Light penetration within a clear water body. E z = E 0 e -kz
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1 THE BLUE PLANET 1
2 2
3 Light penetration within a clear water body E z = E 0 e -kz 3
4 4
5 5
6 Pure Seawater Phytoplankton b w 10-2 m -1 b w 10-2 m -1 b w, Morel (1974) a w, Pope and Fry (1997) b chl,loisel and Morel (1998) a chl, Sathyendranath et al. (2001) 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 Photosynthesis Ocean Color 10
11 Different pigments absorb at different wavelengths 11
12 12
13 13
14 Instrument Satellite Dates of Operation Spatial Resolution Swath Width CZCS Nimbus-7 10/24/78-6/22/ m 1556 km MOS IRS P3 3/21/96-Present 520 m 200 km MOS Priroda 4/23/96-Present 650 m 85 km OCTS ADEOS 8/17/96-7/1/ m 1400 km SeaWiFS Orbview-2 8/1/97-Present 1100 m 2800 km OCI ROCSAT-1 1/99-Present 800 m 690 km MODIS Terra/Aqua 12/18/99-Present 1000 m 2330 km SENSOR AGENCY SATELLITE LAUNCH DATE COCTS CZI MERIS MMRS MODIS- Aqua MODIS- Terra OCM POLDER-3 SeaWiFS CNSA (China) CNSA (China) ESA (Europe) CONAE (Argentina) NASA (USA) NASA (USA) ISRO (India) CNES (France) NASA (USA) Updated 03/05/2008 SWATH (km) RESOLUTION (m) BANDS SPECTRAL COVERAGE (nm) ORBIT HY-1B (China) 11 Apr ,500 Polar HY-1B (China) 11 Apr Polar ENVISAT (Europe) 1 Mar / Polar SAC-C (Argentina) 21 Nov Polar Aqua (EOS-PM1) 4 May ,385 Polar Terra (EOS-AM1) 18 Dec ,385 Polar IRS-P4 (India) 26 May Polar Parasol 18 Dec Polar OrbView-2 (USA) 1 Aug Polar 14
15 15
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17 17
18 18
19 19
20 PROCESSING ALGORITHMS Based on Gordon et al. (1980) and Gordon et al. (1983) The algorithm used for estimating the pigments content of the ocean from CZCS measurements involves the use of radiance ratios. The general form of the equation is Where log(c) = a + b*log[lw(1)/lw(2)] C is the pigment concentration (mg/m^3) a,b are regression coefficients Lw(1),Lw(2) are the atmospherically corrected radiances for a pair of CZCS channels For CZCS pigments processing, these channel pairs are (443, 550 nm), for C < 1.5 mg/m^3 (520, 550 nm), for C > 1.5 mg/m^3 20
21 Monthly Composite of CZCS During September
22 Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) CZCS BANDS Band Wavelength (nm) Phytoplankton Chl-a 22
23 SeaWiFS ALGORITHMS 23
24 GLOBAL ESTIMATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON CHLOROPHYLL-A USING SEAWIFS DATA 24
25 Launched on December 18, 1999 Launched on May 4,
26 MODIS Technical Specifications Orbit: Scan Rate: 705 km, 10:30 a.m. descending node (Terra) or 1:30 p.m. ascending node (Aqua), sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular 20.3 rpm, cross track Swath Dimensions: Telescope: 2330 km (cross track) by 10 km (along track at nadir) cm diam. off-axis, afocal (collimated), with intermediate field stop Size: 1.0 x 1.6 x 1.0 m Weight: kg Power: W (single orbit average) Data Rate: 10.6 Mbps (peak daytime); 6.1 Mbps (orbital average) Quantization: 12 bits Spatial Resolution: Design Life: 250 m (bands 1-2) 500 m (bands 3-7) 1000 m (bands 8-36) 6 years MODIS BANDS Primary Use Band Bandwidth 1 Spectral Radiance 2 Required SNR 3 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry Atmospheric Water Vapor
![MODIS BANDS Primary Use Band Bandwidth 1 Spectral Radiance 2 Required NE[delta]T(K) 4 Surface/Cloud 20 3.660-3.840 0.45(300K) 0.05 Temperature 21 3.929-3.989 2.38(335K) 2.00 22 3.929-3.989 0.](/docs-images/87/96046807/images/27-0.jpg "67(300K) 0.07 23 4.020-4.080 0.79(300K) 0.07 Atmospheric Temperature Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor 24 4.433-4.498 0.17(250K) 0.25 25 4.482-4.549 0.59(275K) 0.25 26 1.360-1.390 6.00 150(SNR) 27 6.535-6.")
