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1 Table of Contents Preface... xiii Abbrevation Glossary... xvii Chapter 1 General Points Microwave photonic links Link description Signal to transmit Microwave signal Microwave carrier for a digital signal UWB signal Optical carrier Summary Limitations of microwave photonic links Limitations due to the materials constituting the different elements Noise sources in microwave photonic links Nonlinearities The components and characteristics of microwave photonic links Chapter 2 Generation and Modulation of Light Laser General points Semiconductor laser structure and optical gain in the active zone Operation of a Fabry-Perot laser... 19
2 vi Microwave Photonic Links Optical confinement factor and rate equations Static mode of laser operation (or CW mode of operation) Dynamic mode of laser operation: RF small signal response RIN laser noise Increase in 1/f of RIN and superposition of a small signal and noise Different laser configurations CAD laser models Laser measurements and temperature stabilization Electro-optic modulator: EOM General physical principles Pockels or linear electro-optical effect Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator Single-Drive MZM: one driving electrode Dual-drive MZM: two driving electrodes Real Mach-Zehnder modulator: characteristics and performances Mach-Zehnder modulator technology Electro-absorption modulator: EAM Electro-absorption effect FKE Stark effect Quantum well structures MEA operation Characteristics of an EAM EML: EAM integrated to a DFB laser EAM electrical modeling for ultra-fast signal simulation.. 87 Chapter 3 Optical Fibers and Amplifiers Optical fibers General Material attenuation Material refraction index and dispersion Total reflection, numerical aperture, transmitted maximum frequency Step-index fiber Graded index fiber Single-mode fiber Plastic optical fibers
3 Table of Contents vii 3.2. Optical amplifiers Semiconductor optical amplifiers: SOA EDFAs Appendix: modal analysis of propagation in a fiber Maxwell equations Maxwell equations in a cylindrical fiber Continuity and characteristic equation conditions Research of different propagation modes Approximation of linearly polarized modes Chapter 4 Photodetectors Photodetector definition Photodiodes Presentation Light absorption in a semiconductor p-i-n photodiode Metal-semiconductor-metal or MSM photodiode Equivalent circuits for p-i-n and MSM photodiodes Nonlinearities UTC photodiodes Charge compensation Partially depleted absorption zone Lateral lighting Lateral lighting: progressive wave structure Lateral lighting: periodic structures Resonant optical cavity photodetector Diluted waveguides and evanescent mode coupling Summary Phototransistors Bipolar or field-effect phototransistors? GaAlAs/GaAs and InGaP/GaAs phototransistors InP/InGaAs phototransistors Si/SiGe phototransistors Resonant optical cavities for phototransistors Phototransistor simulations and models Influence of the base load impedance Summary Appendix Lattice matched layers pseudomorphic layer, metamorphic layer Velocity overshoot effect Heterojunction bipolar phototransistor
4 viii Microwave Photonic Links Chapter 5 Performance of Microwave Photonic Links Microwave photonic links: diagrams and definitions Direct modulation link diagram and definitions External modulation link diagram and definitions Simplified link diagram and first gain computation Optomicrowave S-parameters and gains of each photonic link component Introduction Optomicrowave laser S-parameters and optomicrowave gain Optomicrowave optical fiber S-parameters and optomicrowave gain Photodiode optomicrowave S-parameters and gain Localized component external modulator optomicrowave S-parameters and gain Distributed component external modulator optomicrowave S-parameters and gain Summary of all S-parameters and optomicrowave gain Microwave photonic links optomicrowave S-parameters and gains Direct modulation microwave photonic link S-parameters Direct modulation microwave photonic link gains Localized external modulator microwave photonic link S-parameters Localized external modulator microwave photonic link gains Distributed external modulator microwave photonic link S-parameters Distributed external modulator microwave photonic link gains Link gain computation generalization Comparison of different link gains Direct modulation link gain computation Localized external modulator link gain computation Distributed external modulator link gain computations Direct modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figures Link noise figure diagram and computation method Laser noise figure Optical fiber noise figure Photodiode noise figure
5 Table of Contents ix Direct modulation link noise figure Matching effect at the input of a direct modulation link Generalization of a link noise figure computation External modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure Equivalent diagram and steps recall Localized external modulator noise figure Distributed external modulator noise figure New evaluation of photodetector noise figure Localized external modulator microwave photonic link noise figure Matched input localized external modulator microwave photonic link noise figure Distributed external modulator microwave photonic link noise figure Comparisons of different link noise figures Evaluation of direct modulation link noise figure Evaluation of localized external modulator link noise figure Evaluation of matched input localized external modulator link noise figure Evaluation of distributed external modulator link noise figures Output noise power Some effectively measured noise figure values Microwave photonic link nonlinearity: distortion phenomena Single microwave signal nonlinearity Several input microwave signals nonlinearity Wideband input signal nonlinearity Nonlinearity combination of microwave photonic link components Microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range Single input signal microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range Several-input signal microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range Some effectively measured interference-free dynamic range values Appendix Relation between parameters S, Z, Y, and ABCD Equation choice for the computation of microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure
6 x Microwave Photonic Links Calculation of a two-input signal microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range Chapter 6 Complement to Microwave Photonic Link Performances Microwave signal attenuation during double sideband modulation Double sideband modulation recall Recall of single-mode optical fiber propagation characteristics Optical fiber double sideband modulated signal propagation Double sideband-modulated signal photodetection at the optical fiber output Modulator structures for optical carrier or high and low sideband removal Optical modulation recall Single sideband or carrier suppression optical modulators Carrier suppression and single sideband optical modulator Degradation of a microwave signal spectral purity by an optical link Phenomenon description Some definitions concerning the noise around a microwave carrier Amplitude and phase noise in an optical link Phase noise computation of a microwave signal transmitted by an optical link Amplitude noise computation of a microwave signal transmitted by an optical link Chapter 7 Electronic Amplifiers in Microwave Photonic Links Electronic amplifiers in optical links Amplifiers in the optical link emitter Different roles of electronic amplifiers on optical emitter Emission: modulator or laser input amplifiers Receiver: amplifiers at the photodetector output General points Transimpedance amplifiers Distributed amplifiers
7 Table of Contents xi Combination of transimpedance and distributed amplifiers Narrowband amplifiers Preamplifier after a phototransistor Other circuits after a phototransistor Appendix: analog and microwave amplifiers General points Analog amplifiers Microwave amplifier: expression of transistor reflection coefficients Microwave amplifiers: gain expressions Unilateralized transistor model: two-port network matching computation Non-unilateralized transistor: general case of a transistor with S Low noise amplifier General models of low signal microwave amplifiers Chapter 8 Simulation and Measurement of Microwave Photonic Links State of the art and context Objective Choice of simulation software Different ADS simulation techniques Microwave optical link models Two-port network approach Electro-optic transducer: the laser Transmission guiding: the optical fiber The optoelectric transducer: the photodiode Nonlinearity effects in the link Nonlinearity sources db compression point and first-order dynamic of the link Third-order intermodulation and third-order interference-free dynamic range of the link Link noise modeling Noise in the laser The optical fiber Noise in the photodiode Direct modulation link noise figure Noise power at the receiver
8 xii Microwave Photonic Links 8.5. Other types of modulation of signals transmitted on an optical fiber Ultra-wideband signal modulation External modulation Generation of microwave signal by frequency beating Conclusion Appendix MB-OOK modulation OFDM modulation Bibliography Index
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