MULTI-MODE/MULTI-BAND RF TRANSCEIVERS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Transcription

1 MULTI-MODE/MULTI-BAND RF TRANSCEIVERS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

2 MULTI-MODE/MULTI-BAND RF TRANSCEIVERS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Advanced Techniques, Architectures, and Trends Edited by Gernot Hueber Robert Bogdan Staszewski A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

3 Copyright C 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Multi-mode/multi-band RF transceivers for wireless communications : advanced techniques, architectures, and trends / edited by Gernot Hueber and Robert Bogdan Staszewski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN Radio Transmitter-receivers. 2. Wireless communication systems Equipment and supplies Design and construction. 3. Cellular telephones Design and construction. 4. Wireless LANs Equipment and supplies Design and construction. I. Hueber, Gernot, 1972 II. Staszewski, Robert Bogdan, 1965 TK M dc Printed in Singapore

4 CONTENTS Contributors Preface xi xiii I TRANSCEIVER CONCEPTS AND DESIGN 1 1 Software-Defined Radio Front Ends 3 Jan Craninckx 1.1 Introduction System-Level Considerations Wideband LO Synthesis Receiver Building Blocks Transmitter Building Blocks Calibration Techniques Full SDR Implementation Conclusions 30 References 30 2 Software-Defined Transceivers 33 Gio Cafaro and Bob Stengel 2.1 Introduction Radio Architectures SDR Building Blocks Example of an SDR Transceiver 54 References 60 3 Adaptive Multi-Mode RF Front-End Circuits 65 Aleksandar Tasic 3.1 Introduction Adaptive Multi-Mode Low-Power Wireless RF IC Design Multi-Mode Receiver Concept Design of a Multi-Mode Adaptive RF Front End 70 v

5 vi CONTENTS 3.5 Experimental Results for the Image-Reject Down-Converter Conclusions 80 References 81 4 Precise Delay Alignment Between Amplitude and Phase/ Frequency Modulation Paths in a Digital Polar Transmitter 85 Khurram Waheed and Robert Bogdan Staszewski 4.1 Introduction RF Polar Transmitter in Nanoscale CMOS Amplitude and Phase Modulation Mechanisms to Achieve Subnanosecond Amplitude and Phase Modulation Path Alignments Precise Alignment of Multi-Rate Direct and Reference Point Data 101 References Overview of Front-End RF Passive Integration into SoCs 113 Hooman Darabi 5.1 Introduction The Concept of a Receiver Translational Loop Feedforward Loop Nonideal Effects Feedforward Receiver Circuit Implementations Feedforward Receiver Experimental Results Feedback Notch Filtering for a WCDMA Transmitter Feedback-Based Transmitter Stability Analysis Impacts of Nonidealities in Feedback-Based Transmission Transmitter Building Blocks Feedback-Based Transmitter Measurement Results Conclusions and Discussion 153 Appendix 155 References ADCs and DACs for Software-Defined Radio 159 Michiel Steyaert, Pieter Palmers, and Koen Cornelissens 6.1 Introduction ADC and DAC Requirements in Wireless Systems Multi-Standard Transceiver Architectures Evaluating Reconfigurability ADCs for Software-Defined Radio DACs for Software-Defined Radio Conclusions 184 References 184

6 CONTENTS vii II RECEIVER DESIGN OFDM Transform-Domain Receivers for Multi-Standard Communications 189 Sebastian Hoyos 7.1 Introduction Transform-Domain Receiver Background Transform-Domain Sampling Receiver Digital Baseband Design for the TD Receiver A Comparative Study Simulations Gain Bandwidth Product Requirement for an Op-Amp in a Charge-Sampling Circuit Sparsity of (G H G) Applications Conclusions 215 References Discrete-Time Processing of RF Signals 219 Renaldi Winoto and Borivoje Nikolić 8.1 Introduction Scaling of an MOS Switch Sampling Mixer Filter Synthesis Noise in Switched-Capacitor Filters Circuit-Design Considerations Perspective and Outlook 242 References Oversampled ADC Using VCO-Based Quantizers 247 Matthew Z. Straayer and Michael H. Perrott 9.1 Introduction VCO-Quantizer Background SNDR Limitations for VCO-Based Quantization VCO Quantizer ADC Architecture Prototype ADC Example with a VCO Quantizer Conclusions 275 References Reduced External Hardware and Reconfigurable RF Receiver Front Ends for Wireless Mobile Terminals 279 Naveen K. Yanduru 10.1 Introduction Mobile Terminal Challenges 280

