ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS

Transcription

1 ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS

2 IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ IEEE Press Editorial Board Tariq Samad, Editor in Chief George W. Arnold Mary Lanzerotti Linda Shafer Dmitry Goldgof Pui-In Mak MengChu Zhou Ekram Hossain Ray Perez George Zobrist Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) Technical Reviewers Marcelo Godoy Simões, Colorado School of Mines Hamid A. Toliyat, Texas A&M University

3 ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS PWM Converters Processing AC Voltages EUZELI CIPRIANO DOS SANTOS JR. EDISON ROBERTO CABRAL DA SILVA

4 Copyright 2015 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN: Printed in the United States of America

5 CONTENTS PREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Background History of Power Switches and Power Converters Applications of Power Electronics Converters Summary 9 References 9 CHAPTER 2 POWER SWITCHES AND OVERVIEW OF BASIC POWER CONVERTERS Introduction Power Electronics Devices as Ideal Switches Static Characteristics Dynamic Characteristics Main Real Power Semiconductor Devices Spontaneous Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking Controlled Conduction/Spontaneous Blocking Devices Controlled Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices Spontaneous Conduction/Controlled Blocking Devices List of Inventors of the Major Power Switches Basic Converters dc dc Conversion dc ac Conversion ac dc Conversion ac dc Conversion Summary 50 References 52 CHAPTER 3 POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS PROCESSING ac VOLTAGE AND POWER BLOCKS GEOMETRY Introduction Principles of Power Blocks Geometry (PBG) Description of Power Blocks Application of PBG in Multilevel Configurations Neutral-Point-Clamped Configuration 68 v

6 vi CONTENTS Cascade Configuration Flying Capacitor Configuration Other Multilevel Configurations Application of PBG in ac dc ac Configurations Three-Phase to Three-Phase Configurations Single-Phase to Single-Phase Configurations Summary 85 References 87 CHAPTER 4 NEUTRAL-POINT-CLAMPED CONFIGURATION Introduction Three-Level Configuration PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) Full-Bridge Topologies Three-Phase NPC Converter Nonconventional Arrangements by Using Three-Level Legs Unbalanced Capacitor Voltage Four-Level Configuration PWM Implementation (Four-Level Configuration) Full-Bridge and Other Circuits (Four-Level Configuration) Five-Level Configuration Summary 124 References 124 CHAPTER 5 CASCADE CONFIGURATION Introduction Single H-Bridge Converter PWM Implementation of A Single H-Bridge Converter Three-Phase Converter One H-Bridge Converter Per Phase Two H-Bridge Converters PWM Implementation of Two Cascade H-Bridges Three-Phase Converter Two Cascade H-Bridges Per Phase Two H-Bridge Converters (Seven- and Nine-Level Topologies) Three H-Bridge Converters Four H-Bridge Converters and Generalization Summary 169 References 170 CHAPTER 6 FLYING-CAPACITOR CONFIGURATION Introduction Three-Level Configuration PWM Implementation (Half-Bridge Topology) Flying Capacitor Voltage Control Full-Bridge Topology Three-Phase FC Converter Nonconventional FC Converters with Three-Level Legs 186

7 CONTENTS vii 6.8 Four-Level Configuration Generalization Summary 197 References 198 CHAPTER 7 OTHER MULTILEVEL CONFIGURATIONS Introduction Nested Configuration Topology with Magnetic Element at the Output Active-Neutral-Point-Clamped Converters More Multilevel Converters Summary 218 References 219 CHAPTER 8 OPTIMIZED PWM APPROACH Introduction Two-Leg Converter Model PWM Implementation Analog and Digital Implementation Influence of μ for PWM Implementation Three-Leg Converter and Three-Phase Load Model PWM Implementation Analog and Digital Implementation Influence of μ for PWM Implementation in a Three-Leg Converter Influence of the Three-Phase Machine Connection over Inverter Variables Space Vector Modulation (SVPWM) Other Configurations with CPWM Three-Leg Converter Two-Phase Machine Four-Leg Converter Nonconventional Topologies with CPWM Inverter with Split-Wound Coupled Inductors Z-Source Converter Open-End Winding Motor Drive System Summary 261 References 261 CHAPTER 9 CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR POWER CONVERTERS Introduction Basic Control Principles Hysteresis Control Application of the Hysteresis Control for dc Motor Drive Hysteresis Control for Regulating an ac Variable 278

