Prelab 10: Differential Amplifiers

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1 Name: Lab Section: Prelab 10: Differential Amplifiers For this lab, assume all NPN transistors are identical 2N3904 BJTs and all PNP transistors are identical 2N3906 BJTs. Component I S (A) V A (V) 2N3904 NPN BJT N3906 PNP BJT Table 1: Transistor properties A differential pair with a resistive load is shown in Figure 1; use this circuit to answer the following questions. Note: You can ignore base currents for this analysis, but you must use the device parameters given in Table 1. Assume V CC = 9 V and that the inputs are biased at 0 V DC. V CC R 2 R 3 + v out R 1 v in+ Q 3 Q 4 v in Q 1 Q 2 V CC Figure 1: Differential pair with resistive load 1. What value of R 1 corresponds to I C1 = 2 ma? R 1 = 1

2 2 2. In lab, we have 500 Ω, 1 kω, 5.1 kω, and 10 kω resistors. Suppose you only wanted to use one resistor for R 1, which value would give the I C1 closest to 2 ma? What current would you get with the resistor you chose? Use this value for R 1 in the remainder of this prelab. R 1 = I C1 = 3. We would like to bias the output half-way between 0 V and 9 V to achieve maximum voltage swing; calculate the values for R 2 and R 3 that will let us achieve an output bias of 4.5 V. (For this example, assume R 1 is the resistor you chose for the previous question). Among the available resistors mentioned, which ones should we use for R 2 and R 3, respectively? What output bias does this combination achieve? Use these values (of the available resistors) for R 2 and R 3 in the remainder of this prelab. (Exact) R 2 = R 3 = (Available) R 2 = R 3 = V out,dc = 4. What is the output resistance of the circuit (be sure to take into account the Early Effect)? Assume R 2 and R 3 have the values you chose for them (from among the available resistors). R out = 5. What is the differential-mode gain of the circuit? 6. What is the common-mode gain of the circuit?

3 3 A CM =. 7. What is the common-mode rejection ratio of the circuit? Use CMRR = ADM A CM CMRR = c University of California, Berkeley 2008 Reproduced with Permission Courtesy of the University of California, Berkeley and of Agilent Technologies, Inc. This experiment has been submitted by the Contributor for posting on Agilents Educators Corner. Agilent has not tested it. All who offer or perform this experiment do so solely at their own risk. The Contributor and Agilent are providing this experiment solely as an informational facility and without review. NEITHER AGILENT NOR CONTRIBUTOR MAKES ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS EXPERIMENT, AND NEITHER SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDI- RECT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THIS EXPERIMENT.

4 1 Objective Experiment 10: Differential Amplifiers Differential amplifiers are designed to amplify the difference between two signals; thus, such amplifiers are capable of reducing noise that is common to both inputs. We can quantify the differential-mode versus common-mode gain in a quantity called the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). Differential amplifiers also lend themselves to use in feedback, though we will not explore that usage in this lab. A typical differential amplifier with a single-ended output is the op-amp. 2 Materials The items listed in table 1 will be needed. For this lab, assume all NPN transistors are identical 2N3904 BJTs and all PNP transistors are identical 2N3906 BJTs. Note: Be sure to answer the questions on the report as you proceed through this lab. The report questions are labeled according to the sections in the experiment. CAUTION: FOR THIS EXPERIMENT, THE TRANSISTORS CAN BECOME EXTREMELY HOT!!! Component Quantity LM741 op-amp 1 2N3904 NPN BJT 4 2N3906 PNP BJT 2 1 kω resistor kω resistor 2 10 kω resistor µf capacitor 1 Table 1: Components used in this lab Component I S (A) V A (V) 2N3904 NPN BJT N3906 PNP BJT Table 2: Transistor properties 3 Procedure 3.1 Generating a differential signal Before building a differential amplifier, let us first generate a differential signal, which would require inverting an analog signal. One way we can do this is by using an op-amp in negative feeback, as shown in Figure 1. 1

5 3 PROCEDURE 2 1kΩ v in 1kΩ + V CC v out V CC Figure 1: Inverting amplifier 1. Construct the circuit in Figure 1 using the LM741 op-amp. The pin layout for the LM741 op-amp is in Figure 2. Note: If your LM741 doesn t have a notch as shown in the figure, check for a small dot; this dot labels pin 1. Figure 2: LM741 pin layout 2. Apply a 60 mv pp, 1 khz sine wave to the input. Display the input and output on the oscilloscope and verify that the output is the inverse of the input. 3.2 Differential pair with resistive load 1. Construct the circuit in Figure 3 using 2N3904 transistors for the NPN BJTs. Use R 1 = 10 kω, R 2 = R 3 = 5.1 kω, and V CC = 9 V. Note that this is the same circuit you analyzed in the prelab. V CC R 2 R 3 + v out R 1 v in+ Q 3 Q 4 v in Q 1 Q 2 V CC Figure 3: Differential pair with resistive load

