A Coupled Inductor Hybrid Quadratic Boost Inverter for DC Microgrid Application

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1 A Coupled Inducor Hybrid Quadraic Boos Inverer for DC Microgrid Applicaion Anish Ahmad, R. K. Singh, and R. Mahany Deparmen of Elecrical Engineering, Indian Insiue of Technology (Banaras Hindu Universiy),Varanasi,India. Absrac High volage gain inverer is required in broad range of applicaions such as solar phoovolaic (PV), fuel cell, and wind energy. In his paper, a coupled inducor hybrid quadraic boos inverer (HQBI) is proposed for DC microgrid applicaions. The proposed HQBI provides simulaneous DC and AC oupus wih increased reliabiliy, by providing inheren shoo hrough proecion in he inverer sage unlike he convenional volage source inverer (VSI). In he HQBI, filer inducors are magneically coupled and a damping nework is inroduced. This arrangemen helps in complee eliminaion of righ half plane (RHP) zero for DC boos operaion and provides beer dynamic performance. The HQBI gives high volage gain up o imes. A novel pulse widh modulaion (PWM) echnique is also inroduced for he HQBI. In his proposed PWM echnique, only posiive shoo hrough is insered, so ha one shoo-hrough is convered in o zero sae unlike he convenional PWM echniques, in which boh swiches in one leg of he inverer are urned on simulaneously. The proposed PWM echnique reduces he sress on he swiches and he swiching losses of he inverer. Seady sae and small signal dynamic modelling is done o display he advanages of he proposed HQBI. The proposed PWM echnique also reduces he sress on he swiches. The concep is validaed hrough simulaion and experimenal resuls. I. INTRODUCTION Now-a-Days los of researches are being done on he developmen of he environmenal friendly disribued generaion (DG s) echnologies [1]. When hese DG s are conneced o he grid hey pose problems of proecion and volage rise in he grid. DC microgrid has become a suiable soluion for such ype of problems for he inegraion of he renewable sources wih he grid especially in case of PV generaion []. A boos converer is required as a par of he power elecronic inerface o sep up he oupu volage (usually relaively very low) of he DG s such as PV for pracical applicaion [3]. Boos inverer discussed in [4] provides ac oupu volage larger han he dc inpu bu has a drawback of lack of conrol on he inducor curren also dead ime compensaion is required. Z source inverer (ZSI) discussed in [5] gives buck- boos operaion, improved efficiency, and reduces cos wih robus elecromagneic inerference (EMI) noise immuniy. Bu i has drawbacks such as presence of RHP which makes he conroller design complex. Lieraure [6] discusses he advanages and limiaions of he ZSI. An Inverse Wakins Johnson Topology-Based Swiched boos inverer (SBI) opology is discussed in [7]. Similar o ZSI i has buck-boos capabiliy and i allows shoo hrough of inverer leg swiches o improve EMI immuniy of he inverer. Main disadvanage of he SBI is ha, i offers lower volage conversion raio and is inpu curren is disconinuous [8]. In his paper, a coupled inducor hybrid quadraic boos Inverer (HQBI) is presened. The HQBI gives simulaneous DC and AC oupus. I has he advanages of inheren shoo hrough proecion and high reliabiliy and gives simulaneous DC and AC oupus. In he HQBI, wo quadraic boos converers are conneced in cascade and filer inducors are magneically coupled. A series R d C d damping nework is inroduced. This arrangemen helps in complee eliminaion of righ half plane (RHP) zero for DC boos operaion and provides beer dynamic performance. HQBI based DC microgrid archiecure is given in he Fig 1. From Fig.1, i is clear ha boh DC and AC oupu is achieved from he DC inpu in one single sage unlike he convenional DC microgrid in which more of number of power elecronic inerface required. Renewable Energy DC Source Hybrid Quadraic Boos Inverer Figure 1. Hybrid converer based DC microgrid. AC Load or Grid DC Load Overall, he conribuion of he paper and advanages of he proposed hybrid Quadraic boos Inverer (HQBI) can be summarized as follows. The Proposed hybrid HQBI will give simulaneous AC and DC oupu. No dead ime compensaion is required [9]-[1]. Inheren shoo hrough proecion in he inverer sage.

