New capabilities in Earth Observation for agriculture

Transcription

1 New capabilities in Earth Observation for agriculture Prof. Katarzyna Dabrowska-Zielinska Head of Remote Sensing Department Institute of Geodesy and Cartography Modzelewskiego 27 Street Warsaw Poland 1

2 Presentation overview COPERNICUS PROGRAMME Satellites Data for Drought Monitoring Sentinel-2 and Landsat NOAA AVHRR Terra MODIS SMOS Envisat ASAR Sentinel-1 Proba-V Modelling 2

3 Copernicus Programme 3

4 Copernicus Programme 4

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6 Sentinels Sentinel-1, -2 and -3 will deliver data for agricultural monitoring by providing: frequent coverage from C-band radar (Sentinel-1) multispectral optical imaging for land applications (Sentinel-2) continued acquisition and short revisit time over land surfaces with a very large swath of 290 km (Sentinel-2) multispectral optical imaging with 21 bands at 300 m resolution over all surfaces (Sentinel-3) long-term continuity and rapid data dissemination (all) 6

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8 The Copernicus Land Monitoring Service Provides geographical information on: land cover, land use, land use change over the years, vegetation state ; the water cycle Applications that are built upon and integrate the information supplied by the service can provide support in areas such as: spatial planning, forest management, water management, agriculture and food security and emergency management, amongst others. The three main components of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service are currently: A Global component; A Pan-European component A Local component. 8

9 Copernicus Services Currently, all Copernicus services and projects base their activities on the provision of satellite imagery from contributing missions, made available through the Copernicus Space Component Data Access system operated by ESA since 2008 global component producing land information through a wide range of biophysical parameters in near-real time and on 10-day frequency with global coverage. These parameters describe the state of vegetation (e.g. leaf area index), the energy budget (e.g. albedo) and the water cycle (e.g. soil moisture index). 9

10 Sentinels In particular, Sentinel-2, with its 13 bands covering the visible to the shortwave infrared spectrum will allow an efficient mapping of vegetation at m resolution, suitable for instance for pan-european high-resolution products. With its wide swath of 290 km and two satellites in orbit, the mission will significantly reduce the number of images needed to cover the continent and result in a very frequent revisit time (five days at the equator). Such frequency would also increase the possibility of getting cloud-free images, particularly in regions prone to cloud cover such as the north and tropical regions. Sentinel-2 s high re-visit cycle also opens possibilities for producing higher-resolution bio-geophysical variables Sentinel-3, with its medium-resolution optical and thermal infrared sensors, will be of particular relevance for the global land monitoring. This will guarantee continuity and enhancement of Envisat within an operational frame Sentinel-3 s innovative altimeter will also allow further advancements for monitoring water levels of rivers and lakes worldwide. 10

11 Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Sentinel-2 Bands Central Wavelength (µm) Resolution (m) 1 - Coastal aerosol Blue Green Red Vegetation Red Edge Vegetation Red Edge Vegetation Red Edge NIR A - Vegetation Red Edge Water vapour SWIR - Cirrus SWIR SWIR Landsat 8 Bands Wavelength (µm) Resolution (m) 1 deep blue blue green red NIR SWIR SWIR PAN clouds thermal thermal

12 Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Source: landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov 12

13 Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 Sentinel-2 resolution 10m Landsat 8 resolution 30m 13

14 NOAA - AVHRR NOAA AVHRR Bands Waveleng th (µm) Resolution at Nadir Typical Use km Daytime cloud and surface mapping km Land-water boundaries 3A km Snow and ice detection 3B km Night cloud mapping, sea surface temperature km Night cloud mapping, sea surface temperature km Sea surface temperature 14

15 NOAA - AVHRR Poland VCI (year: 2015, decade: 28) 15

16 Terra MODIS Band Wavelength (µm) Resolution (m) Primary Use Band Wavelength (µm) Resolution (m) Primary Use Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries Surface/Cloud Temperature Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties Atmospheric Temperature Cirrus Clouds Water Vapor Ocean Color/ Phytoplankton/ Biogeochemistry Cloud Properties Ozone Surface/Cloud Temperature Cloud Top Altitude Atmospheric Water Vapor

