01 Introduction Technological trends and Market expectations. Technological trends Market expectations Design issues. Integrated circuits

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1 01 Introduction Technological trends and Market expectations Technological trends Market expectations Design issues alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 1/18 Integrated circuits Moore s law The number of transistors per chip doubles any 18 months Technology scaling The minimum feature size of integrated circuits scales down by 13% every year Transistors performance increases by 13% every year Digital integrated circuits Circuit performance grows slower than 13% per year The operating frequency of ICs doubles every 3 years The number of pins per chip increases by 12% every year The power density of ICs tend to increase DRAM DRAM density grows by 50% per year DRAM random access time improves slowly DRAM throughput and bandwidth grow much faster than the inverse of the access time alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 2/18

2 Technology scaling: Theory S = linear scaling factor (the higher the better) U = voltage scaling factor Peter M. Kogge, The International Technology Roadmap for Seminconductors and Its Effects on Scalable High End Computing, alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 3/18 Technology scaling: Observed Scotten W. Jones, Exponential trends in the integrated circuits industry, ICKnowledge, alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 4/18

3 Technology scaling roadmap Peter M. Kogge, The International Technology Roadmap for Seminconductors and Its Effects on Scalable High End Computing, alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 5/18 Intel processors alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 6/18

4 DRAMs Scotten W. Jones, Exponential trends in the integrated circuits industry, ICKnowledge, alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 7/18 Hard disks (1) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 8/18

5 Hard disks (2) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 9/18 Batteries (1) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 10/18

6 Batteries (2) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 11/18 Market expectations Higher performance More functionalities Higher dependability Higher availability Longer autonomy Smaller size Lower weight Lower cost Pervasive computing Ubiquitous computing Wearable devices alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 12/18

7 Market expectations: cost (1) Scotten W. Jones, Exponential trends in the integrated circuits industry, ICKnowledge, alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 13/18 Market expectations: cost (2) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 14/18

8 Market expectations: cost (3) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 15/18 Market expectations: cost (4) alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 16/18

9 Design challenges Close the positive feedback loop between technology trends and market expectation Fully exploit the available technology Design more complex systems with shorter time to market Face the productivity gap Meet market expectations that increase faster than Moore s law alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 17/18 Design challenges MPU performance IC performance alessandro bogliolo isti information science and technology institute 18/18