UMTS Radio Access Network Physical Layer. Fabrizio Tomatis

Transcription

1 UMTS Radio Access Network Physical Layer Fabrizio Tomatis

2 Agenda 3G Standardization process 3GPP standardization committee ITU and frequency planning Physical layer principles Mapping of transport channels onto physical channels Transport channels processing Transport channels multiplexing Transport channels overview Physical layer procedures Cell search and synchronization Random access procedure Paging procedure Power control Handover procedures Transmit diversity CONFIDENTIAL 2

3 The working environment * Field Trials / Operators 3GPP specification Designer Market Status OEM Requirements CONFIDENTIAL 3

4 3G Standardization Process CONFIDENTIAL 4

5 Standardisation of 3G mobile EUROPE United States TIA CDMA2000 ( Multi-Carrier CDMA) in 3GPP2 Japan ARIB & CWTS Korea TTC TTA ETSI T1 3GPP2 China 3GPP UMTS (Wideband-CDMA) in 3GPP CONFIDENTIAL 5

6 3GPP Organization 3GPP PCG TSG T Terminals TSG RAN Radio Access Network TSG SA Services and System Aspects TSG CN Core Network WG1 Conformance testing WG1 Layer 1 WG1 Services WG1 MM/CC/SM (Iu) WG2 Services and capabilities WG3 USIM WG2 Layer 2 & 3 WG3 Interface between UTRA and CN WG4 Radio aspects AHG1 ITU coordination WG2 Architecture WG3 Security WG4 Codec WG5 Telecom management WG2 CAMEL/MAP WG3 Interworking with external networks WG4 MAP/GTP/BCH/SS WG5 OSA CONFIDENTIAL 6

7 3GPP & Others bodies Partnership includes: Regional standards bodies Market Representation Partners: UMTS Forum Global Mobile Suppliers Alliance GSM Association IPv6 Forum TD-SCDMA Forum 3G Americas Individual companies belong as Members: User Equipment ( UE ) manufacturers Infrastructure manufacturers Component manufacturers (including chipsets) Network Operators CONFIDENTIAL 7

8 ITU Regions CONFIDENTIAL 8

9 UMTS bands Band UL Frequency DL Frequency ITU-region I Core Band (1+others) II III others IV others (Japan) V VI (Japan ) CONFIDENTIAL 9

10 Current spectrum plan Source: UMTS Forum CONFIDENTIAL 10

11 Key Features of 3G with respect to 2G Integration of fixed and mobile networks Expanded range of services (Packet, Internet, Multimedia) Higher data rates Increased capacity Bit rates Rural outdoor: 144 kb/s, 500 km/h Suburban outdoor: 384 kb/s, 120 km/h Indoor, low range outdoor: 2Mb/s, 10 km/h Flexibility Variable bit rate Circuit switched and packet oriented bearers Negotiation of bearer service attributes (bearer type, bit rate, delay, BER, up/down symmetry, security issues etc.) Adaptability to quality, traffic, network load & radio conditions CONFIDENTIAL 11

12 Physical layer principles CONFIDENTIAL 12

13 W-CDMA Physical Layer Summary Cells are characterized by a DL scrambling Code (512) Mobiles are characterized by a UL scrambling Code (16M) Communication Sessions are also characterized by a specific spreading code (channelization Code). Downlink to distinguish also sessions to different mobiles Pilot Symbols are used to allow coherent detection of QPSK signals and spreading codes. CONFIDENTIAL 13

14 Protocol Architecture of UTRAN information streams for transfer of a specific type of information over the radio interface (control and traffic channels) controls usage of transport channels data transport services on transport channels Source: W. Granzow, Script 3rd Generation Mobile Communication Systems, LNT II, Univ. Erlangen CONFIDENTIAL 14

15 . Physical layer principles (1) Voice Vocoder Video Video Encoder Transport Channel 1 Physical Layer C.> * 0 Control Channel CONFIDENTIAL 15

16 Physical layer principles (2) Transport Blocks Transport Channels Processing Transport Channels Processing Transport Channels Multiplexing Physical Channels Spreading Spreading Modulation Modulation Transmitted on radio channel CONFIDENTIAL 16

17 Transport channel processing transport blocks CRC attachment transport channel 1 Channel coding Rate matching transport channel 2 Processing TTI based 1 st interleaving Radio frame segmentation Transport Channel Multiplexing CONFIDENTIAL 17

18 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Cyclic redundancy check bits are appended to the transport blocks received from layer 2 to detect (and correct) block errors CRC lengths: 0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 bits (depending on the transport channel) Example: shift register implementation for 16-bit CRC generator polynomial: GCRC16(X)= X16+X12+X5+1= (X+1)(X15+X14+X13+X12+X4+X3+X2 +X+1) u(x) CONFIDENTIAL 18

19 Transport channel processing transport blocks CRC attachment transport channel 1 Channel coding Rate matching transport channel 2 1 st interleaving Radio frame segmentation Transport Channel Multiplexing CONFIDENTIAL 19

20 Channel Coding Principles Noise Add Redundancy = Increase data protection against channel Noise NodeB Block (10ms) Info Parity Coding rate (1/2, 1/3) = Ratio between Info and Redundancy CONFIDENTIAL 20

21 Channel coding 2 types of channel coder used for different applications Convolutional Coder: Transport channels: DCH, low data rate (speech), real time communications Rate 1/2 or 1/3 Transport channels (control): BCH, PCH, FACH, RACH Turbo Coder: Better decoding performance compared to Convolutional Transport channels: DCH, High data rate (video) Best performance with long transport blocks Rate 1/3 CONFIDENTIAL 21