2 Wide range of duy cycle can be used unlike he convenional inverers such as ZSI and SBI is limied o.5. The HQBI can give very high dc volage conversion raio of abou 16 o 17 imes and hence ac volage also sep-up, wih he improved dynamic performance. In he HQBI, filer inducors are magneically coupled and a series damping nework is inroduced. This arrangemen helps in complee eliminaion of righ half plane (RHP) zero for DC boos operaion and provides beer dynamic performance. This also faciliaes simpler conroller design. In he HQBI, he magneic coupling beween he filer inducors reduces he size of he inducor and herefore, weigh and volume of he overall sysem ges reduced. In Secion II, he proposed hybrid HQBI is described. Secion III deals wih he PWM echniques. Proposed PWM echnique is discussed in Secions IV. Secion V deal wih he small signal modeling of he converer for DC oupu operaion. Verificaion of proposed concep using is done Secion VI. Finally, conclusion is drawn in Secion VII. II. PROPOSED COUPLED INDUCTOR HYBRID QUADRATIC BOOST INVERTER A. Operaing Principle of Proposed Inverer Fig. shows he proposed hybrid quadraic boos inverer (HQBI). In his proposed HQBI boh he filer inducors (L 1 and L ) are muually coupled and damping nework(r d and C d ) is inroduced. As a resul, RHP zero is compleely eliminaed and he converer becomes a minimum phase sysem enabling a simple and linear conroller design. A low-pass LC filer is used a he oupu of he inverer bridge o filer ou he ripple componens in he inverer oupu volage.when swich node V sn and swich S c urn-on a he same insan, boos operaion occur (or shoo-hrough operaion) and inverer operaion occurs in he power inerval( when swich - or - urn-on). Fig.3 shows he operaional waveform of he proposed HQBI. Figure. Proposed hybrid quadraic boos inverer (HQBI) S c V ab i D V sn i sn i L1 Figure 3. Operaional waveform of a he HQBI. B. Seady Sae Modelling The expression for volage gain of he DC oupu is similar o a quadraic Boos converer and can be derived as follows: V o = 1 (1 D) (1) The modulaion index, denoed by m a ( m a 1), regulaes he AC oupu volage and D is seady sae duy raio. The peak oupu AC volage is relaed o he inpu as: V oac = m a (1 D) () Oupu DC power and AC power can be derived as follows: P DC = R dc (1 D) 4 (3) P AC =.5 m a R ac (1 D) 4 (4) Where, as R dc and R ac are DC and AC load resisances, respecively. III. REVIEW OF PWM FOR CONVENTIONAL INVERTTERS Fig.4 shows he convenional PWM sraegy used on convenional inverer such as SBI and hybrid inverer [8], [11]. As shown in Fig. 4, boh he swiches in one leg of he inverer are urned on simulaneously o boos he inpu volage.shown.v ST is shoo-hrough, V m is peak magniude of sinusoidal reference signal and o are inverer swich, whereas S C is conrol swich similar as shown in Fig. The shoo-hrough (ST) inerval occurs when eiher swiches - or swiches - of any paricular leg are urned on a he same ime. In power (P) inerval eiher swiches - or

3 swiches - are urn on, where as in zero (Z) inerval he inverer curren circulaes among he bridge nework swiches. +V ST +V m -V m -V ST S c ST Z P Z ST Z V carrier P Z ST Figure 4. PWM analysis wih shoo-hrough (ST), Power ( P) and Zero (Z) Inerval A. Relaionship beween V ST and Shoo-Through Duy Raio D To obain a mahemaical relaionship beween V ST and D, consider Fig.4, from which one can wrie DT S T S max V m. T S D 1 m a (8) Where m a = max V m ()/ is modulaion index.from (7) and (8), we ge V ST > m a. Peak value of he fundamenal componen of V AB is given by V AB = V O = m a. V o = m a. IV. 1 (1 D). PWM TECHNIQUE FOR PROPOSED INVERTER The convenional inverers discussed in [5], [7] uilizes he shoo-hrough sae of he inverer, in which boh swiches in one leg of he inverer are urned on simulaneously. Boh posiive and negaive shoo-hrough volage V ST are used for generaing PWM as shown in Fig4. In he proposed PWM echnique only shoo hrough is insered ino wo swiches only. Proposed inverer PWM is shown in Fig 5. As shown in Fig. 5, only single shoo hrough is sage come in for one swiching cycle. The seady sae duy raio and modulaion index relaionship for he proposed PWM echnique will be as follows: D 1 m a (9) +V ST V carrier V ri = T S /4 T S /4 T S 4 3T S 4, if < < T S, if T S < < T S (5) +V m -V m V ri 1 = V ri = V ST and Using (5) and (6) 1 and will be as, 1 = T S V ST = T S 4 3 V ST Subsiuing 1 and in equaion (6) 1 = DT S (6) S c ST Z P Z Z Z P Z ST D = 1 V ST (7) B. Effec of Shoo-Through Sae on Oupu Volage To ensure ha he shoo-hrough inerval does no disurb he power inervals of V AB, D should be chosen such ha he oal widh of he shoo-hrough inerval does no exceed he oal available widh of he zero inerval in any swiching cycle, Figure 5. Proposed PWM wih shoo-hrough (ST), Power ( P) and Zero (Z) Inerval V. SMALL SIGNAL MODELING FOR DC OPERATION In his secion, ( ) denoes he small signal ac variaion of he signal.upper case represens he seady sae value and lower case represens he insananeuos value. Assuming ha he swiching frequency is much higher han he converer naural frequency and here are no parasiic effecs. For he

