RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications

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1 RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Communications Second Edition Steve C. Cripps ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com

2 Contents Preface to the Second Edition CHAPTER Linear RF Amplifier Theory 1.3 Weakly Nonlinear Effects: Power and Volterra Series 1.4 Strongly Nonlinear Effects 1.5 Nonlinear Device Models for CAD 1.6 Conjugate Match 1.7 RF Power Device Technology CHAPTER 2 Linear Power Amplifier Design 2.1 Class A Amplifiers and Linear Amplifiers 2.2 Gain Match and Power Match 2.3 to Load-Pull Measurements 2.4 Loadline Theory 2.5 Package Effects and Refinements to Load-Pull Theory 2.6 Drawing the Load-Pull Contours on CAD Programs 2.7 Class A Design Example 2.8 Conclusions : CHAPTER 3 Conventional High Efficiency Amplifier Modes Reduced Conduction Angle Waveform Analysis 3.3 Output Termination 3.4 Reduced Conduction Angle Mode Analysis FET Model Case 1: Class A Case 2: Class AB Case 3: Class B Case 4: Class C 3.5 Reduced Conduction Angle Mode Analysis BJT Model 3.6 Effect of I-V "Knee" 3.7 Input Drive Requirements xi V

3 VI Contents 3.8 Conclusions CHAPTER 4 Class AB PAs at GHz Frequencies Class AB Using a Capacitive Harmonic Termination The Class J PA Theory Practicalities 4.3 Nonlinear Device Characteristics 4.4 Nonlinear Capacitance Effects in RF Power Devices Nonlinear Capacitors Characterization and Analysis Input Varactor Effects on Class AB PAs 4.5 Conclusions CHAPTER 5 Practical Design of Linear RF Power Amplifiers 5.1 Low-Pass Matching Networks 5.2 Transmission Line Matching 5.3 Shorting the Harmonics 5.4 A Generic MESFET 5.5 A 2W Class B Design for 850 MHz 5.6 The Pi Section Power Matching Network 5.7 Pi Section Analysis for PA Design 5.8 Class J Design Example 5.9 HBT Design Example 5.10 Conclusions CHAPTER 6 Overdriven PAs and the Class F Mode Overdriven Class A Amplifier 6.3 Overdriven Class AB Amplifier 6.4 Class F: and Theory 6.5 Class F in Practice 6.6 The Clipping Model for the Class F Mode Class FD 6.7 PA_Waves 6.8 Class F Simulations 6.9 Conclusions CHAPTER 7 Switching Mode Amplifiers for RF Applications

4 Contents VII 7.2 A Simple Switching Amplifier 7.3 A Tuned Switching Amplifier 7.4 The Class D Switching Amplifier 7.4 Class E 7.5 Class E Simplified Analysis 7.6 Class E Design Example 7.7 Conclusions CHAPTER 8 Switching PA Modes at GHz Frequencies Ignoring the Obvious: Breaking the 100% Barrier 8.3 Waveform Engineering 8.4 PA_Waves 8.5 Implementation and Simulation 8.6 Conclusions CHAPTER 9 Nonlinear Effects in RF Power Amplifiers Two-Carrier Power Series Analysis 9.3 Two-Carrier Envelope Analysis 9.4 Envelope Analysis with Variable PAR 9.5 AM to PM Effects 9.6 PA Memory Effects 9.7 Digital Modulation Systems to Digital Modulation QPSK Modulation Systems CDMA and WCDMA OFDM Modulation, /16 Standards Watt LDMOS Test Amplifier Measurements 9.9 Conclusions CHAPTER 10 Efficiency Enhancement Techniques 10.1 Efficiency Enhancement 10.2 The Doherty Amplifier 10.3 Realization of the Doherty Amplifier 10.4 Outphasing Techniques 10.5 Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER) 10.6 Envelope Tracking 10.7 Power Converters for EER and ET 10.8 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

5 VIII Contents 10.9 Other Efficiency Enhancement Techniques The Sequential Power Amplifier Pulse Position Modulation RF to DC Conversion RF Switching Techniques Smart Antennas Case Studies in Efficiency Enhancement Conclusions CHAPTER 11 Power Amplifier Bias Circuit Design Stability of RF Power Transistors 11.3 Bias Supply Modulation Effects 11.4 Bias Network Design 11.5 Bias Insertion Networks 11.6 Prime Power Supply Issues 11.7 Bias Control Circuits 11.8 Conclusions CHAPTER 12 Load-Pull Techniques 12.1 Tuner Design for Fundamental Load-Pull 12.2 Harmonic Load-Pull 12.3 Active Harmonic Load-Pull 12.4 Variations, Results, Conclusions CHAPTER 13 Power Amplifier Architecture 13.1 Push-Pull Amplifiers 13.2 Balanced Amplifiers 13.3 Power Combining 13.4 Multistage PA Design 13.5 Conclusions CHAPTER 14 Power Amplifier Linearization Techniques 14.1 to PA Linearization 14.2 Predistortion to Predistortion Theory Digital Predistortion (DPD)

6 Contents ix Analog Predistortion Predistortion Conclusions 14.3 Feedforward Techniques Feedforward, Feedforward Gain Compression Feedforward Effect of the Output Coupler Feedforward Adaptive Controls Feedforward Practical Issues, Conclusions 14.4 Feedback Techniques , Direct Feedback Techniques Indirect Feedback Techniques The Cartesian Loop The Polar Loop 14.5 Other Linearization Methods 14.6 Conclusions APPENDIX A PA Waves APPENDIX B Spectral Analysis Using Excel IQ Spreadsheets Bibliography Introductory Texts on RF and Microwave Techniques Wireless Communications Digital Modulation Nonlinear Techniques and Modeling Power Amplifier Techniques Recommended Reading Glossary About the Author Index

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