17 Terra MODIS California wildfires. Ash plumes on Kamchatka Peninsula, eastern Russia. 17

18 SMOS Full name: Launched: Instrument: Mass: Orbit: Nominal life: Resolution: Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission 2 November 2009 at 02:50 CET from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS), 2D interferometric L-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz (21 cm wavelength), with 69 antenna receivers distributed on a Y-shaped deployable antenna array and central hub. 658 kg (platform: 275 kg, payload: 355 kg, fuel: 28 kg) mean altitude of 758 km and inclination of ; Sun-synchronous, quasi-circular, dusk-dawn, 23-day repeat cycle, 3-day sub-cycle three years (including a six-month commissioning phase). Extended to 2017 Over land, SMOS is providing a global image of surface-soil moisture every three days with an accuracy of 4% at a spatial resolution of 50 km 18

19 SMOS Carrying a novel sensor, SMOS captures images of brightness temperature. These images correspond to microwave radiation emitted from Earth s surface and can be related to soil moisture and ocean salinity two key variables in Earth s water cycle 19

20 SMOS SMOS soil moisture index (Source: 20

21 SMOS First global map of soil moisture and ocean salinity (Copyright Cesbio, Ifremer, CATDS) 21

22 SMOS data - SA Turning to space, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service has started to incorporate data from ESA s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite into their forecasting system In the past, the amount of moisture in the soil available to plants was estimated by integrating daily observations of rainfall and temperatures into computer models of soil water balance. However, this approach only works reliably in areas where high-quality observations are available. SM from SMOS 22

23 ENVISAT - ASAR ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) operates in the C band in a wide variety of modes. It can detect changes in surface heights with sub-millimeter precision. It served as a data link for ERS 1 and ERS 2, providing numerous functions such as observations of different polarities of light or combining different polarities, angles of incidence and spatial resolutions. Mode Id Polarisation Incidence Resolution Swath Alternating polarisation AP HH/VV, HH/HV, VV/VH m km Image IM HH, VV m km Wave WV HH, VV 400 m 5 5 km Suivi global (ScanSAR) GM HH, VV 1 km 405 km Wide Swath (ScanSAR) WS HH, VV 150 m 405 km 23

24 ENVISAT - ASAR ENVISAT Warsaw, Poland, 13/05/

25 Sentinel-1 Launch: Sentinel-1A was launched on 3 April 2014 and Sentinel-1B on 25 April 2016 Orbit: Revisit time: Life: Instrument: Operational modes: Main applications: Mission: Polar, Sun-synchronous at an altitude of 693 km Six days (at the equator) from two-satellite constellation Minimum of seven years C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) at GHz Interferometric wide-swath mode at 250 km and 5 20 m resolution Wave-mode images of km and 5 5 m resolution (at 100 km intervals) Strip map mode at 80 km swath and 5 5 m resolution Extra wide-swath mode of 400 km and m resolution Monitoring sea ice, oil spills, marine winds, waves & currents, land-use change, land deformation among others, and to respond to emergencies such as floods and earthquakes Developed, operated and managed by various ESA establishments 25

26 Sentinel-1 26

27 Sentinel1 Soil Moisture 27

28 Proba-V Proba-V facts and figures Launch date: Mass: Orbit: Instrument: Field of view: Spectral bands: Resolution: Prime contractor: 6/7 May 2013 (04:06:31 CEST 7 May; 23:06:31 local time 6 May) 140 kg Sun-synchronous polar orbit, 820 km altitude, crossing the equator every morning between 10:30 and 11:00 local time New version of the Vegetation imager previously flown on the Spot satellites 2250 km wide swath Proba-V that collects light in 4 bands: blue, red, near-infrared and midinfrared 350 m (full field of view), 100 m (at nadir) QinetiQ Space Belgium 28

