low Volage Sysem, Draf-Revision of IEC publicaion 555-, July 989. [] C.P. Henze and N. Mohan, A digially conrolled ac o dc power condiioner ha draws sinusoidal inpu curren, in Proc. IEEE PESC 86, pp , 986. [3] R. Erockson, M. Madigan and S. Singer, Design of a Simple High-Power-Facor Recifier Based on he Flyback Converer. IEEE Applied Power Elecronics Conference, Conference Proceedings pp , 990. [4] M. J. Willers, M. G. Egan, J. M. D. Murphy, and S. Daly, An ac-dc converer wih low inpu disorion and near uniy power facor, in Proc. EPE 93, VOL. 4, pp. -7, 993. [5] S. Freeland, Inpu Curren Shaping for Single-Phase AC-DC Power Converers. Ph. D. hesis, par, California Iniue of Technology, Ocober 987. [6] M. Madigan, R. Erickson and E. Ismail, Inegraed high qualiy recifier-regulaors, in Proc. IEEE. PESC 9, PP , 99. [7] M. J. Willers, M, G. Egan, J. M. D. Murphy, S. Daly, A BIFRED converer wih a wide load range, in Proc. IEEE IECON 94, pp.6-3, bologna, Ialy, 994. [8] D. Y. Lee, I. Choy, D. S. Hyun, DC Volage-ripple Suppression in Three-phase Buck Diode Recifiers wih Uniy Power Facor, in Proc. IEEE. EPE 99, 999. [9] M. J. Willers, M.G.Egan, S.Delay and J.M.D.Murphy, Analysis and design of a pracical disconinuous -conducion-mode BIFRED converer, Indusrial Xlecronics, IEEE Transacions on, Volume: 46 Issue:4, pp , Aug.999. Jung-Bum Kim was born in Busan, Korea in 976. He received he B.S. degrees in he elecrical eng. from Donga Universiy, Busan, Korea, in 003, where he is currenly working oward he M.S. degree in Elecrical Eng. a Hanyang Universiy, Seoul, Korea. His main research ineress are high frequency PWM DC-DC converer opology and is conrol circuis, Power facor correcion and is conrol circuis. Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

8 A Conrol Technique for 0Hz DC Oupu Ripple-Volage Suppression 97 Nam-Ju Park was born in Gyeongnam, Korea, in 973. He received he M.S. degree in he conrol and insrumenaion Eng. from Gyeongsang Naional Universiy, Jinju, Korea, in 00, where he is currenly working oward he Ph.D. degree in Elecrical Eng. a Hanyang Universiy, Seoul, Korea. His primary areas of research ineres include high-frequency resonan inverer, high frequency PWM DC-DC converer opology and is conrol circuis, sof swiching echnique such as ZVS, ZCS, power facor correcion circuis and elecronic ballas. Dong-Yun Lee was born in Chonbuk, Korea, in 968. He received he M.S. and Ph.D degree in Elecrical Eng. from Hanyang Universiy, Seoul, Korea, in 998 and 003, respecively. From 998 o 003, he was wih Korea Insiue of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea, as a researcher. Since 003, he has been wih LG.Philips LCD, as a senior researcher. His primary areas of research ineres include high-frequency resonan inverer, high frequency PWM DC-DC converer opology and is conrol circui, sof swiching echnique such as ZVS, ZCS, power facor correcion circuis and elecronic ballas. Dong-Seok Hyun (S 79-M 83-SM 9) received he B.E. and M.E. degree in elecrical engineering from Hanyang Universiy, Seoul, Korea, in 973 and 978, respecively, and he Ph.D. degree in elecrical engineering from Seoul Naional Universiy, Seoul, Korea, in 986. From 976 o 979, he was wih he Agency of Defense Developmen, Korea, as a Researcher. He was a Research Associae in he deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Universiy of Toledo, Toledo, OH, during , and a Visiing Professor of Elecrical Engineering a he Technical Universiy of Munich, Germany, during Since 979, he has been wih Hanyang Universiy, where he is currenly a Professor in he Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering and Elecronics (AIEE). He is he auhor of more han 80 publicaions concerning elecronics, and moor drives. His research ineress include power elecronics, digial signal processing, racion, and heir conrol sysems. Dr. Hyun is a fellow member of he IEEE Power Elecronics, IEEE Indusrial Elecronics, IEEE Indusry Applicaions, and IEEE Elecron Devices Socieies, he Insiuion of Elecrical Engineers (U.K.), he Korea Insiue of Elecrical Engineers, and he Circui Conrol Sociey. Copyrigh (C) 005 NuriMedia Co., Ld.

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