MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

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MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Evgenii Krouk Dean of the Information Systems and Data Protection Faculty, St

1 MODULATION AND CODING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Evgenii Krouk Dean of the Information Systems and Data Protection Faculty, St Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Russia Sergei Semenov Specialist, Nokia Corporation, Finland WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

Contents About the Editors List of Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Channel Models and Reliable Communication Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, andjussipoikonen 1.

2 Contents About the Editors List of Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Channel Models and Reliable Communication Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, andjussipoikonen 1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication 1.2 AWGN Baseband Representation of AWGN From Sample SNR to ЕЬ/NQ 1.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels Large-Scale Fading (Path Loss) Medium-Scale Fading (Shadowing) Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Propagation) 1.4 Modelling Frequency-Nonselective Fading Rayleigh and Rice Distributions Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift Wide-Sense Stationary Stochastic Processes Rayleigh and Rice Models for Frequency-Nonselective Fading SNR in Rayleigh Fading Channels 1.5 WSSUS Models for Frequency-Selective Fading Basic Principles Definitions References 2 Modulation Sergei Semenov 2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation The Complex Representation of a Bandpass Signal Representation of Signal with Basis Functions Pulse Shaping Matched Filter 2.2 PSK BPSK QPSK

vi Contents 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.3 MSK 2.3.1 2.4 QAM 2.5 OFDM References M-PSK DPSK OQPSK ж/4-qpsk GMSK 47 48 50 51 54 54 60 66 81 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.

3 vi Contents MSK QAM 2.5 OFDM References M-PSK DPSK OQPSK ж/4-qpsk GMSK Block Codes Grigorii Kabatiansky, Ev genii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Sergei Semenov Main Definitions Algebrai ic Structures Linear Block Codes Cyclic Codes Bounds on Minimum Distance Minimum Distance Decoding Information Set Decoding Hamming Codes Reed-Solomon Codes BCH Codes Decodin g of BCH Codes Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions LDPC Codes References LDPC Constructions Decoding of LDPC Codes Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes 161 Sergei Semenov andandrey Trofimov 4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding Viterbi Decoding Algorithm Hard Decision Viterbi Algorithm Soft Decision Viterbi Algorithm List Decoding Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding Sequential Decoding Stack Algorithm Fano Algorithm Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding SISO Decoding Algorithms MAP Algorithm and Its Variants Soft-In/Soft-Out Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 201 References A Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications 206 Andrey Trofimov References 219

Contents vii 5 Equalization 221 Sergei Semenov 5.1 Equalization with Filtering 222 5.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization 226 5.1.2 MMSE Equalization 228 5.1.3 DFE 233 5.

4 Contents vii 5 Equalization 221 Sergei Semenov 5.1 Equalization with Filtering Zero-Forcing Equalization MMSE Equalization DFE Equalization Based on Sequence Estimation MLSE Equalization Sphere Detection RAKE Receiver Turbo Equalization Performance Comparison 259 References ARQ 263 Evgenii Krouk 6.1 Basic ARQ Schemes Basic Concepts Stop-and-Wait ARQ ARQ with N Steps Back (Go Back N, GBN) ARQ with Selective Repeat (SR) Hybrid ARQ Type-I Hybrid ARQ (Chase Combining) Type-II Hybrid ARQ (Full IR) Туре-Ill Hybrid ARQ (Partial IR) 273 References Coded Modulation 277 Andrey Trofimov 7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation Illustrative Example Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning Ungerboeck Codes Performance Estimation of TCM System Squared Distance Structure of PSK and QAM Constellations Upper Bound on Error Event Probability and Bit Error Probability for TCM 289 References MIMO 301 Andrei Ovchinnikov and Sergei Semenov 8.1 MIMO Channel Model Fading in Narrowband Channels Fading Countermeasures: Diversity MIMO Channel model Space-Time Coding Maximum Ratio Combining Definition of Space-Time Codes Space-Time Codes with Two Transmit Antennas Construction Criteria for Space-Time Codes 314

viii Contents 8.3 Orthogonal Designs 317 8.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs 317 8.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs 319 8.3.3 Decoding of Space-Time Codes 323 8.3.4 Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes 326 8.

5 viii Contents 8.3 Orthogonal Designs Real Orthogonal Designs Complex Orthogonal Designs Decoding of Space-Time Codes Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes Space-Time Trellis Codes Space-Time Trellis Codes Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes Differential Space-Time Codes Spatial Multiplexing General Concepts V-BLAST D-BLAST Turbo-BLAST Beamforming 344 References Multiple Access Methods 351 Dmitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, and jussi Poikonen 9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access Spectral Reuse OFDMA SC-FDMA WDMA Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access Direct-Sequence CDMA Frequency-Hopping CDMA Advanced MA Methods Multicarrier CDMA Random OFDMA DHA-FH-CDMA Random Access Multiple Access Methods Conclusions 376 References Standardization in IEEE , Tuomas Laine, ZexianLi, Andrei Malkov, andprabodh Varshney 10.1 IEEE Overview Standard Development Process IEEE Working Group IEEE Working Group IEEE802.il Overview and Scope Frequency Plan Reference Model Architecture a b g 394

Contents ix 10.5.8 802.11n 395 10.5.9 Future Developments 397 10.6 IEEE 802.16x 398 10.6.1 Key PHYFeatures of the IEEE 802.16e 398 70.6.2 IEEE 802.

6 Contents ix n Future Developments IEEE x Key PHYFeatures of the IEEE e IEEE m 400 References Standardization in 3GPP 429 Asbj0rn Gr0vlen, KariHooli, MattiJokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, andesa Tiirola 11.1 Standardization Process and Organization General Organization of 3GPP Organization of TSG RAN Standardization Process GPP Releases Frequency Bands and 3GPP Releases RAN Specifications G WCDMA WCDMA Concept. Logical, Transport and Physical Channels Logical and Transport Channels Physical Channels Coding, Spreading and Modulation Cell Search Power Control Procedures Handover Procedures Transmit Diversity G HSDPA/HSUPA HSDPA HSUPA CPC GLTE LTE Downlink LTE Uplink 592 References CDMA2000 and Its Evolution 605 Andrei Ovchinnikov 12.1 Development of 3G CDMA2000 Standard IS-95 Family of Standards (cdmaone) IS-2000 Family of Standards Reverse Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard Reverse Channel Structure Forward Error Correction (FEC) Codeword Symbols Repetition Puncturing Block Interleaving Orthogonal Modulation and Orthogonal Spreading Direct Sequence Spreading and Quadrature Spreading Frame Quality Indicator 622

X Contents 12.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 623 12.3.1 Forward Channel Structure 623 12.3.2 Forward Error Correction 625 12.3.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 629 12.3.4 Puncturing 630 12.

7 X Contents 12.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard Forward Channel Structure Forward Error Correction Codeword Symbols Repetition Puncturing Block Interleaving Sequence Repetition Data Scrambling Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Spreading Quadrature Spreading Frame Quality Indicator Architecture Model of CDMA xev-do Standard Structure of Physical Layer Packet FCS Computation Access Terminal of the CDMA xev-do Standard Power Control Reverse Channel Structure Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates Access Channel Reverse Traffic Channel Encoding Channel Interleaving and Repetition Quadrature Spreading 641 Access Network of the CDMA xev-do Standard Access Forward Channel Structure 643 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 645 Pilot Channel 645 Forward MAC Channel 645 Control Channel 647 Forward Traffic Channel 647 Time-Division Multiplexing 651 Quadrature Spreading Index 655

Lecture 12: Summary Advanced Digital Communications (EQ2410) 1

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