RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS. Lawrence E. Larson editor. Artech House Boston London
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1 RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Lawrence E. Larson editor Artech House Boston London
2 CONTENTS Preface xi Chapter 1 An Overview Introduction Markets and Frequencies for Wireless Communications Circuit Technology Options for Wireless RF/Microwave Circuit Implementation Semiconductor Devices Passive Devices Recent Examples of RF and Microwave Wireless Communications Circuits Organization of the Book 13 References 15 Chapter 2 Introduction to Wireless Communications Applications and Circuit Design Introduction Current and Nascent Consumer Wireless Communications Standards and Applications Radio Transceiver Technology Requirements 22
3 vi MICROWAVE & RF CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS References Chapter RF Component Requirements for Transceivers Duplexer Requirements Amplifier Requirements Mixer Requirements Filter Requirements Frequency Synthesizer Requirements Systematic Analysis of Transceiver Design Digital Communications Requirements Electromagnetic Compatibility in Wireless Devices Conclusions Low-Power Radio Frequency ICs for Portable Communications Introduction Key Signal-Processing Issues in Wireless Transceivers ICs in Broadcast Radio Receivers ICs in Wireless Paging Receivers ICs in Cellular Telephone Transceivers Digital Cellular and Cordless Telephones Direct-Conversion Transceivers Direct-Conversion Single-Sideband Synthesizers Direct-Conversion Receivers for GSM Digital Cellular Telephones Local Oscillators with Quadrature Outputs ICs for Spread-Spectrum Wireless Transceivers ICs to Enable Future Transceivers Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 4 Digital Modulation And Demodulation Why Digital Modulation? Phase Modulation Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) Quadriphase (Or Quadrature) Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) Offset Or Staggered Phase-Shift Keying (OQPSK) PSK and 16-PSK Nyquist Filtering as Applied to PSK Modulations 4.3 Frequency Modulation Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
4 Contents vü 4.4 Related Modulations Gaussian-Filtered MSK (GMSK) тг/4-shifted Differentially Encoded PSK (w/4-dqpsk) Feher's QPSK (FQPSK) Examples of Integrated Circuit Digital Communications Circuits Design of Modulators and Demodulators for Wireless Communications Systems Summary 219 References 222 Chapter 5 Mixers for Wireless Applications Introduction Properties of Mixers Frequency Mixing Practical Characteristics of Mixers Semiconductor Devices for Mixers Schottky-Barrier Diodes Field-Effect Transistors Frequency Mixing Diode Mixers Diode Mixer Characteristics Single-Diode Mixers Baluns and Hybrids for Wireless Mixers Singly Balanced Diode Mixers Doubly Balanced Diode Mixers Image-Rejection Mixers Active FET Mixers Single-Device Active FET Mixers Single-Device Mixer Circuits Dual-Gate FET Mixer Singly Balanced FET Mixers Doubly Balanced FET Mixers Passive FET Mixers Single-Device FET Resistive Mixers Balanced FET Resistive Mixers FET Resistive Ring Mixer Modeling FETs for Resistive Mixer Analysis Mixer Comparison Table Harmonic-Balance Simulation of Mixers 280 References 283
5 viii MICROWAVE & RF CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Chapter 6 RF and Microwave Frequency Synthesizer Design Introduction Frequency Synthesizer Fundamentals Frequency Synthesizer Figures of Merit Voltage Controlled Oscillators Introduction General Oscillator Design Colpitts and Hartley Oscillators Clapp Oscillator Crystal Oscillators Oscillator Configurations for Microwave Frequencies Dielectric Resonator Oscillators (DROs) Practical Considerations for Oscillator Design Voltage Control of Oscillators Noise in Oscillators Ring Oscillator VCO Designs Multivibrator VCO Designs Phase Lock-Loop Design PLL Design Fundamentals PLL Applications Implementation of PLLs Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) DDS Architectures and Design Considerations 340 References 343 Chapter 7 Amplifiers for Wireless Communications Introduction Wideband Amplifier Techniques Gain-Bandwidth Product Gain-Bandwidth of Practical Circuits Wideband Matched-Impedance Amplifiers Low-Noise Amplifiers Guidelines for Low-Noise Amplifier Design Practical Design of a Low-Noise Amplifier Variable-Gain Amplifiers Dynamic Range Emitter-Driven and Base-Driven Gain-Control Basic Circuit Configurations Variable-Gain Circuit Configurations Power Amplifiers Class A Power Amplifier Design Higher Efficiency Power Amplifiers 388
6 Contents ix Maximum Power Gain and Stability Practical Design Issues 392 References 394 Glossary 397 About the Editor 401 Index 403
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