CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR EMERGING MARKETS

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1 CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR EMERGING MARKETS 2G, 3G AND BEYOND Ajay R. Mishra Nokia Siemens Networks A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

3 CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR EMERGING MARKETS

5 CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES FOR EMERGING MARKETS 2G, 3G AND BEYOND Ajay R. Mishra Nokia Siemens Networks A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published 2010 C 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mishra, Ajay R. Cellular technologies for emerging markets : 2G, 3G, and beyond / Ajay R Mishra. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Cellular telephone systems. I. Title. TK M dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN (HB) Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India Printed and Bound in Singapore by Markono

7 Dedicated to The Lotus Feet of my Guru

9 Contents Foreword 1: Role of Technology in Emerging Markets Foreword 2: Connecting the Unconnected Preface Acknowledgements xv xvii xix xxi 1 Cellular Technology in Emerging Markets Introduction ICT in Emerging Markets Cellular Technologies First Generation System Second Generation System Third Generation System Fourth Generation System Overview of Some Key Technologies GSM EGPRS UMTS CDMA HSPA LTE OFDM All IP Networks Broadband Wireless Access IMS UMA DVB-H Future Direction 14 2 GSM and EGPRS Introduction GSM Technology GSM Network Signalling and Interfaces in the GSM Network 22

10 viii Contents Channel Structure in the GSM Network Planning in the GSM Network Network Planning Process Radio Network Planning and Optimization Transmission Network Planning and Optimization Core Network Planning and Optimization EGPRS Technology EGPRS Network Elements Interfaces in the EGPRS Network Channels in the EGPRS Network Coding Schemes EGPRS Network Design and Optimization Parameter Tuning 52 3 UMTS The 3G Evolution UMTS UMTS Services and Applications Teleservices Bearer Services Supplementary Services Service Capabilities UMTS Bearer Service QoS Parameters QoS Classes Conversational Class Streaming Class Interactive Class Background Class WCDMA Concepts Spreading and De-Spreading Code Channels Processing Gain Cell Breathing Handover Power Control Channels in WCDMA Rate Matching ATM ATM Cell Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths Protocol Reference Model Performance of the ATM (QoS Parameters) Planning of ATM Networks Protocol Stack WCDMA Network Architecture Radio and Core Radio Network Core Network 80

11 Contents ix 3.9 Network Planning in 3G Dimensioning Load Factor Dimensioning in the Transmission and Core Networks Radio Resource Management Network Optimization Coverage and Capacity Enhancements 92 4 CDMA Introduction to CDMA CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Technique Direct Sequence CDMA Frequency Hopping CDMA Time Hopping CDMA Codes in CDMA System Walsh Codes PN Codes Link Structure Forward Link Reverse Link Radio Resource Management Call Processing Power Control Handoff Planning a CDMA Network Capacity Planning Parameters in a CDMA Network CDMA CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 1XEV-DO Technologies Channel Structure in CDMA Power Control Soft Handoff Transmit Diversity Security CDMA2000 Network Architecture Key Network Elements (CDMA2000) Interfaces of the CDMA2000 Network Call Set Up Processes TD-SCDMA Services in TD-SCDMA Network Planning and Optimization HSPA and LTE HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) 125

12 x Contents Introduction to HSPA Standardization of HSPA HSDPA Technology WCDMA to HSDPA HSDPA Protocol Structure User Equipment HSDPA Channels HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel) HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel) Dimensioning in HSDPA Radio Resource Management in HSDPA Physical Layer Operations Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme Power Control H-ARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat request) Fast Packet Scheduling Code Multiplexing Handover Resource Allocation Admission Control High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) HSUPA Technology HSUPA Protocol Structure HSUPA User Terminal HSUPA Channels E-DPDCH E-DPCCH E-AGCH E-RGCH E-HICH HSUPA Radio Resource Management HARQ Scheduling Soft Handover HSPA Network Dimensioning LTE (Long Term Evolution) Introduction to LTE LTE Technology Access Technology LTE Network Architecture Channel Structure LTE Protocol Structure Radio Resource Management Security in LTE Network Access Security 150

13 Contents xi 6 OFDM and All-IP Introduction to OFDM OFDM Principles Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonality Modulation in OFDM Inter-Symbol and Inter-Carrier Interference Cyclic Prefix Coded OFDM (C-OFDM) MIMO Technology MIMO System MIMO Mode of Operation OFDM System OFDM Variants Design of OFDM Channel Multi-User OFDM Environment All-IP Networks Core/IP Network Evolution in Cellular Networks Advantages of All-IP Network Architecture of All-IP Networks Broadband Wireless Access: WLAN, Wi-Fi and WiMAX Wireless Technology Differentiation Broadband Wireless Access IEEE BWA Technologies Wireless LAN IEEE Channel Structure Efficient Channel Sharing Parameters in WLAN Planning Coverage and Capacity in WLAN Security and Authentication WLAN Network Architecture WLAN Network Types Network Planning in WLAN Wi-Fi Networks Introduction to Wi-Fi Technology Wi-Fi Network Architecture Wi-Fi Network Design WiMAX Networks Introduction to WiMAX OFDMA: Modulation in WiMAX WiMAX Network Architecture Protocol Layers in WiMAX Security 196

14 xii Contents Mobility Management Network Design in WiMAX Convergence and IP Multimedia Sub-System Introduction to Convergence Key Aspects of Convergent Systems Types of Convergence Applications Architecture in Convergent Networks Business and Operator Support Networks Technology IMS Introduction to IMS IMS Development Applications of IMS IMS Architecture Service or Application Layer Control Layer Connectivity or Transport Layer IMS Core Site Functions and Interface in IMS Reference Points Protocol Structure in IMS IMS Security System IMS Charging Offline Charging Online Charging Service Provisioning in IMS Registration in IMS De-Registration in IMS Unlicensed Mobile Access Introduction to UMA History and Evolution of UMA Benefits of UMA Working on UMA Network Architecture of UMA U p Interface in UMA Protocols in UMA Standard IP-Based Protocol UMA Specific Protocols Security Mechanism of UMA Identifiers and Cell Identifiers in UMA Mode and PLMN Selection Mode Selection PLMN Selection 237

15 Contents xiii 9.9 UMAN Discovery and Registration Procedures Registration De-Registration Registration Update Keep Alive UNC Blocks Comparison between Femtocells and UMA Conclusion DVB-H Mobile Television Bearer Technologies for Handheld TV Service Technology for Handheld TV Introduction to DVB Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld History of DVB-H DVB-H Ecosystem DVB-H System Technology Time Slicing IPDC (Internet Protocol Datacasting) MPE/FEC (Multiple Protocol Encapsulation/Forward Error Correction) Protocol Stack for DVB-H k Mode and In-Depth Interleavers Multiplexing and Modulation DVB-H Signalling SFN Power Consumption Signal Quality in DVB-H Networks DVB-H Network Architecture Content Provider Datacast Operator Service Operator Broadcast Network Operators DVB-H Network Topologies Multiplexing DVB-T and DVB-H Networks Dedicated DVB-H Networks Hierarchal DVB-T and DVB-H Networks Network Design in the DVB-H Network Site Planning Coverage Planning 261 Appendix A VAS Applications 265 A.1 Multimedia Messaging Service 265 A.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular 267

SINGLE CARRIER FDMA. Hyung G. Myung and David J. Goodman

SINGLE CARRIER FDMA. Hyung G. Myung and David J. Goodman SINGLE CARRIER FDMA Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long Term Evolution 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-72449-1 Hyung G. Myung and David J. Goodman Wiley Series on Wireless Communications