Design and Simulation of Remotely Power Controller

Transcription

1 Inernaional Journal of Alied Engineering Research ISSN olume 1, Number 1 ( Research India Publicaions h:// Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu Dearmen of Elecronics and Communicaions Engineering American Universiy of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah, UAE haia@aurak.ae, bgeu@aurak.ae Absrac Noing he benefis of ower conrolling in he indusrial and relaed alicaions, his aer resens a remoely conrolled ower sysem o be used for alernaing curren (AC and direc curren (DC loads. Remoe conrolling is achieved by ransmiing a hone digi corresonding o he desired level of ower from a Dual one Muli Frequency (DMF based fixed or mobile hone device. A receiver hone device receives he DMF ones corresonding o he ransmied digi and he ones will be rocessed by he roosed muli sages elecronic sysem ha includes arrays of filers, buffers, decoder, and drive circuis o acivae a suiable se of relays ha conrol he ower ar of he sysem. he ower ar is reresened by binary weighed resisance RIAC based ower circui wih he RC ar of he circui conrolling he firing angle, which is direcly relaed o he level of ower seleced by he remoe user a he ransmiing end. ransferred ower analysis and simulaion resuls based on NI-MULISIM are resened. he srong agreemen of he simulaion resuls wih he analysis reflecs he effeciveness of he roosed elecronic design. Keywords Load Power, Power Conrol, DMF, ouch-one, Remoe Conrol, Bandass Filers, Dimmer, Binary Weighed Resisor I. INRODUCION In indusrial, home alicaion including remoe rural alicaions, conrol of AC or DC ower sulied o moors is imoran in order o aain flexible seed for a wide range of alicaions such as exile indusry, grinding indusry wih differen gauges deending uon he adjusable seed value, agriculural uming sysems and oher similar alicaions [1], []. Secially designed AC volage conroller offers an abiliy

2 361 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu o conrol ower sulied o he house elecrical devices such as fans, chandelier lams and/or so ligh [3]-[6]. In he field of solar racking sysems, he DC moors seed conrol is more imoran o have high flexibiliy of racking he solar energy [7], [8]. In recen years, advances in echnology have led o he develomen of remoe conrolling sysems for elecrical load ower in differen alicaions so as o faciliae he daily human service requiremens such as remoe door locking sysems, remoe conrolling of elecrical aaraus in offices and homes, remoe oeraion of roboic sysems, remoe vehicular securiy sysems, remoe swiching sysems and oher relevan alicaions, [9], [1]. More secifically, he use of Dual one Muli- Frequency (DMF echnique is becoming redominan in various remoe conrolling alicaions [11]-[14]. A DMF based remoe conrolling sysem is roosed in [9], [1] in order o conrol he swiching saes (ON/OFF of remoely locaed agriculural ums. In he designed sysem, a remoely locaed erson, which could be a farmer will have he abiliy o ress he keyad of he elehone handse (fixed or mobile and can swich on or off waer ums locaed a he differen locaions. he simulaion resuls of he roosed sysem showed he caabiliy for conrolling he swiching saes of he waer uming moors used for he irrigaion. A DMF decoder and conrolling logic circui are designed o conrol he working sae of he ums by issuing commands encoded as audio DMF signals. he DMF decoder and conrolling circui receives hose remoe commands and conrols he swiching saes of he conneced moor um sysem. In his aer, we resen a new echnique o remoely conrol he amoun or level of ransferred ower form he source o any AC and/or DC load based on he DMF signaling echnique. A DMF one signal, which corresonds o a cerain ressed digi from he keyad of he user hone device, is ransmied. A he receiving side, he received one signal is rocessed hrough he sages of he designed elecronic sysem o finally achieve he required level of ower conrol based on he ransmied hone digi. he elecronic sysem includes DMF decoder, a logic conroller and a sysem of relays ha conrol he ower circui. he sae of relays will be conrolled based on he value of ransmied hone digi and he designed decoding circui. he conacs of he relays conrol he equivalen resisance in he RC ar of he ower circui based on he arrangemen of he binary weighed resisors. he ower circui is a convenional dimmer circui where he firing angle (equivalenly he firing ime required o make he RIAC (riode for alernaing curren in he conducion sae is deermined based on he values of he conneced resisor and caacior (he RC ar of he dimmer circui. he variaion of he resisance value in RC circui will lead o he conrol of he volage sulied o he load, which is conneced serially wih he dimmer circui. he volage across he load is normally alernaing curren (AC conrolled volage and hence a full wave bridge recifier circui is required o have direc curren (DC for DC loads like DC moors, which is suiable o conrol he moor seed. he firs ar afer he receiving hone device is a DMF decoder, which is used o decode he ones corresonding o he dialled digis. Each digi of he elehone keyad is consruced from wo DMF frequencies (ones. Based on he sandard se of DMF frequencies, an analogue acive filer is designed o decode he DMF ones from easily available assive and acive elecronic comonens. Afer