4 DC boos operaion, he converer in Fig. gives he following differenial equaions, using sae space averaging mehod[1]-[13]. dil1 d = M v c + d 1 v o + L v in + d 1 v c L 1 L M dil d = L 1 v c + d 1 v o + M v in + d 1 v c L 1 L M dv c d = v d v c R d C (d 1)i L1 i L C C dv o d = 1 d R o i L v o R o C o (a) dv d d = v d v c R d C d where M is muual Inducance beween L 1 and L. Pururbaion and linearizaion of above equaion leads o following sae space model. il1 il d v d c v o v d where, A = and, = A 1 D C B = i L1 i L v c v o v d + B T + E T d M + DL L DM M L 1 L M L 1 L M L 1 + DM M DL 1 L 1 L 1 L M L 1 L M 1 R d C R d C C 1 D C L L 1 L M E = L V c + MV MV c + L 1 V L 1 L M L 1 L M 1 R d C d R C M L 1 L M I L1 C I L C R d C d The open loop conrol o oupu ransfer funcion is deduced as follows:. V d = A s 4 + B s 3 + C s + D s + E A s 5 + B s 4 + C s 3 + D s + E (1) s + F From Fig 6(a) and (b) confirm ha he RHP zero is compleely eliminaed. Figure 6. Open loop conrol o oupu bode plo for dc volage(a) Gain, (b) Phase. VI. VERIFICATION The verificaion is done using simulaion and experimenal resuls. Microconroller is chosen o implemen a pulse widh modulaion (PWM) echnique for greaer efficiency. The MSP43 LaunchPad feaures on-board emulaion, is used. Code composer sudio version 6 (CCSv6) is used for debug he program. Three pins of he MSP43G device are used as comparaors oupu which are P1.1, P. and P.4 [14]. Remaining logics are use in analog board for connecing he gae drivers of IRFP5N MOSFET swiches. A. PWM Resuls In he proposed PWM, shoo hrough is given only on wo swiches and. For posiive V m one shoo-hrough are insered ino swich and for negaive V m, shoohrough is insered ino swich. The same swiching echnique will be applied o swiches and. PWM simulaion resuls for he proposed PWM echnique for V m < is shown Fig. 7 and experimenal validaion is shown in Fig 8. For V m > PWM simulaion resuls are shown in Fig. 9 and experimenal validaion is shown in Fig1. Swiching frequency of V ri is aken as 1 khz and reference sinusoidal wave is aken as 5 Hz. Duy cycle and modulaion index are decided by eq. (7) and (8) (b)

5 B. Operaion of he Proposed HQBI The proposed concep is validaed on a 45 W (4 W DC and 5W AC load) prooype wih simulaion and experimenal resuls. The values of inducors are aken as L 1 =.75 mh, and L = mh. Swiching frequency f s = khz, shoo hrough duy raio D=.75 and modulaion index m a =.5. Figure 7. Simulaion resul of Shoo hrough insered Vm< ino S1 when Figure 1. Experimenal resul of Shoo hrough insered ino S3 when Vm> Figure 8. Experimenal resul of Shoo hrough insered ino S1 when Vm< I L V odc I odc I oac V oac Figure 9. Simulaion resul of Shoo hrough insered ino S3 when Vm> Figure 11. Simulaion verficaion of he proposed hybrid HQBI