6 3 PROCEDURE 3 2. Ground the inputs and measure I C1, I C2, I C3, and V OUT,DC. How do these values compare to your hand calculations? 3. Apply a 60 mv pp, 1 khz sine wave to v in+ and ground v in. Use the oscilloscope to display the input waveform (v in+ ) and the output waveform (v out+ ); sketch the results on your lab report. If the input signal is noisy, use the averaging feature of the oscilloscope to get a more accurate result. 4. Use the oscilloscope to measure the peak-to-peak voltages of v in+ and v out+. 5. Now display v out+ and v out on the oscilloscope. Do they appear as you would expect? 6. Now use the oscilloscope to display v out+ v out. Measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the signal and calculate the differential gain of the circuit. Does this match the gain you calculated in the prelab? 7. Apply a 30 mv amplitude, 1 khz sine wave to both v in+ and v in. Use the oscilloscope to display the output waveforms from v out+ and v out. What do you see at the output? Why? 8. Use the inverting amplifier (from section 3.1) to apply a 40 mv pp, 1 khz differential sine wave to the inputs (i.e. a 20 mv pp sine wave applied to v in+ and the inverted sine wave to v in ). Use the oscilloscope to measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the differential input and output. Now use these measurements to determine the gain. Does this gain match your prelab calculations? Does it match the gain you observed in step 3.2.6? 3.3 Differential pair with active load V CC Q 5 Q 6 v out R 1 v in+ Q 3 Q 4 v in Q 1 Q 2 V CC Figure 4: Differential pair with active load 1. Construct the circuit in Figure 4 using 2N3904 transistors for the NPN BJTs and 2N3906 transistors for the PNP BJTs. Use R 1 = 10 kω and V CC = 9 V. 2. Apply a 60 mv pp, 1 khz sine wave to v in+ and ground v in. Use the oscilloscope to display the output waveform from v out and sketch the result. Why is the output not sinusoidal? 3. We would like to reduce R out by loading the amplifier with a small resistor. Attach a load to the amplifier as shown in Figure 5. Use C L = 0.1 µf and R L = 5 kω. 4. Calculate the differential gain for the amplifier with the new load resistance. 5. Apply a 40 mv pp, 1 khz sine wave to v in+ and ground v in. Use the oscilloscope to display v in+ and v out. Sketch v out. What is the measured differential gain of the circuit? How does this compare with your hand calculations? Does the gain match the differential gain you measured in step 3.2.6? Should they match?

7 3 PROCEDURE 4 V CC Q 5 Q 6 C L R L + R 1 v in+ Q 3 Q 4 v in v out Q 1 Q 2 V CC Figure 5: Differential pair with reduced output resistance 3.4 SPICE Analysis 1. Write a netlist for the circuit in Figure 3. Apply a differential input of 20 mv amplitude, 1 khz as you did in step Hint: Generate a 20 mv amplitude, 1 khz sine wave and use dependent sources to generate the non-inverted and inverted 10 mv amplitude sine waves. 2. Use SPICE to find I C1, I C2, I C3, and V OUT,DC. Compare these values with your prelab calculations and lab measurements. 3. Plot the differential input and differential output signals in Awaves. Print the plot and attach it to your lab report. Use the plot to calculate the gain. Does it match your hand calculations? Does it match your lab measurements? c University of California, Berkeley 2008 Reproduced with Permission Courtesy of the University of California, Berkeley and of Agilent Technologies, Inc. This experiment has been submitted by the Contributor for posting on Agilents Educators Corner. Agilent has not tested it. All who offer or perform this experiment do so solely at their own risk. The Contributor and Agilent are providing this experiment solely as an informational facility and without review. NEITHER AGILENT NOR CONTRIBUTOR MAKES ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS EXPERIMENT, AND NEITHER SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDI- RECT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THIS EXPERIMENT.

8 Name: Lab Section: Report 10: Differential Amplifiers Measure I C1, I C2, I C3, and V OUT,DC. How do they compare with your hand calculations? I C1 = I C2 = I C3 = V OUT,DC = Sketch the waveforms at v in+ and v out Measure the peak-to-peak voltages of v in+ and v out+ v in+,p p = v out+,p p = 1

9 Qualitatively describe v out+ and v out (i.e their similarities and differences). Is this result agreeable? Measure the peak-to-peak voltage of v out+ v out and calculate the differential gain of the circuit. Does this match the gain you calculated in the prelab? v out,p p = What do you see at the output? Why? Measure the gain. Does it match your prelab calculations? Does it match your result from 3.2.6? Sketch the output waveform. Why is it not sinusoidal?

10 Calculate the differential gain of the amplifier with the added load resistor Sketch v out. What is the measured differential gain of the circuit? How does it compare with your hand calculations? Does it match the gain you observed in step 3.2.6? Should they match? Attach your netlist to this report Use SPICE to find I C1, I C2, I C3, and V out,dc. Compare these values with your prelab calculations and lab measurements. I C1 = I C2 = I C3 = V OUT,DC =

11 Attach your plot to this report. What is the gain according to the plot? Does it match your hand calculations? Does it match your labs measurements? c University of California, Berkeley 2008 Reproduced with Permission Courtesy of the University of California, Berkeley and of Agilent Technologies, Inc. This experiment has been submitted by the Contributor for posting on Agilents Educators Corner. Agilent has not tested it. All who offer or perform this experiment do so solely at their own risk. The Contributor and Agilent are providing this experiment solely as an informational facility and without review. NEITHER AGILENT NOR CONTRIBUTOR MAKES ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS EXPERIMENT, AND NEITHER SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDI- RECT, GENERAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THIS EXPERIMENT.

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