3 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 3611 he decoding of he ones, a logic conroller is designed o idenify he exac ransmied hone digi corresonding o he ransmied DMF ones. he analogue acive filer based on oeraional amlifiers has s srong caabiliy of selecing and recognizing he ransmied DMF based hone digi ha deermines he desired level of ower o be ransferred o he conneced load. II. LOAD POWER ANALYSIS Here, we focus on he ransferred load ower analysis and calculaion for differen firing angle, which conrols he ime he gae ulses are sen o he RIAC in he dimmer conrol circui. As shown in Fig. 1, he load is conneced o he AC source wih he RIAC conrolling dimmer circui [3]-[6]. he inu is a sinusoidal AC volage (, where is he eak volage, πf, f : frequency of source volage, f 1/, is he eriod of he inu volage. Fig. 1: RIAC based dimmer circui When he caacior is charged o a volage level equal o he break down volage of he DIAC, he DIAC conducs creaing a gae ulse curren ha in urn makes he RIAC o be fully conducing as a resul, he volage across he load becomes he same as he inu source volage ( L ( (. he oin where he RIAC sars o be fully conducing when observing over one eriod of he inu signal is called he firing angle or he firing ime ( as shown in Fig.. he firing angle is conrolled by he roduc of he value of he resisance and he caaciance (RC. he load volage is aroximaely zero before he firing ime since he RIAC isn conducing and almos negligible curren asses hrough he load. Le us examine he average ower delivered o he load over one eriod of he inu signal. he ower delivered or ransferred o he load is given by: rms PL IrmsR (1 L R L Where rms is he roo means square (rms value of he inu volage, (.

4 361 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu Fig. : AC load volage hrough over one eriod of he inu signal ( rms d d ( sin 1 ( 1 ( ( ( d d d d cos( cos( 1 ( sin 1 rms d d d d d d cos( cos( cos( ( ( 1 ( 1 rms From rigonomery, we have he following simlificaions 4 and 4 π π π π π 4 ( 1 ( rms π π Le π α

5 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 3613 rms 4π π 1 4π 1 ( rms π α 1 1 α (3 rms π π he square of he rms value of he load volage is given by ( or (3 in erms of he firing ime ( or he firing angle (α resecively. able 1 shows differen values of rms for differen cases of firing ime or firing angle. able 1: Load volage, rms for differen firing angles Firing ime, /1 /8 Firing angle, α π/63 π/445 rms rms π π Firing ime, /6 /4 /3 Firing angle, α π/36 π/9 π/31 rms rms π π.978 III. SYSEM MODEL In addiion o he ransmier side (fixed or mobile hone, he roosed sysem in he receiver side includes a receiver hone (fixed or mobile, DMF decoder and Logic Conroller and dimmer circui wih se of relays. he relays sae will be conrolled by he ransmied digis decoded by he DMF decoder. he conacs of relays in he dimmer circui deermine or conrol he oal value of he resisor R in he RC branch of he dimmer circui. Binary weighed sub-resisors are seleced o make u he oal resisance R, and he relay conacs are arranged o selec or deselec he sub-resisors in order o achieve differen levels of ransferred ower o he AC and/or DC load. Fig. 3 shows he main block diagram of he receiving end showing he roosed sysem including all main ars. A he ransmier side, he user will send he DMF conrol signal by firs dialing he receiver mobile or fixed hone. Afer he answering mode is comleed, he