7 viii CONTENTS 10.3 Research Directions Toward a Multi-Band Receiver Multi-Mode Receiver Principles and RF System Analysis for a W-CDMA Receiver W-CDMA, GSM/GPRS/EDGE Receiver Front End Without an Interstage SAW Filter Highly Integrated GPS Front End for Cellular Applications in 90-nm CMOS RX Front-End Performance Comparison 305 References Digitally Enhanced Alternate Path Linearization of RF Receivers 309 Edward A. Keehr and Ali Hajimiri 11.1 Introduction Adaptive Feedforward Error Cancellation Architectural Concepts Alternate Feedforward Path Block Design Considerations Experimental Design of an Adaptively Linearized UMTS Receiver Experimental Results of an Adaptively Linearized UMTS Receiver Conclusions 341 References 343 III TRANSMITTER TECHNIQUES Linearity and Efficiency Strategies for Next-Generation Wireless Communications 349 Lawrence Larson, Peter Asbeck, and Donald Kimball 12.1 Introduction Power Amplifier Function Power Amplifier Efficiency Enhancement Techniques for Linearity Enhancement Conclusions 371 References CMOS RF Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communications 377 Patrick Reynaert 13.1 Introduction Challenges Low Supply Voltage 378

8 CONTENTS ix 13.4 Average Efficiency, Dynamic Range, and Linearity Polar Modulation Distortion in a Polar-Modulated Power Amplifier Design and Implementation of a Polar-Modulated Power Amplifier Conclusions 408 References Digitally Assisted RF Architectures: Two Illustrative Designs 411 Joel L. Dawson 14.1 Introduction Cartesian Feedback: The Analog Problem Digital Assistance for Cartesian Feedback Multipliers, Squarers, Mixers, and VGAs: The Analog Problem Digital Assistance for Analog Multipliers Summary 435 Appendix: Stability Analysis for Cartesian Feedback Systems 436 References 447 IV DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR RF TRANSCEIVERS RF Impairment Compensation for Future Radio Systems 453 Mikko Valkama 15.1 Introduction and Motivation Typical RF Impairments Impairment Mitigation Principles Case Studies in I/Q Imbalance Compensation Conclusions 487 References Techniques for the Analysis of Digital Bang-Bang PLLs 497 Nicola Da Dalt 16.1 Introduction Digital Bang-Bang PLL Architecture Analysis of the Nonlinear Dynamics of the BBPLL Analysis of the BBPLL with Markov Chains Linearization of the BBPLL Comparison of Measurements and Models 526 References 531

9 x CONTENTS 17 Low-Power Spectrum Processors for Cognitive Radios 533 Joy Laskar and Kyutae Lim 17.1 Introduction Paradigm Shift from SDR to CR Challenge and Trends in RFIC/System Analog Signal Processing Spectrum Sensing Multi-Resolution Spectrum Sensing MRSS Performance Conclusions 555 References 556 Index 557

10 CONTRIBUTORS Peter Asbeck, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California Gio Cafaro, Motorola Labs, Plantation, Florida Koen Cornelissens, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Jan Craninckx, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium Nicola Da Dalt, Infineon Technologies, Villach, Austria Hooman Darabi, Broadcom Corporation, Irvine, California Joel L. Dawson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Ali Hajimiri, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Sebastian Hoyos, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas Edward A. Keehr, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Donald Kimball, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California Lawrence Larson, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California Joy Laskar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia Kyutae Lim, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia Borivoje Nikolić, University of California, Berkeley, California Pieter Palmers, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Michael H. Perrott, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Patrick Reynaert, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Robert Bogdan Staszewski, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas; currently at Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Bob Stengel, Motorola Labs, Plantation, Florida Michiel Steyaert, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Matthew Z. Straayer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts xi

11 xii CONTRIBUTORS Alexander Tasic, Qualcomm, San Diego, California Mikko Valkama, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Khurram Waheed, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas; currently at BitWave Semiconductors, Lowell, Massachusetts Renaldi Winoto, University of California, Berkeley, California Naveen K. Yanduru, Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas; currently at University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas

12 PREFACE Current and future mobile terminals become increasingly complex because they have to deal with a variety of frequency bands and communication standards. Achieving multi-band/multi-mode functionality is especially challenging for the radio frequency (RF)-transceiver section, due to limitations in terms of frequency-agile RF components that meet the demanding cellular performance criteria at costs that are attractive for mass-market applications. The focus of this volume is on novel transceiver concepts for multi-mode/multi-band cellular systems from the antenna to baseband. One approach is based on the integration of digital signal processing capabilities implemented locally on the RF integrated circuit. The utilization of digital signal processing capabilities is in line with the ongoing trend toward minimum-featuresized RF-CMOS in the cellular market, which makes it extremely attractive in terms of flexibility, power consumption, and costs. Moreover, advances in the field of antennas, RF-front-end modules and novel analog signal processing architectures are covered to give a consolidated outlook on future concepts for cellular radios. This volume summarizes cutting-edge physical-layer technologies for multi-mode wireless RF transceivers, specifically RF, analog, and digital circuits and architectures, anticipating the major trends and needs of the future wireless system developments. Firsthand materials from distinguished researchers and professionals from both academia and industry are collected. Furthermore, this volume offers a comprehensive treatment of the topic, presenting state-of-the-art technologies and insight covering all the essential transceiver building blocks to be used in future multi-mode (third generation and beyond) wireless communication systems. G. Hueber R. B. Staszewski xiii