8 viii CONTENTS 9.4 Linear Control dc Variable Proportional Controller: RL Load Proportional Controller: dc Motor Drive System Proportional-Integral Controller: RL Load Proportional-Integral Controller: dc Motor Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller: dc Motor Linear Control ac Variable Cascade Control Strategies Rectifier Circuit: Voltage-Current Control Motor Drive: Speed-Current Control Summary 293 References 293 CHAPTER 10 SINGLE-PHASE TO SINGLE-PHASE BACK-TO-BACK CONVERTER Introduction Full-Bridge Converter Model PWM Strategy Control Approach Power Analysis dc-link Capacitor Voltage Capacitor Bank Design Topology with Component Count Reduction Model PWM Strategy dc-link Voltage Requirement Half-Bridge Converter Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) Model PWM Strategy Control Strategy Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) Summary 321 References 321 CHAPTER 11 THREE-PHASE TO THREE-PHASE AND OTHER BACK-TO-BACK CONVERTERS Introduction Full-Bridge Converter Model PWM Strategy Control Approach Topology with Component Count Reduction Model PWM Strategies dc-link Voltage Requirement Half-Bridge Converter 332

9 CONTENTS ix 11.4 Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Parallel) Model PWM Control Strategies Topologies with Increased Number of Switches (Converters in Series) Other Back-To-Back Converters Summary 344 References 344 INDEX 347

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11 PREFACE This book deals with a new methodology to present an important class of electrical devices, that is, power electronics converters. The common approach to teaching converters is to consider each type individually, in a separate and isolated fashion. The direct consequence is that the learning process becomes passive since the power electronics configurations are presented without consideration of their origin and development. Since the teaching process is based on the topology itself, students do not develop the ability to construct new topologies from the conventional ones. A systematic approach is taken to the presentation of multilevel and back-to-back converters, instead of showing them separately, which is normally done in a conventional presentation. Another special aspect of this book is that it covers only subjects related to the converters themselves. This will give more room for exploring the details of each topology and its concept. In this way, the method of conceptual construction of power electronics converters can be highlighted appropriately. While presenting the basics of power devices, as well as an overview of the main power converter topologies in Chapter 2, this book focuses primarily on configurations processing ac voltage through a dc-link stage. This text is ideally suited for students who have previously taken an introductory course on power electronics. It serves as a reference book to senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering courses. However, due to the content in Chapter 2, it is expected that even students who the lack knowledge of power devices and basic concepts of converters can understand the subject. Although the primary market for this text is heavily academic, electrical engineers working in the field of power electronics, motor drive systems, power systems, and renewable energy systems will also find this book useful. The organization of the book is as follows: Chapter 1 is the introductory chapter. Chapter 2 presents the basics of power devices as well as an overview of the main power converter topologies. Chapter 3 provides a brief review of the main power electronics converters that process ac voltage; additionally, it furnishes the introduction to the power blocks geometry (PBG), which will be used to describe the power converters described in this book. In fact, this chapter brings up a compilation of the topologies explained throughout this book. The fundamentals of PBG and its correlation to the development of power electronics converters are presented in a general way. Multilevel configurations are presented from Chapters 4 7. Neutral-point-clamped, cascade, flying capacitor, and other multilevel configurations are presented in Chapters 4 7, respectively. Chapter 8 deals with techniques for optimization of the pulse width modulation (PWM), considering the fact that the number of pole voltages is higher than the number of voltages demanded by the load. After describing many topologies throughout Chapters 2 7, highlighting the circuits xi

12 xii PREFACE themselves, as well as PWM strategies in Chapter 8, Chapter 9 handles control actions needed to keep a specific variable of the converter under control. Chapter 9 is strategically placed before the presentation of the back-to-back converters (Chapters 10 and 11) due to their need for regulation of electrical variables. Single-phase to single-phase back-to-back converters are presented in Chapter 10, and the final chapter deals with three-phase to three-phase back-to-back converters. Euzeli Cipriano Dos Santos Jr. Edison Roberto Cabral Da Silva