6 From he Fig.11, i is clear ha for a inpu volage = 4 V, he proposed HQBI gives DC oupu volage V odc = 4 V and AC ouppu volage V oac = V (peak-o-peak). I is clear from he simulaion resuls of Fig. 11 ha he proposed HQBI gives volage gain of abou imes for DC ouppu and high gain form he AC oupu volage. I is also verified by eq. (1) and (). posiive shoo hrough is insered, so ha one shoo-hrough is convered in o zero sae unlike he convenional PWM echniques which reduced he sress on he swiches and swiching losses also ges reduced. Seady sae and small signal dynamic modeling is done o exhibi he advanages of he proposed HQBI. The algorihm is validaed hrough mahemaical modeling, simulaion, and experimenal resuls V odc V oac Figure 1. Seady sae experimenal resuls of he proposed coupled induor hybrid quadraic boos inverer (HQBI). Fig. 1 gives he seady sae experimenal resuls of he proposed Hybrid Quadraic Boos Inverer (HQBI) in scale down prooype. For experimenal implemenaion, he values of inducors are aken as L 1 = 4 µh, and L = 8μH and reference riangular wave swiching frequency f ri =1 khz. From he Fig.1, i is clear ha for an inpu volage = 4.6 V, he proposed HQBI gives DC oupu volage V odc = 9.7 V and AC oupu volage V oac = 8 V (peak-o-peak). In his prooype experimenal verificaion duy cycle (D) is aken as.3 and modulaion index is.4. So as per inequaliy (9) for proposed PWM is validaed. VII. CONCLUSION A coupled inducor hybrid quadraic boos inverer (HQBI) is presened in his paper. The proposed HQBI provides simulaneous DC and AC oupus wih increased reliabiliy, by providing inheren shoo hrough proecion in he inverer sage unlike he convenional volage source inverer (VSI). The HQBI consiss of muually coupled inducor and a series damping nework. This arrangemen helps in complee eliminaion of he RHP zero for he DC boos operaion and i provides beer dynamic performance. This also helps in simpler conroller design. The HQBI is capable gives high volage gain up o imes of inpu volage. A novel PWM echnique is also proposed for he HQBI in his paper. In his proposed PWM echnique, only ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The auhors would like o hank he Deparmen of Science and Technology, Governmen of India, for providing funding o his research under he gran no. SB/S3/EECE / 11/13. References [1] Vilahgamuwa D. M, Gajanayake C. J, Loh P. C., Modulaion and conrol of hree-phase paralleled Z-source inverers for disribuedgeneraion applicaions, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. Vol. 39, No. 1,pp , March 9. [] Lu D. D. C, Agelidis V. G., Phoovolaic-baery-powered dc bus sysem for common porable elecronic devices, IEEE Trans. Power Elecron. Vol.4, no. 3, pp. 76-8, June 8. [3] Salomonsson D, Sannino A., Low-volage dc disribuion sysem for commercial power sysems wih sensiive elecronic loads, IEEE Trans. Power Del. Vol., no. 3, pp , July 7. [4] Pablo Sanchis, Alfredo Ursæa, Eugenio Gubía, and Luis Marroyo, Boos DC AC Inverer: A New Conrol Sraegy, IEEE Transacions On Power Elecronics, Vol., No.,pp , March 5 [5] Fang Zheng Peng, Z-Source Inverer, IEEE Trans.Indusry Applicaions, Vol. 39, No., pp , March 3. [6] A. Florescu e al, The advanages, limiaions and disadvanages of Z-source inverer, Proc IEEE Semiconducor Conference (CAS), 1 Inernaional(Volume: ) Oc. 1 Sinaia pp [7] S. Mishra, R. Adda, and A. Joshi, Inverse Wakins Johnson Topology-Based Inverer, IEEE Trans. On Power Elecronics, Vol. 7, No. 3,pp , March 1. [8] Olive Ray, and Sananu Mishra, Boos-Derived Hybrid Converer wih Simulaneous DC and AC Oupus, IEEE Trans.Indusry Applicaions, Vol. 5, No., pp , March 14. [9] Lihua Chen and Fang Zheng Peng, Dead-Time Eliminaion for Volage Source Inverers, IEEE Trans. On Power Elecron., Vol. 3, NO., pp , MARCH 8. [1] Seon-Hwan Hwang and Jang-Mok Kim, Dead Time Compensaion Mehod for Volage-Fed PWM Inverer, IEEE Transacions On Energy Conversion, Vol. 5, NO. 1, pp. 1-1, March 1. [11] R.Adda, S. Mishra, and A.Joshi, Analysis and PWM Conrol of Swiched Boos Inverer IEEE Trans. On Ind. Elecron., Vol. 6, No. 1, pp , Dec. 13. [1] R. Singh and S. Mishra A Magneically Coupled Feedback- Clamped Opimal Bi-direcional Baery Charger, IEEE Trans. Ind. Elecron., vol. 6, no., pp.4-43, Feb. 13. [13] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamenals of Power Elecronics, nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 1. [14] Texas Insrumens, MSP-EXP43G LaunchPad Evaluaion Ki User's Guide (Rev. F) [online]. Available: hp://

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