HAZARDS AND PULSE MODE SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
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1 Chapter 19 HAZARDS AND PULSE MODE SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
2 Lesson 5 Dynamic Hazards, Essential Hazards and Pulse mode sequential circuits Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
3 Outline Dynamic Hazards Essential Hazard Pulse Mode Sequential circuit Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
4 Hazard Free Circuit Elimination static-0 and static-1 hazards each variable, which is used as the input at any stage after adding the terms that eliminates the static hazards are used in only one form: either as such or complement form, then the circuit is hazard free. However, dynamic hazards may still be present. If we remove dynamic hazards, the we get hazard free circuit. Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
5 Dynamic Hazard When an output though suppose to undergo transition only once if changes total (2n + 1) times, where n = 1 or 2 or 3 and so on, there is a dynamic hazard. The n is the number of times the output toggle back to initial value. Dynamic hazards arise due to later stage gates undergoing the transitions slower than the previous stage gates or vice versa Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
6 Dynamic Hazard Y X X 5 times changes Hazard t t' t Static Hazard Eliminated Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
7 Dynamic Hazard Y X X 5 times changes Hazard t t' t Static Hazard Eliminated Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
8 Dynamic Hazard Source Circuit 1 inputs are also inputs to next stage circuit 2 circuit 1 circuit 2 Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
9 Outline Dynamic Hazards Essential Hazard Pulse Mode Sequential circuit Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
10 Asynchronous sequential circuit Consider asynchronous sequential circuit. Let us assume that (i) Static hazards have been eliminated (ii) Dynamic hazard has been eliminated (iii) Races that are critical has been eliminated (iv) The circuit operates in fundamental mode so that the input is changed only after a stable state is reached Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
11 Essential Hazard Due to different instances at which change in the excitation variable y q occurs when there is a change in an input variable X i. Essential hazard arises out that an input variable affects the different feedback cycle variables at different instances. Before the expected set of all y q excitation input changes finish, the state variable(s) x q can change, which may lead to circuit not functioning as expected Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
12 Excitation-cum-Transition Table for Y = X. x q2 + x q1 ; x q1 =D and x q2 = x q n+1 = J. x q n + State K. x q n Transition Outputs Y (x q0, x q1) [x q0, x q1 ] X=0 [x q0, x q1 ] X=1 X=0 X =1 (0, 0) 0, 0 1, (0, 1) 0, 1 1, (1, 0) 0, 1 1, (1, 1) 0, 1 0, Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
13 Essential Hazard Source X Combination circuit 1 Combination circuit 2 Y X Q Latch 1 Latch 2 Y Q Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
14 Essential hazard in an asynchronous sequential circuit operation When an input variable affects the different feedback cycle excitation variables at the different instances. Introduction of the additional delays greater than the delays in the combination circuits providing the excitations in the feedback cycles eliminates essential hazard. Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
15 Outline Dynamic Hazards Essential Hazard Pulse Mode Sequential circuit Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
16 Pulse Mode Sequential Circuit X Combination circuit 1 Combination circuit 2 or sequential circuit Y t X Q FF 1 FF 2 Y Q Clock Pulses Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
17 Essential hazard Elimination When the period T of the clock pulse, which excite a synchronous sequential circuit is greater than the time periods during which an input variable(s) affects the different feedback cycle excitation variables, the circuit will be free from essential hazards. Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
18 Summary Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
19 Dynamic hazards due to next stage getting input, which is common to a previous stage input and when number of output changes are odd Essential hazard due to delays in different latches or FFs are different Pulse clocked sequential circuit is free from essential hazards when pulse interval is more than the time required for number of feedback cycles to get a stable output. Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
20 End of Lesson 5 Dynamic Hazards, Essential Hazards and Pulse mode sequential circuits Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
21 THANK YOU Ch19L5-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education,
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