WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design

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1 WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design Edited by Rudolf Tanner and Jason Woodard UbiNetics Ltd, UK

3 WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design

5 WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design Edited by Rudolf Tanner and Jason Woodard UbiNetics Ltd, UK

6 Copyright C 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on or All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some of the content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN Typeset in 10/12pt Times by TechBooks, New Delhi, India Printed and Bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 To the people who call a spade a spade. RT I would like to dedicate this book to Katherine and William. JPW

9 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations page xvii xix xxi 1 Introduction Evolution and Revolution of Mobile Telephony The Cellular Revolution The Growth of Cellular Technology The Third Generation Partnership Project GPP Background GPP Standardization Organization GPP Standard Releases GPP Standards Evolution GPP Terminology The Journey of a Bit Structure of the Book 18 2 RF and Baseband Processing Introduction UMTS Radio Requirements Receiver Performance Requirements Transmitter Performance Requirements 21

10 viii CONTENTS Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements Radio Architecture Overview Receiver RF Design Direct Conversion Receiver Direct Conversion and Even-Order Distortion Transmit Leakage and IP Receiver Sensitivity Adjacent Channel Selectivity Blocking and IP Spurious Emissions and LO Leakage Receiver Baseband Design Baseband Demodulation Performance Pre ADC Signal Conditioning Analogue to Digital Conversion Receive Pulse Shape Filtering Automatic Gain Control and Reference Point Additional Receiver Signal Processing Functions Transmitter Baseband Design Baseband Modulation Pre Digital to Analogue Conversion Signal Processing Digital to Analogue Conversion Post Conversion Processing Transmitter RF Design RF Up Conversion Transmitter Direct up Conversion Transmitter IF Based up Conversion Transmitter Spurious and Noise Emissions Transmitter Distortion and ACLR Key Isolation Issues Transmitter Power Control and Calibration The Power Amplifier Power Efficiency Enhancement Future Trends 64 3 Physical Layer Chip Rate Processing Introduction Code Division Multiple Access The WCDMA Air Interface Role of Chip Rate Processing Spreading and Scrambling Spreading Scrambling 74

11 CONTENTS ix 3.3 Physical Channels Synchronization and Channel Estimation Channels Cell Broadcast Channels Dedicated Channels Packet and Indicator Channels Overview of Physical Channel Timing The Receiver Overview RAKE Receiver Overview RAKE Fingers The Combiner RAKE Architectures RAKE Control Cell Search P-SCH Detection S-SCH Detection Cell ID Detection P-CCPCH Transmit Diversity Status Identification Power Control Inner Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Other Power Control Mechanisms Handover Introduction Soft and Softer Handover Hard Handover SSDT Transmit Diversity in the Downlink Background Open Loop Transmit Diversity Closed Loop Transmit Diversity Physical Layer Procedures RACH Procedure CPCH Procedure PICH/PCH Procedure DSCH Procedure Measurements Overview Cell Measurements Radio Link Measurements Transport Channel Measurements 112

12 x CONTENTS 3.11 Compressed Mode Introduction Effects on CRP: an Overview Compressed Mode Support in RAKE Fingers Effects of Compressed Mode on the Combiner Power Control in Compressed Mode Transmit Diversity in Compressed Mode Measurements in Compressed Mode Physical Layer Bit Rate Processing Introduction Frequently Used Symbols Transport Channels, Formats and Combinations Example TFCS Overview of the Bit Rate Processing Chain BRP Chain in the Uplink BRP Chain in the Downlink Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes Channel Coding and Code Block Segmentation TrCH Interleaving TrCH Multiplexing and Second DTX Insertion PhCH Segmentation and Interleaving Rate Matching Rate Matching Patterns Uplink Rate Matching Downlink Rate Matching Convolutional Encoding and Decoding Convolutional Encoding Terminology Decoding of Convolutionally Encoded Data: the Viterbi Algorithm Example Viterbi Decoding Use of Other Metrics in the Viterbi Algorithm Implementation of the Viterbi Algorithm Performance Results Turbo Encoding and Decoding Encoder Turbo Decoder Structure The SOVA Decoder Turbo Decoding Example The Max Log MAP Algorithm Turbo Interleaver Choice Implementation of Turbo Decoders Performance Results for Turbo Coding 187

