WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER ARCHITECTURE

Transcription

1 WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER ARCHITECTURE BRIDGING RF AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Pierre Baudin Wiley

2 Contents Preface List of Abbreviations Nomenclature xiii xvii xxi Part I BETWEEN MAXWELL AND SHANNON 1 The Digital Communications Point of View Bandpass Signal Representation RF Signal Complex Modulation Complex Envelope Concept Bandpass Signals vs. Complex Envelopes Bandpass Noise Representation Gaussian Components Phase Noise vs. Amplitude Noise Digital Modulation Examples Constant Envelope Complex Modulation Wideband Modulation First Transceiver Architecture Transmit Side Receive Side 69 2 The Electromagnetism Point of View Free Space Radiation Radiated Monochromatic Far-field Narrowband Modulated Fields Radiated Power Free Space Path Loss Guided Propagation Transmission Lines Amplitude Matching Power Matching 107

3 viii Contents 2.3 The Propagation Channel Static Behavior Dynamic Behavior Impact on Receivers The Wireless Standards Point of View Medium Access Strategies Multiplexing Users Multiplexing Uplink and Downlink Impact on Transceivers Metrics for Transmitters Respect for the Wireless Environment Transmitted Signal Modulation Quality Metrics for Receivers Resistance to the Wireless Environment Received Signal Modulation Quality 174 Part II IMPLEMENTATION LIMITATIONS 4 Noise Analog Electronic Noise Considerations on Analog Electronic Noise Thermal Noise Characterization of Noisy Devices Noise Temperatures Noise Factor Noise Voltage and Current Sources Cascade ofnoisy Devices Illustration SNR Degradation LO Phase Noise RF Synthesizers Square LO Waveform for Chopper-like Mixers System Impact Linear Error Vector Magnitude Quantization Noise Quantization Error as a Noise Sampling Effect on Quantization Noise Illustration Conversion Between Analog and Digital Worlds Analog to Digital Conversion Digital to Analog Conversion 302

4 Contents 5 Nonlinearity Smooth AM-AM Conversion Smooth AM-AM Conversion Model Phase/Frequency Only Modulated RF Signals Complex Modulated RF Signals SNR Improvement Due to RF Compression Hard AM-AM Conversion Hard Limiter Model Hard Limiter Intercept Points SNR Improvement in the Hard Limiter AM-PM Conversion and the Memory Effect Device Model System Impacts Baseband Devices RF Impairments Frequency Conversion From Complex to Real Frequency Conversions Image Signal All Reconsidering the Complex Frequency Conversion Complex Signal Processing Approach Gain and Phase Imbalance Image Rejection Limitation Signal Degradation Mixer Implementation Mixers as Choppers Impairments in the LO Generation Frequency Planning Impact of the LO Spectral Content Clock Spurs DC Offset and LO Leakage LO Leakage on the Transmit Side DC Offset on the Receive Side 492 Part III TRANSCEIVER DIMENSIONING 7 Transceiver Budgets Architecture of a Simple Transceiver Budg eting a Transmitter Review of the ZIF TX Problem Level Diagrams and Transmitter High Level Parameters Budgets Linked to Respectfor the Wireless Environment Budgets Linked to the Modulation Quality Conclusion 531

5 X Contents 7.3 Budgeting a Receiver Review of the ZIF RX Problem Level Diagrams and Receiver High Level Parameters Budgets Linked to the Resistance to the Wireless Environment Budgets Linked to the Modulation Quality Conclusion Transceiver Architectures Transmitters Direct Conversion Transmitter Heterodyne Transmitter Variable-IF Transmitter Real-IF Transmitter PLL Modulator Polar Transmitter Transmitter Architectures for Power Efficiency Receivers Direct Conversion Receiver Heterodyne Receiver Low-IF Receiver PLL Demodulator Algorithms for Transceivers Transmit Side Power Control LO Leakage Cancellation P/Q Imbalance Compensation Predistortion Automatic Frequency Correction Cartesian to Polar Conversion Receive Side Automatic Gain Control DC Offset Cancellation P/Q Imbalance Compensation Linearization Techniques Automatic Frequency Correction 691 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Correlation 697 A 1.1 Bandpass Signals Correlations 697 A 1.2 Properties of Cross-Correlation Functions 703 A 1.3 Properties of Autocorrelation Functions 704

6 Contents, xi Appendix 2 Stationarity 707 A2.1 Stationary Bandpass Signals 707 A2.2 Stationary Complex Envelopes 710 A2.3 Gaussian Case 711 Appendix 3 Moments of Normal Random Vectors 713 A3.1 Real Normal Random Vectors 713 A3.2 Complex Normal Random Vectors 716 References 719 Index 723