29 Proba-V Proba-V image, Europe Source: 29

30 Reflection in different wave by Vegetation 30% 10% 0,4 m BLUE 0,5 m GREEN Radiation 0,6 m RED 0,7 m INFRARED 30

31 Normalised Vegetation Index -NDVI NDVI K 2 K 1 K 2 K 1 31

32 SEASONAL PARAMETERS

33 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) NDVI actual value of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI min minimal value of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI max maximal value of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

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35 SPOT VEGETATION VCI

36 Thermal TEMPERATURE Condition CONDITION Index - TCI INDEX - TCI T akt plants' temperature measured from actual satellite data T max maximal plants' temperature in particular time T min minimal plants' temperature in particular time

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38 BioPar Product NDVI based on SPOT-Vegetation continued using PROBA-V 38

39 NDVI MODIS different years for 15 dekade

40 Drought Index TCI 40

41 Drought in Europe 2003 LST from satellite 41

42 Beginning Middle-End of Vegetation Season Determination of the start and the end of the season using TIMESAT software. Output: the maps of the beginning, middle, end of the season and the length of vegetation season for 2009, 2010 and

43 Accumulated (Ts Ta) Stress Degree Day versus accumulated NDVI 43

44 LE Rn G H LE latent heat flux (Wm -2 ) R n net radiation (Wm -2 ) G soil heat flux (Wm -2 ) H sensible heat flux (Wm -2 ) H c T T p s a ra ρcp volumetric heat capacity (J m-3k-1) T s surface temperature (K) Envisat ASAR, Sentinel 3, NOAA, ATSR, Terra Modis T a air temperature (K) r a stability corrected aerodynamic resistance (sm -1 ) 44

45 ln Z u for (T s -T a ) < 0: r a 1 15Ri 1 5Ri for (T s -T a ) 0: r a ln Z u 15Ri 1 1 C Ri 1 Richardson number: T T z d s a Ri g g acceleration due to gravity (ms -1 ) 2 Tau z the height above the surface at which the windspeed and air temperature 2 z d z0 1 ln Z ln are measured (m) 2 z 0 k d the displacement height (m) u the windspeed (ms -1 ) 75 z d z0 z 0 the roughness lenth (m) C ln Z z k von Karman s constant (0.4) 0 45

46 Crop Water Stress Index CWSI 1 LE LE p LE actual potential evapotranspiration LE p potential evapotranspiration CWSI T T a s max T T s min s min T a air temperature T smin, T smax surface temperature minimum and maximum values 46

47 Effect of temperature on phenology SDD S Day on which stage S is reached T s Planting day T a T s surface temperature T a air temperature 47

48 Methods - Statistical model Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) - to choose a few components being linear combinations of explanatory variables X and to perform linear regression of response variable Y on these variables instead of performing regression with use of all X-variables Y f ( Comp 1, Comp 2,...) different CompN d _ end n d _ beg c Nn X n Y - response variable (yield value); X n - explanatory variables (values of vegetation indices); n - sequential number of ten-day period taken into account; d_beg, d_end number of ten-day period corresponding to the beginning and the end of growing season, respectively (different for agro-climatic zones); c Nn, function f coefficients generated by the PLS regression algorithm. N 1,2,

49 Crop prognosis - Winter wheet 49

50 Drought in 2015 dekade %

51 Drought 2015 dekada %

52 Drought 2015 dekada %

53 Drought 2015 dekada %

54 Drought 2015 dekada %

55 Drought 2015 dekada %

56 Drought 2015 dekada %

57 Remote sensing sources of crop weather modelling inputs. λ indicates the exponent of the wavelength in m (-6 corresponds to a μm, -2 to a cm, etc.). The bottom line shows the main atmospheric windows, i.e. parts of the spectrum to which there is little absorption In the atmoshere. The absorption is mainly due to CO 2 (thermal infrared) and water vapour. 57

58 The flow of data in FAO-promoted crop forecasting systems for food security 58

59 Thank You for Your Attention 59