60 GHz TECHNOLOGY FOR GBPS WLAN AND WPAN

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1 60 GHz TECHNOLOGY FOR GBPS WLAN AND WPAN FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE Su-Khiong (SK) Yong Marvell Semiconductor, USA Pengfei Xia Broadcom Corporation, USA Alberto Valdes-Garcia IBM, USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

3 60 GHz TECHNOLOGY FOR GBPS WLAN AND WPAN

5 60 GHz TECHNOLOGY FOR GBPS WLAN AND WPAN FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE Su-Khiong (SK) Yong Marvell Semiconductor, USA Pengfei Xia Broadcom Corporation, USA Alberto Valdes-Garcia IBM, USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yong, Su-Khiong. 60 GHz technology for Gbps WLAN and WPAN : from theory to practice / Su-Khiong Yong, Pengfei Xia, Alberto Valdes Garcia. p. cm. Includes bibliography and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Millimeter wave communication systems. 2. Wireless LANs. 3. Gigabit communications. 4. Wireless communication systems. I. Xia, Pengfei. II. Garcia, Alberto Valdes. III. Title. TK Y dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Print ISBN (H/B) epdf ISBN: obook ISBN: Typeset in 11/13pt Times-Roman by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

7 To my wonderful family Chia-Chin, Jerrick and my parents Su-Khiong (SK) Yong To Dad, Mom, Wenjun and Niuniu Pengfei Xia To my daughter Cecilia who came into existence along with this book Alberto Valdes-Garcia

9 Contents Preface List of Contributors xiii xvii 1 Introduction to 60 GHz 1 Su-Khiong (SK) Yong 1.1 What is 60 GHz? Comparison with other Unlicensed Systems Potential Applications Worldwide Regulation and Frequency Allocation North America Japan Australia Korea Europe Industry Standardization Effort IEEE c ECMA WirelessHD IEEE ad Wireless Gigabit Alliance Summary 14 References GHz Channel Characterizations and Modeling 17 Su-Khiong (SK) Yong 2.1 Introduction to Wireless Channel Modeling Modeling Approach and Classification of Channel Model Deterministic Modeling Stochastic Modeling 20

10 viii Contents 2.3 Channel Characterization Large-Scale Channel Characterization Small-Scale Channel Characterization Polarization Industry Standard Channel Models IEEE c IEEE ad Summary 57 References 57 3 Non-Ideal Radio Frequency Front-End Models in 60 GHz Systems 63 Chang-Soon Choi, Maxim Piz and Eckhard Grass 3.1 RF Front-End Architecture Super-Heterodyne Architecture Direct-Conversion Architecture Low-IF Architecture Nonlinear Power Amplifier Tradeoff Between Linearity and Efficiency Nonlinearity Modeling Behavioral Models Output Backoff Versus Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Impact of Nonlinear Power Amplifier Phase Noise from Oscillators Modeling of Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops Behavioral Modeling for Phase Noise in Phase-Locked Loops Other RF Non-Idealities Quantization Noise in Data Converters I/Q Mismatch 86 References 87 4 Antenna Array Beamforming in 60 GHz 89 Pengfei Xia 4.1 Introduction GHz Channel Characteristics Path Loss and Oxygen Absorption Multipath Fading Antenna Array Beamforming Training for Adaptive Antenna Arrays 95

11 Contents ix Training for Switched Antenna Arrays Channel Access in 60 GHz Wireless Networks Summary 115 References Baseband Modulation 117 Pengfei Xia and André Bourdoux 5.1 Introduction OFDM Baseband Modulation Principles of OFDM OFDM Design Considerations Case Study: IEEE c Audio Video OFDM Uncompressed Video Communications Equal and Unequal Error Protection Bit Interleaving and Multiplexing AV OFDM Modulation SC with Frequency-Domain Equalization Introduction Case Study: IEEE c SC PHY SC Transceiver Design and System Aspects Transmit and Receive Architecture SC with Frequency-Domain Equalization Digital Baseband Processing Burst Detection and Rough Timing/CFO Acquisition Joint Fine CFO and Channel Estimation Without I/Q Imbalance Joint Estimation of Fine CFO, Channel and I/Q Imbalance Time-Domain Equalization, Despreading and Tracking 161 References GHz Radio Implementation in Silicon 169 Alberto Valdes-Garcia 6.1 Introduction Overview of Semiconductor Technologies for 60 GHz Radios GHz Front-End Components GHz LNAs in SiGe and CMOS GHz PAs in SiGe and CMOS Process Variability in Silicon Millimeter-Wave Designs 179