6 3614 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu user will send aroriae digi coded as DMF one commands o swich on/off he relay conacs ha conrol he connecion and disconnecion of he sub-resisors o he overall dimmer circui. he received DMF one command will be decoded by an aroriae DMF decoder circui designed from analogue acive filer. Afer he decoding se, a logic conroller is designed o idenify he exac ransmied hone digi corresonding o he ransmied DMF one. A relaed relay will be changing is swiching sae corresonding o he ransmied digi. he elecronic design of he roosed work is done by he NI-MULISIM sofware. Fig. 3: Main block diagram of he roosed sysem I. DMF SIGNALLING he elehone keyad includes 16 digis, and each digi keyad is reresened by wo simulaneous ones seleced from a wo ses of frequencies. One se conains a low frequencies (697 Hz, 77 Hz, 85 Hz, 941 Hz while second se conains a high frequencies (19 Hz, 1336 Hz, 1477 Hz, 1633 Hz as shown in Fig. 4. When we ress a digi or symbol on he hone keyad, a sinusoid signal, which is a sum of he lower frequency (f L and he higher frequency (f H is generaed. herefore, he DMF one signal generaed is given by: x( Aπ f B πf (4 L H Where A & B are he amliude of he each frequency sinusoid. Fig. 4: he DMF ones generaed from a keyad

7 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 3615 he ransmied DMF one from a ransmiing hone saion is received a he receiving saion and be idenified by a suiable DMF decoder circui. In our revious work [9], [1], we focused on he imlemenaion of he DMF decoder using analog elecronic circuis. In ha work, we resened he designed circui of each sage of he overall decoder suored by exerimenal es and resuls for he differen sages of he overall roosed design. From (4, he DMF one signal is he sum of wo sinusoid frequencies ha will be received hrough he hone device a he receiver side. From [1], he received dual one signal of he ransmied digi is ( 941 ( 1336 ( as shown in Fig. 5, which is a sum of he 941 Hz and 1336 Hz signals. his signal will be he inu o he decoder sage reresened by an array of bandass filers (BPF one for each frequency. he filers array reresens he firs sage of he DMF decoder as shown in deailed block diagram of he roosed sysem in Fig. 6. Fig. 5: he DMF one corresonding o he digi a he inu of he BPF filers array, Channel 1 of Oscilloscoe (CH1, Yellow color-1336 Hz and Channel of Oscilloscoe (CH, Blue color- 941 Hz 1336 Hz [1]. he DMF decoder circui is able o idenify he individual DMF one signals. We used a four-ole acive band ass filer based on he four-ole bandass filer ha can be designed from a cascade or series connecion of wo idenical woole oologies. Fig. 7 shows a fourh order Buerworh acive bandass filer where he arameers are seleced o have resonance or maximum gain a a frequency of 1477 Hz, and he caacior and resisance values can be deermined using he design ses as menioned in [9], [1], [15], [16] which is one of he eigh DMF frequencies. We will have eigh fourh order bandass filers corresonding o he eigh DMF frequencies.

8 3616 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu Fig. 6: he deails of he roosed sysem including DMF decoder sages he values of he comonens for Fig. 7 are deermined for bandwidh, B 1 Hz (qualiy facor, Q 1/941, C 11 C 1 C 13 C 14 C 1 nf and overall gain of A m. Fig. 7: Fourh order oology acive bandass filer (comonen values are for mid or cener frequency, f m 1477 Hz [x], [x3]. Fig. 8: Ouu of he bandass filer of cener frequency f m 1477 Hz for DMF one inu signal corresonding o digi 3 (yellow color:- inu signal of 697 Hz 1477 Hz & blue color:- ouu signal of 1477 Hz [1].

