9/12/2011. Training Course Remote Sensing Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011
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1 Training Course Remote Sensing Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011 Popular Remote Sensing Sensors & their Selection Michiel Damen (September 2011) 1
2 Overview Low resolution systems Medium Resolution Systems ( Landsat, Aster, IRS) High Resolution Systems Data Selection Criteria Questions 2
3 Low resolution systems Spatial resolution of 1 5km Medium resolution systems Spatial resolution between m. High resolution systems Spatial resolution better than 10 m. Imaging spectrometry systems 3 3
4 Low resolution systems Meteosat &NOAA System Orbit Swath width Meteosat 8 NOAA 17 Geo- Staionary Revisitin g time Sensor # Bands ½ Earth 15 min. SEVIRI 5 Spatial Resolutio n MS: 3 km Pan:1 km 812 km 2800 km 2-14 AVHRR Nadir:1 km sun- times per 11 + Pan Limb:2-6 synchr. day km Archive WWW eumetsat.de saa.noaa.gov NOAA: - Sea Surface Temperature SST - Cloud Cover maps - Normalized Different Vegetation Index NDVI 4 4
5 5 5
6 Envisat -1 Envisat (Environment Satellite) is an advanced polar-orbiting Earth observation satellite providing measurements of the atmosphere, ocean, land and ice over a five year period and was launched in January 2002 on an Ariane 5 rocket by the European Space Agency [ESA]. 6
7 MODIS Introduction Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer The MODIS instrument is operating on both the Terra and Aqua spacecraft. It has a viewing swath width of 2,330 km and views the entire surface of the Earth every one/two days. Its detectors measure 36 spectral bands and it acquires data at three spatial resolutions: 250 m, 500 m, and 1,000 m. 7
8 MODIS (2) spectral bands & primary use 8
9 Medium resolution systems Landsat MSS : 4 bands; Spatial Res. ~ 60 m. ETM+ : 8 bands; Spatial Res m. Enhanced Thematic Mapper Terra ASTER : 14 bands; Spatial Res m. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer MODIS : Spatial Res m. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer SPOT 1-4 XS : 3 bands Spatial Res.20 m. Pan: 1b band Spatial Res. 10 m. 9 9
10 Landsat Multi- Spectral Scanner MSS 10
11 Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner - specifications Pixel size approx. 80 m. Band 4: μm Band 5: μm Band 6: μm Band 7: μm 11
12 Landsat (E)TM 12
13 Landsat ETM - specifications Band 1: μm Band 2: μm Band 3: μm -maximum penetration of water -reflection peak of vegetation -chlorophyll absorption band Band 4: μm -mapping of shorelines Band 5: μm Band 6: μm Band 7: μm -moisture content of the soil -thermal IR -hydrothermally altered rocks Band 8: -panchromatic band Spatial resolution: Band 1-5, 7: 30 m; Band 6: 60 m; Band 8: 15 m
14 ASTER 14 14
15 ASTER - specifications Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer - Width of one scene 60 km image bands: Visible & Near IR (VNIR) 3 bands; resolution: 15 m. bands 3B & 3N : stereo capability Short Wave Infra-Red (SWIR) 6 bands; resolution: 30 m Thermal IR (TIR) 5 bands; resolution: 90 m. 15
16 ASTER - VNIR image Mississippi delta, USA Asterweb.jpl.nasa 16
17 ASTER - VNIR image Tokio, downtown Asterweb.jpl.nasa 17
18 ASTER - images Use of thermal bands Example from California Asterweb.jpl.nasa San Francisco, USA 18
19 SPOT 19
20 SPOT specifications Area covered by one scene :60* 60 km Temporal resolution: - vertical look angle: 26 days - oblique look angle: 4 days Orbit nearly polar and sun-synchronic (823 km high) Average spectral resolution: - 3 bands in xs mode ( um) - 1 band in panchromatic mode ( um) Average spatial resolution: - Xs mode : 20 m - Panchromatic mode: 10 m Stereo capabilities 20
21 SPOT Comparison Pan and XS image SPOT Panchromatic; Pixels: 10 m. SPOT XS; Pixels: 20 m. Red, Green, Blue: bands 3, 2, 1 Luzon, Philippines April
22 SPOT 5 image SPOT 5: Pixels: MS 5 m. Surabaya, Indonesia 22
23 Advanced Land Observing Satellite 23
24 AVNIR-2 Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer The Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2) is a visible and near infrared radiometer for observing land and coastal zones. Band 1 : 0.42 to 0.50 um Band 2 : 0.52 to 0.60 um Band 3 : 0.61 to 0.69 um Band 4 : 0.76 to 0.89 um Resolution: 10 m. (at nadir) Swath width: 70 km. (at nadir) 24
25 PRISM Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping PRISM is a panchromatic radiometer with 2.5m spatial resolution at nadir. It provides accurate digital surface model (DSM). PRISM has three independent optical systems for viewing nadir, forward and backward. The nadir-viewing telescope covers a width of 70km; Forward and backward telescopes cover 35km each. 25
