RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

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1 RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Frank Gustrau Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

2 Preface List of Abbreviations List of Symbols xiii xv xvii 1 Introduction Radiofrequency and Microwave Applications Frequency Bands Physical Phenomena in the High Frequency Domain Electrically Short Transmission Line Transmission Line with Length Greater than One-Tenth of Wavelength Radiation and Antennas Outline of the Following Chapters 8 References 9 2 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves Electric and Magnetic Fields Electrostatic Fields Steady Electric Current and Magnetic Fields Differential Vector Operations Maxwell's Equations Differential Form in the Time Domain Differential Form for Harmonic Time Dependence Integral Form Constitutive Relations and Material Properties Interface Conditions Classification of Electromagnetic Problems Static Fields Quasi-Static Fields Coupled Electromagnetic Fields Skin Effect Electromagnetic Waves Wave Equation and Plane Waves Polarization of Waves 43

3 VIII Reflection and Refraction Spherical Waves Summary Problems 55 References 57 Further Reading 57 3 Transmission Line Theory and Transient Signals on Lines Transmission Line Theory Equivalent Circuit of a Line Segment Telegrapher's Equation Voltage and Current Waves on Transmission Lines Load-Terminated Transmission Line Input Impedance Loss-less Transmission Lines Low-loss Transmission Lines Transmission Line with Different Terminations Impedance Transformation with Loss-less Lines Reflection Coefficient Smith Chart Transient Signals on Transmission Lines Step Function Rectangular Function Eye Diagram Summary Problems 106 References 107 Further Reading Transmission Lines and Waveguides Overview Coaxial Line Specific Inductance and Characteristic Impedance Attenuation of Low-loss Transmission Lines Technical Frequency Range Areas of Application Microstrip Line Characteristic Impedance and Effective Permittivity Dispersion and Technical Frequency Range Areas of Application Stripline Characteristic Impedance Technical Frequency Range Coplanar Line Characteristic Impedance and Effective Permittivity Coplanar Waveguide over Ground 128

4 \ IX Coplanar Waveguides and Air Bridges Technical Frequency Range Areas of Application Rectangular Waveguide Electromagnetic Waves between Electric Side Walls Dominant Mode (TE10) Higher Order Modes Areas of Application Excitation of Waveguide Modes Cavity Resonators Circular Waveguide Two-Wire Line Characteristic Impedance Areas of Application Three-Conductor Transmission Line Even and Odd Modes Characteristic Impedances and Propagation Constants Line Termination for Even and Odd Modes Problems 154 References Scattering Parameters Multi-Port Network Representations Normalized Power Waves Scattering Parameters and Power S-Parameter Representation of Network Properties Matching Complex Conjugate Matching Reciprocity Symmetry Passive and Loss-less Circuits Unilateral Circuits Specific Characteristics of Three-Port Networks Calculation of S-Parameters Reflection Coefficients Transmission Coefficients Renormalization Signal Flow Method One-Port Network/Load Termination Source Two-Port Network Three-Port Network Four-Port Network S-Parameter Measurement Problems 184 References 186 Further Reading 186

5 X 6 RF Components and Circuits Equivalent Circuits of Concentrated Passive Components Resistor Capacitor Inductor Transmission Line Resonator Half-Wave Resonator Quarter-Wave Resonator Impedance Matching LC-Networks Matching Using Distributed Elements Filter Classical LC-Filter Design Butterworth Filter Transmission Line Filter Edge-Coupled Line Filter Hairpin Filter Stepped Impedance Filter Parasitic Box Resonance Waveguide Filter Circulator Power Divider Wilkinson Power Divider Unequal Split Power Divider Branchline Coupler Conventional 3dB Coupler Unequal Split Branchline Coupler Rat Race Coupler Directional Coupler Balanced-to-Unbalanced Circuits Electronic Circuits Mixers Amplifiers and Oscillators RF Design Software RF Circuit Simulators Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Simulators Problems 246 References 247 Further Reading Antennas Fundamental Parameters Nearfield and Farfield Isotropic Radiator Radiation Pattern and Related Parameters Impedance Matching and Bandwidth 257

6 xi 7.2 Standard Types of Antennas 7.3 Mathematical Treatment of the Hertzian Dipole 7.4 Wire Antennas Half-Wave Dipole Monopole Concepts for Reducing Antenna Height 7.5 Planar Antennas Rectangular Patch Antenna Circularly Polarizing Patch Antennas Planar Dipole and Inverted-F Antenna 7.6 Antenna Arrays Single Element Radiation Pattern and Array Factor Phased Array Antennas Beam Forming 7.7 Modern Antenna Concepts 7.8 Problems References Further Reading 8 Radio Wave Propagation 8.1 Propagation Mechanisms Reflection and Refraction Absorption Diffraction Scattering Doppler Effect 8.2 Basic Propagation Models Free Space Loss Attenuation of Air Plane Earth Loss Point-to-Point Radio Links Layered Media 8.3 Path Loss Models Multipath Environment Clutter Factor Model Okumura Hata Model Physical Models and Numerical Methods 8.4 Problems References Further Reading Appendix A A.l Coordinate Systems A. 1.1 Cartesian Coordinate System A. 1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System A. 1.3 Spherical Coordinate System

7 xii A.2 Logarithmic Representation 326 A.2.1 Dimensionless Quantities 326 A.2.2 Relative and Absolute Ratios 327 A.2.3 Link Budget 328 Index 331

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