9 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 3617 Fig. 8 shows he ouu of he acive bandass filer shown in Fig. 7 when he DMF signal for digi 3 is assed hrough he bandass filer (yellow-colored grah, which has a cener frequency f m 1477 Hz. I clearly shows ha he circui filers he inu DMF one corresonding o he digi 3 and roduces he sinusoid signal of frequency 1477 Hz a is ouu (blue-colored grah. Similarly, Fig. 9 shows he ouu of he acive bandass filer designed for a cener frequency of f m 697 Hz when he DMF signal for digi 3 is an inu signal o he filer. I clearly shows ha he circui filers he inu DMF one corresonding o he digi 3 and roduces he sinusoid signal of frequency 697 Hz a is ouu (blue-colored grah. herefore, he wo acive bandass filers (cener frequency f m 697 Hz and f m 1477 Hz ogeher are used o recognize or decode ha he dialed digi is digi 3. Fig. 9: Ouu of he bandass filer of cener frequency f m 697 Hz for DMF one inu signal corresonding o digi 3 (yellow color:- inu signal 697 Hz 1477 Hz & blue color:- ouu signal of 697 Hz [1]. he filers design accuracy can be noed by looking he ouu of he filers when a DMF one signal differen from he cener frequency is an inu o he filer. For examle, Fig. 1 shows he ouu of he bandass filer wih cener frequency f m 1477 Hz when an inu DMF one signal corresonding o digi 7 (85 Hz 19 Hz is an inu o he filer. Clearly, he ouu signal (blue color is significanly aenuaed by he filer and hence weak amliude and as a resul no recogniion of he digi 7 for his aricular filer.

10 3618 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu Fig. 1: Ouu of he bandass filer of cener frequency f m 1477 Hz for DMF one inu signal corresonding o digi 7 (yellow color:- inu signal 85 Hz 19 Hz & blue color:- ouu signal of he filer [1]. he nex sage of he decoder circui is eigh similar circuis wih each circui be a cascaded connecion of a comaraor, inegraor and buffer circui. he oal funcion of each circui is roducing an ouu volage wih low or high level (Logic or logic 1 based on he amliude of he inu signal, which is originally he ouu signal of each filer. he bandass filer circui as shown in Fig. 7 is designed o aenuae oher DMF frequencies ha are differen from he cener or he resonance frequency and herefore here will be very small amliude signal a he ouu for he frequencies differen from he resonan frequency. Fig. 11 shows he comaraor circui, followed by he inegraor RC circui, buffer logic gae wih indicaor lam for indicaing he deecion of he DMF frequency. he oeniomeer is se for a reference volage of aroximaely.15 and he comaraor gives an ouu volage of 15 (HIGH when he ouu of he bandass filer is above.15 and an ouu volage of -15 (LOW when he bandass ouu volage is less han he.15. Fig. 11: A comaraor, inegraor and buffer circui [1]

11 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller LOGIC CONROLLER CIRCUI We have shown he ossibiliy of comlee deecion and recogniion of he DMF frequencies using he designed DMF decoder circui. We ge a logic 1 if a DMF frequency is recognized and a logic if a DMF frequency isn deeced or recognized by he decoder elecronic circui. he logic conroller conrols he four relays in he dimmer circui. When digi is ressed or ransmied from he ransmier, i leads o rese of all he relays making no gae ulse reaches o he gae of he included RIAC in he dimmer. he load volage and ower will be null in his case. When digi 1 is ransmied, i leads o acivaion of only relay 1 and ulse signal reaches he RIAC gae o make i conducing and he dimmer circui allows lower volage or ower o be delivered o he load. Deending uon he roosed design, he load volage and ower will be increased from minimum value when digi 1 is ressed o maximum value when digi 8 is ressed. When a aricular relay is swiched on, i remains in swiched on sae unless i is swiched off by anoher ransmied digi. herefore, here is a need of racking he sae of he relays and hence a requiremen no only a combinaional bu also a sequenial circui [8], [9]. Four sequenial circuis reresened by four J-K fli flos are required o he coninuiy of he sae of relays working condiion. Deending on he ruh able of J- K fli flo as shown in able, he design of he four sequenial circuis sared by he whole ruh able which includes he deails of he inu erminals (J, K of each fli flo: able : ruh able of he J-K Fli Flo JK FLIP FLOP J 1 K 1 Q 1 (1 No change 1 SWICH OFF 1 SWICH ON 1 1 oggle able 3 exlains he desired sequence of relays working saes considering he inu erminals of fli flos o have he desired ses of binary incremens which will lead o have incremen of he load volage and load ower.