27 MODIS BANDS Primary Use Band Bandwidth 1 Spectral Radiance 2 Required NE[delta]T(K) 4 Surface/Cloud (300K) 0.05 Temperature (335K) (300K) (300K) 0.07 Atmospheric Temperature Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor (250K) (275K) (SNR) (240K) (250K) 0.25 Cloud Properties (300K) 0.05 Ozone (250K) 0.25 Surface/Cloud (300K) 0.05 Temperature (300K) 0.05 Cloud Top Altitude (260K) (250K) (240K) (220K) 0.35 Sea Surface Temperature (Celsius Degree) Phytoplankton Chlorophyll-a (mg m^3) 27
28 Weekly MODIS Chlorophyll March 6-13, 2001 Weekly Ocean Net Primary Productivity 28
29 Challenges for Ocean Color in Caribbean Coastal Waters Global problems for ocean color remote sensing are also present in the Caribbean Better understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of inherent and apparent optical properties is needed. Site-specific bio-optical algorithms are required to better estimates the concentration of Chlorophyll-a and Suspended Sediments. CDOM and suspended sediments are seasonally produced by rivers discharge and their correlation controls the bio-optical variability. Photosynthetic picoplankton, like cyanobacteria, are competing with large phytoplankton for the quality and quantity of light. Current satellite sensors do not provide accurate estimates of water quality parameters in coastal areas due to all the above problems. 29
30 But, three unique challenges for remote sensing are also found in Caribbean coastal waters 1. Size of the coastal regions-requires sensors with very high spatial resolution. 2. Low concentration of the parameters-requires sensors with very high S/N ratio. 3. Short-term effects of dramatic seasonal events, like hurricanes, on land-sea interactions-requires sensors with high temporal resolution. PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS AFFECTED BY LARGE REGIONAL RIVERS AS DETECTED BY SEAWIFS 30
31 But, SeaWiFS images fail in coastal waters with local rivers Low Chl for developing bio-optical algorithms (also the number of data points are limited) Reflectance ratio (R443/R550) y = x R 2 = Chlorophyll-a (ug/l) 31
32 Low reflectance signal and no fluorescence peak PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS AFFECTED BY HURRICANES September 19 September 25 October 15 32
33 Opportunities for Ocean Color in Caribbean Coastal Waters Easy access to coastal waters Mayaguez Bay at Western P.R. Deep and Clear Waters Añasco River Sewage Outfall Yaguez River Guanajibo River Shallow and Clear Waters with Coral Reefs It is an accessible natural laboratory with large spatial and temporal variations. It is affected by rivers discharge and anthropogenic effects. Past and current research has provided excellent background information. Its is an ideal place to develop and test remote sensing techniques for coastal waters. 33
34 Good sampling equipment for sensors validation and algorithms development New algorithms for MODIS [Chlorophyll-a] = Empirical algorithm 500 m resolution [Chl-a]= *(B3/B4) [Chlorophyll-a] = OC3 MODIS algorithm 1 km resolution 34
35 SATELLITE DATA COLLECTION BY THE UPRM-TCESS SPACE INFORMATION LABORATORY L-BAND ANTENNA Orbview 2 NOAA 14/16 35
36 X-BAND ANTENNA RADARSAT LANDSAT-7 AQUA TERRA UPRM Station Viewing Area 36
37 PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS AFFECTED BY COASTAL UPWELLING AVHRR Sea Surface Temperature SeaWiFS Chlorophyll-a Airborne Sensors AOCI 90 s ATLAS 2004 AVIRIS
38 Empirical Algorithm to estimate Suspended Sediments in Mayaguez Bay using AVIRIS SS (mg/l) = (R777) Where R777 = AVIRIS Reflectance at 777 nm Sensors with high spatial resolution 38
39 Read Chapter 19 and answer the review questions 1, 4, and 9 (at the end of the chapter). 39
Light penetration within a clear water body. E z = E 0 e -kz
THE BLUE PLANET 1 2 Light penetration within a clear water body E z = E 0 e -kz 3 4 5 6 Pure Seawater Phytoplankton b w 10-2 m -1 b w 10-2 m -1 b w, Morel (1974) a w, Pope and Fry (1997) b chl,loisel and
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