13 CONTENTS xi 4.7 TFC Detection TFCI Transmission and Reception Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD) Compressed Mode and the BRP Compressed Mode Effects on Downlink BRP Compressed Mode Effects on the Uplink BRP BRP Limitations for Different TrCHs and CCTrCHs Conclusions Type Approval Testing: A Case Study Introduction History: the Making of the 3GPP DPCH BLER Requirements Lab Testing Typical Test Configuration for Downlink Fading Tests Selecting Test Equipment Downlink Reference Measurement Channel Test Signal Propagation Channels Test Environment and Test Uncertainty Test Requirements Lab Testing Exemplary Measurement Results Medium Access Control Introduction Data Exchange Between RLC and the Physical Layer Selection of TFC for Transmission RACH Transmission Control Traffic Volume Measurements Ciphering MAC Functional Partitioning MAC Configuration MAC Rx/Tx MAC Measurements MAC Receive Functionality Reception on BCH Reception on PCH Reception on FACH Reception on DCH Reception on DSCH Deciphering MAC Transmit Functionality TFC Selection Transmission on DCH Transmission on RACH 236

14 xii CONTENTS MAC Headers on RACH Ciphering Radio Link Control Introduction Transparent Data Transfer Service Transparent Mode Transmit Entity (TM-TX) Transparent Mode Receive Entity (TM-RX) TMD PDU Schema Transparent Mode Data Transmission Transparent Mode Data Reception Transparent Mode Discard Unacknowledged Data Transfer Service Unacknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (UM-TX) Unacknowledged Mode Receive Entity (UM-RX) UMD PDU Schema Unacknowledged Mode Data Transmission Unacknowledged Mode Data Reception Unacknowledged Mode Discard Acknowledged Data Transfer Service Acknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (AM-TX) Acknowledged Mode Receive Entity (AM-RX) AM PDU Schema Acknowledged Mode Transmission Acknowledged Mode Reception Control PDU Reception Error Correction Error Recovery Automatic Repeat Request Mechanism PDCP Introduction Overall Architecture PDCP Interface CPDCP UPDCP PDCP DATA REQ Header Compression Packet Identifier Value PID IP Header Compression (RFC 2507) Robust Header Compression (RFC 3095) SRNS Relocation Interpretation of Lossless SRNS Relocation Lossless SRNS Relocation 271

15 CONTENTS xiii PDCP Sequence Numbering SDU Management in a Lossless PDCP Entity Sequence Number Exchange During a Relocation PDCP SN Synchronization Procedure PDCP Header Formats PDCP no Header PDU PDCP DATA PDU PDCP Sequence Number PDU PDCP Header Fields Handling an Invalid PDU Type and PID Broadcast/Multicast Control Introduction CTCH Scheduling Level 1 Scheduling Level 2 Scheduling BMC Operation BMC Activation Message Handling BMC Deactivation RRC Introduction Architecture Functionality Cell Selection and Reselection PLMN Selection and Reselection Cell Selection and Reselection in Idle Mode Cell Reselection in Connected Mode Reception of Broadcast System Information Reception of System Information System Information Blocks Modification of System Information Paging and Notification Paging in Idle Mode Paging in Connected Mode Paging in Idle Mode Establishment, Maintenance and Release of an RRC Connection Between the UE and UTRAN RRC Connection Signalling Connections Establishment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Access Bearers 300

Wideband TDD. WCDMA for the Unpaired Spectrum. Prabhakar Chitrapu. InterDigital Communications Corporation, USA. With a Foreword by Alain Briancon

Wideband TDD. WCDMA for the Unpaired Spectrum. Prabhakar Chitrapu. InterDigital Communications Corporation, USA. With a Foreword by Alain Briancon Wideband TDD WCDMA for the Unpaired Spectrum Prabhakar Chitrapu InterDigital Communications Corporation, USA With a Foreword by Alain Briancon Wideband TDD Wideband TDD WCDMA for the Unpaired Spectrum