12 36 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu able 3: Desired relay swiching sequence corresonding o ransmied hone digis, JK fli flos, and load volage/ower ses ransmied Digi Relay 1 Relay Relay 3 Relay 4 ol/ Power Se R1 J1 K1RJKR3J3K3R4J4K4 Digi A Zero alue Digi 1 B Min. Digi C Incremen Digi 3 D Incremen Digi 4 E Incremen Digi 5 F Incremen Digi 6 G Incremen Digi 7 H Incremen Digi 8 I Max. Eigh lines ener he roosed digial conroller circui wih each line be logic level or 1 deending on he recogniion of eigh DMF frequencies by he revious decoder circui. he ouu lines of he logic conroller reresen he acivaed logic lines for 4-relays. he funcion of he digial conroller is execuing he requiremens of able 3. he conroller design includes wo inernal sages, firs one o recognize he digis (, 1,, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 from he inu logic levels of he DMF frequencies; his sage is done by a se of nine AND gaes (-inus as shown in Fig. 1. he design of he second sage of he logic conroller deends on he ruh able requiremens shown in able and able 3. he derived logic equaions for he J, K inus of each fli flo exlain he deails of he second sage. Fig. 13 shows he deails of he circui diagram regarding he firs ar of he second sage o acivae he firs relay while he oher hree relays; relay, relay3, and relay 4 have differen inus according o he below logic equaions: J1 B C D E F G H I K1 A J F G H I K A B C D E J3 D E H I K3 A B C F G J4 C E G I K4 A B D F H

13 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 361 Fig. 1: Firs sage of he logic conroller circui Fig. 13: Firs ar of he second sage of he logic conroller circui according o he logic equaions I. EIGH SEPS DIMMER CIRCUI he relay conacs conrol he oal resisance value of he resisor of RC circui in he dimmer hrough connecing and disconnecing he conacs across binary weighed serial four resisors (R11 kω, R6 3 kω, R16 kω, R58 KΩ. Fig. 14 shows he roosed and simulaed dimmer circui o remoely conrol he AC load volage and ower, while Fig. 15 show he roosed dimmer circui for he DC load:

14 36 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu Fig. 14: Dimmer Circui for conrolling volage/ower delivered o AC load. Fig. 15: Dimmer Circui for conrolling volage/ower delivered DC load. Figures Fig. 16, and Fig. 17 show he AC and DC load volage waveforms when as an examle digi 4 is ressed and ransmied (blue wave is inu AC suly waveform, while red wave is he load volage

15 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 363 Fig. 16: AC load volage when digi 4 ressed and ransmied Fig. 17: DC load volage when digi 4 ressed and ransmied able 5, and able 6 show he deails of relay saes, he oal resisance values, firing ime, firing angles, AC/DC load volages, load ower for he differen hone digi ransmission cases. he measured volages are in agreemen wih he heoreical analysis resuls given in ( and (3.

16 364 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu able 5: oal resisance values, firing ime, firing angles for differen hone digis: Pressed Digi Pressed Rly Rly Rly Rly oal Res. R a (kω Firing ime Firing Angle Digi (msec " Oen Circui o o o o o o o o able 6: AC and DC Load volage and ower for differen hone digis: AC-Load ol ( AC-Load Power (W DC-Load ol ( " DC-Load Power (W Fig. 18 shows he AC and DC load owers for differen ressed digis. I is clear from he figure ha ower conrolling can be achieved wih caabiliy of having differen values (ses of ransferred ower hrough adjusing he conneced serial resisors in RC branch of dimmer ower conrolling circui. 5 4 Load Power (W 3 AC Load Power (W DC Power (W Pressed Digis Fig. 18: AC and DC load owers for differen ressed digis