26 Prism & AVNIR Grand Canyon, USA 26
27 PALSAR Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar PALSAR is an active microwave sensor using L-band frequency to achieve cloud-free and day-and-night land observation. ScanSAR mode will enable us to acquire a 250 to 350 km width of SAR images. This swath is three to five times wider than conventional SAR images. 27
28 Image gallery: jp/alos/gallery/library htm 28
29 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Pictures: NRSA Website 29
30 IRS / Resourcesat Source: NRSA Website 30
31 Indian Remote Sensing satellites 1988 Launch of India s first civilian remote sensing satellite IRS-1A - Swath: 148 km Repetition: 22 days - Two Linear Imaging & Self Scanning Sensors (LISS) Sensor Bands Spectral Res. Spatial Res. Swath LISS I μm 72.5 m 148 LISS II μm 36.3 m Launch of IRS-1B having similar sensors as IRS-1A 1995 & 1997 Launch of IRS-1C & -1D with PAN and WiFS sensors Sensor Bands Spectral Res. Spatial Res. Swath LISS III μm 23.3 m (visible) μm 70.5 m (RIR) PAN μm 5.8 m 70 + stereo AWiFS μm 188 m 740 Source: NRSA Website 31
32 Indian Remote Sensing satellites LISS III & AWiFS Swath width Source: NRSA Website 32
33 IRS / Resourcesat -1 Carries three cameras similar to those of IRS-1C and IRS- 1, but with ih improved spatial resolutions. A high resolution Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-4) operating in three spectral bands in the Visible and near Infrared Red (VNIR) with 5.8 meter spatial resolution, and A steerable up to degrees across track to obtain stereoscopic imagery and achieve five day revisit capability Source: NRSA Website 33
34 IRS / Resourcesat IRS Stereo capability The oblique viewing capability of PAN sensor can be used to acquire stereo pairs. A stereo pair comprises of two images of the sameareaacquired on different dates and at different angles. Stereo Triplet products will also be supplied. In addition to the two scenes forming the stereo pair, a nadir pointing scene is also supplied. Area covered by one scene 13 * 13 km Source: NRSA Website 34
35 IRS / Cartosat The satellite has two Panchromatic Cameras (2.5 m. resolution), tilted by + 26 deg and - 5 deg. respectively.. The cameras will image a given area along the track, to generate either monoscopic or stereoscopic images. The cameras can be tilted across the track to provide a revisit of 5 days. Recorder on board. Source: NRSA Website 35
36 IKONOS 36
37 IKONOS - specifications Area covered by one scene 13 * 13 km Temporal resolution: approx. 3 days Spatial resolution: Also stereo products! - panchromatic: 1 m!! - Multi-spectral: 4 m Spectral resolution: - Panchromatic: μm - Multi spectral: (same as LandsatTM) # 1 Blue: μm # 2 Green: μm # 3 Red: μm # 4 Near IR : μm 37
38 IKONOS Pan Pixel size: 1m 38
39 IKONOS Before & after the tsunami 10 January December 2004 DLR 39 39
40 Quickbird 40
41 Quickbird - specifications 41 41
42 Quickbird - Before & after the tsunami June 28 Dec
43 World View -1 Launched 18 September 2007 Resolution: Pan 0.5 m. (outside USA) 43
44 World View -1 Resolution: Pan 0.5 m. (outside USA) 44
45 Hurricane Ike September 2008 Resolution: Pan 0.5 m. (outside USA) 45
46 KOMPSAT-2 KOrean MultiPurpose SATellite very-high-resolution satellite Korean Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), launched the 28 July
47 Kompsat - specifications Area covered by one scene 15 * 15 km Temporal resolution: approx. 3 days Spatial resolution: - panchromatic: 1 m!! - Multi-spectral: 4 m Spectral resolution: - Panchromatic: μm - Multi spectral: (same as LandsatTM) # 1 Blue: μm # 2 Green: μm # 3 Red: μm # 4 Near IR : μm 47
48 Formosat
49 Formosat-2 Spatial resolution: - Daily revisit capability - panchromatic: 2 m!! - Multi-spectral: 4 m 49
50 Formosat-2 MS : 8 meter Mokpo South Korea 50
51 Data selection criteria Applications Sensors/platforms Data characteristics Spatial Day Time Cycle Spectral 51
52 Data selection criteria Important aspects Availability of image data clouds?! Costs of image data Landsat (full coverage) can be downloaded for free from: 52
53 Data selection criteria Browse for Landsat & ASTER 53
54 Data selection criteria Swath width vs. resolution 54
55 Data selection criteria Comparison of System Resolutions 55
56 Data selection criteria Ground resolution vs. revisit time 56
57 Questions 57 57
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