12 x Contents 6.4 Frequency Synthesis and Radio Architectures Radio Baseband Interface ADCs and DACs for Wide Bandwidth Signals Modulators, Demodulators and Analog Signal Processors for Gbps Applications 187 References Hardware Implementation for Single Carrier Systems 193 Yasunao Katayama 7.1 Introduction Advantages and Challenges of SC Systems System Design with Non-Coherent Detection System Design with Differentially Coherent Detection Test and Evaluation Advanced SC System with Per-Packet Coherent Detection Conclusion 209 References Gbps OFDM Baseband Design and Implementation for 60 GHz Wireless LAN Applications 211 Chang-Soon Choi, Maxim Piz, Marcus Ehrig and Eckhard Grass 8.1 OFDM Physical Layer Implemented on FPGA Designed OFDM Physical Layer Performance Evaluation in the Presence of Clock Deviation and Phase Noise OFDM Baseband Receiver Architecture Receiver Front-End Receiver Back-End OFDM Baseband Transmitter Architecture GHz Link Demonstration GHz OFDM Demonstrator Architecture Wireless Link Demonstration with 60 GHz Radio Next-Generation OFDM Demonstrators for 60 GHz Wireless LAN Applications Channel Plan and RF Transceiver Next-Generation Multi-Gbps OFDM Physical Layers 231

13 Contents xi Performance Evaluation with 60 GHz NLOS Channel and 60 GHz Phase Noise Models 232 References Medium Access Control Design 239 Harkirat Singh 9.1 Design Issues in the Use of Directional Antennas IEEE c MAC for 60 GHz Neighbor Discovery Aggregation and Block-ACK Design Considerations for Supporting Uncompressed Video Pixel Partitioning Uncompressed Video ARQ Unequal Error Protection Error Concealment Performance Study Effect of UEP and EEP Stability of UEP VQM Scores Conclusions and Future Directions 263 References Remaining Challenges and Future Directions 267 Alberto Valdes-Garcia, Pengfei Xia, Su-Khiong Yong and Harkirat Singh References 270 Index 273

15 Preface Since the first wireless transatlantic radio wave transmission (based on long wave) by Marconi from Cornwall, England, to Newfoundland, Canada, in 1901, wireless communications have undergone tremendous growth. Today, wireless communications systems have become an integral part of our daily life and continue to evolve in providing better quality and user experience. One of the most important emerging wireless technologies in recent years is millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology. Although it has been known for many decades, it is only over the past five or six years that advances in silicon process technologies and low-cost integration solutions have made mm-wave a relevant technology from a commercial perspective. As a result, this technology has attracted significant interest from academia, industry and standardization bodies. In this book, we specifically focus on 60 GHz wireless systems that enable several new applications that are not feasible at lower carrier frequencies. 60 GHz technology offers various advantages over current or existing communications systems. One of the most important is the availability of at least 5 GHz of continuous bandwidth worldwide. While this is comparable to the unlicensed bandwidth allocated for ultra-wideband (UWB) purposes, the 60 GHz bandwidth is continuous and less restricted in terms of power limits. In fact, the large bandwidth at 60 GHz band is one of the largest unlicensed bandwidths being allocated in history. This huge bandwidth represents great potential in terms of capacity and flexibility, making 60 GHz technology particularly attractive for gigabit wireless applications. The compact size of the 60 GHz radio also permits multiple-antenna solutions at the user terminal that are otherwise difficult if not impossible at lower frequencies. Compared to 5 GHz system, the form factor of mm-wave systems is approximately 140 times smaller and thus can be conveniently integrated into consumer electronic products. Despite the various advantages offered, mm-wave based communications face a number of important challenges that must be solved. This book outlines the challenges, opportunities and current solutions at every layer of a 60 GHz system implementation. The outline of the book is as follows. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to 60 GHz technology. It starts with direct comparisons between 60 GHz technology and other high data rate counterparts such as

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