17 Design and Simulaion of Remoely Power Conroller 365 II. CONCLUSIONSHIS his sudy shows a ower conrolling sysem wih he deails of he roosed elecronic design, ower analysis, and simulaion resuls for remoely conrolling ower delivered o AC and/or DC elecrical load. Firsly, he sysem uses he communicaion nework where here is ransmiing and receiving of digis from he DMF based hone devices. Secondly, a new elecronic design is roosed o decode DMF frequencies a he receiving side and hirdly a ower conrolling circui is designed and he simulaion resuls show ha load ower conrolling is achieved wih high accuracy. he resened deign of muli-se dimmer ower conrol circui offers flexibiliy in he selecion of he desired delivered ower o he load hrough suiable selecion of he values of he serial resisors in he RC branch of he dimmer circui. he roosed mehodology can be adoed for oher remoely conrolled sysems. he overall elecronic design is done by using naional insrumen NI-MULSIM simulaion sofware. REFERENCES [1] Ben Azza, N. Zaidi, M. Jemli, and M. Boussak, "Develomen and Exerimenal Evaluaion of a Sensorless Seed Conrol of SPIM Using Adaive Sliding Mode-MRAS Sraegy," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Seleced oics in Power Elecronics, vol., , 14. [] A. Saghafinia, H. W. Ping, M. N. Uddin, and A. Amindous, "eaching of Simulaion an Adjusable Seed Drive of Inducion Moor Using MALAB/Simulink in Advanced Elecrical Machine Laboraory," Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 13, , 13. [3] Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Elecronics: Circuis, Devices & Alicaions, 4h Ediion, Prenice Hall, 13. [4] Boylesad R.L., and Louis Nashelsky. Elecronic Devices and Circui heory, 11 h Ediion., Prenice Hall, 1. [5] N. Mohan,.M. Undeland and W.P. Robbins, Power Elecronics - Converers, Alicaions, and Design, 3rd Ediion., Wiley & Sons, 3. [6] Daniel Har, Power Elecronics, McGraw-Hill, 1 [7] HA Aia, BN Geu, Design and Simulaion of a Solar racking Sysem for Oimum Energy Absorion, In. J. of hermal & Environmenal Engineering 8, (1, 17-4 [8] Aia, H., Geu, B.N., Al-Mashhadany, Yousif I., Design and Simulaion of Dual Axis Solar racker for Oimum Solar Energy Absorion, Inernaional Conference on Elecrical and Elecronics Engineering, Clean Energy and Green Comuing (EEECEGC13, December 11-13, 13, Dubai, UAE [9] Beza N. Geu, Nasser A. Hamad, Hussain A. Aia, Remoe Conrolling of an Agriculural Pum Sysem Based on he Dual one Muli-Frequency (DMF echnique, Acceed for Publicaions in Journal of Engineering Science & echnology (JESEC, olume 1, Issue 1. [1] Hussain A. Aia, Beza Negash Geu, Nasser Hamad, Exerimenal

18 366 Hussain A. Aia and Beza Negash Geu alidaion of DMF Decoder Elecronic Circui o be used for Remoe Conrolling of an Agriculural Pum Sysem, he Inernaional Conference on Elecrical and Bio-medical Engineering, Clean Energy and Green Comuing (EBECEGC15, January 8-3, 15, Dubai, UAE. [11] Geu, B.N., Al hehabawy, H., Idenificaion of Dialed elehone Numbers in ouch one elehone Sysem based on Frequency Analysis, Inernaional Conference on Comuer ision and Image Analysis, 5-7 March 14, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE [1] lsmail C.; and Hamid A., A remoe conroller for home and office aliances by elehone, IEEE ransacions on Consumer Elecronics, 44(4, , [13] uljaa L.; Sanjay L.; Sudharshan K.; Alok D.; and Nayan D. Conrol of Remoe Domesic Sysem Using DMF, Proceedings of ICICI-BME, 69-7, 9. [14] Rohi S.; Kushagra K.; and Shashank., DMF Based Remoe Conrol Sysem, IEEE Inernaional Conference on Indusrial echnology (ICI, , 6 [15] David L. errell, OP AMPS Design, Alicaion, and roubleshooing, Second Ediion, 1996, Buerworh-Heinemann, Elsevier Science. [16] Ron Mancini, Ediior in Chief, O-Ams for Everyone, exas Insrumens, Augus.