22 Convolutional coding Nonrecursive systematic convolutional coder (NSC) Rate 1/2 convolutional coder Input D D D D D D D D Output 0 G 0 = 561 (octal) Output 1 G 1 = 753 (octal) Rate 1/3 convolutional coder Input D D D D D D D D Output 0 G 0 = 557 (octal) Output 1 G 1 = 663 (octal) Output 2 G 2 = 711 (octal) Decoding: Viterbi Decoder CONFIDENTIAL 22

23 Turbo coding 8-state Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code (PCCC) Recursive Systematic Coder (RSC) Interleaver to randomize information x(k) systematic x 1p (k) d(k) info Interleaver x 2p (k) parity 1 Multiplexing c(k) parity 2 x (k) ---: termination CONFIDENTIAL 23

24 Turbo decoder Parallel and iterative decoder Performance are function of number of iterations DE-INT x y1 Decoder1 LLR INT y2 INT Decoder2 LLR CONFIDENTIAL 24

25 Performance comparison 10 0 Full block Max*-log MAP, AWGN: block length BER 10-3 Conv. Code iter = 1 iter = 2 iter = 3 iter = 4 iter = 6 iter = 8 iter = 10 Conv. Code, rate 1/ E b /N 0 [db] CONFIDENTIAL 25

26 Transport channel processing transport blocks CRC attachment transport channel 1 Channel coding Rate matching transport channel 2 1 st interleaving Radio frame segmentation Transport Channel Multiplexing CONFIDENTIAL 26

27 Rate Matching To fit data rate to the standard channel bit rates (15 kbps, 30 kbps, etc.) Two techniques are used to adapt the rate to the channel bit rate: Repetition: Repeat code bits in order to increase the rate to standard values Puncturing: Delete code bits in order to reduce the rate down to standard values Rate Matching is performed jointly over all parallel transport channels CONFIDENTIAL 27

28 Transport channel processing transport blocks CRC attachment transport channel 1 Channel coding Rate matching transport channel 2 1 st interleaving Radio frame segmentation Transport Channel Multiplexing CONFIDENTIAL 28

29 Two-Stage Interleaving Distributes data over long time interval Error bursts then affect only a part of the block Channel decoder can more likely correct the errors 1 st (inter-frame) Interleaving: Interleaving time span 10, 20, 40, or 80 ms 2 nd (intra-frame) Interleaving: Interleaving time span 10 ms CONFIDENTIAL 29

30 De-Interleaver Principles Noise White Burst NodeB De-Interleaving Randomize errors = Max Decoder Perf CONFIDENTIAL 30

31 Transport channel processing: AMR 12.2 kbps Adaptive Multirate Speech Codec Transport block CRC attachment Tail bit attachment TrCh#1 81 CRC TrCh# TrCh# number of TrChs 3 transport block size 81, 103, and 60 bits CRC 12 bits (attached only to TrCh #1) Coding Convolutional Coding, Convolutional coding R=1/3, 1/2 93 Tail Tail 8 60 Tail 8 transmission time interval coding rate = 1/3 for TrCh #1, #2 coding rate = ½ for TrCh #3 20 ms Rate matching st interleaving 303+N RM N RM N RM3 Radio frame segmentation 303 +N RM N RM N RM3 #1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b N RF1 = (303 +N RM1 )/2 N RF1 N RF1 N RF2 N RF2 N RF3 N RF3 N RF2 = (333+ N RM2 )/2 N RF3 = (136+ N RM3 )/2 To TrCh Multiplexing CONFIDENTIAL 31

32 Physical layer principles (2) Transport Blocks Transport Channels Processing Transport Channels Processing Transport Channels Multiplexing Physical Channels Spreading Spreading Modulation Modulation Transmitted on radio channel CONFIDENTIAL 32

33 Multiplexing of Transport Channels Several transport channels may be multiplexed together Every 10 ms one frame of data is provided on each transport channel The multiplexer concatenates incoming frames into a single output frame Outcome of multiplexing: coded composite transport channel (CCTrCh) 10 ms Multiplexer Transport Channel 0 Transport Channel 1 Transport Channel 2 10 ms Coded Composite Transport Channel CONFIDENTIAL 33

34 Transport channel multiplexing 12.2 kbps AMR TrCH s (DTCH) & 4.1 kbps data TrCh (DCCH) 20 ms ITTI 20 ms TTI 40 ms TTI 12.2 kbps data kbp s data 4. 1 kbps data #1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b #1a #1b #2a #2b #3a #3b #1 #2 #3 #4 #1a #2a #3a #1 #1b #2b #3b #2 #1a #2a #3a #3 #1b #2b #3b #4 TrCH Multiplexing nd Interleaving Physical Channel Mapping slot CFN=4N slot CFN=4N+1 slot CFN=4N+2 slot CFN=4N+3 Spreading Modulation Transmitted on radio channel CONFIDENTIAL 34

35 Transport Format Control Detection of the transmitted data frame based Explicit transport format control 10 TFCI (Transport format combination indication) bits per radio frame indicate the transport format (transport block lengths on transport channels, number of transport blocks per TTI) The 10 TFCI bits are mapped to 32-bit code words which are transmitted each frame Blind transport format detection (BTFD): no TFCI bits are transmitted only applied for fixed position transport channels in DL detection methods based on a priori information CONFIDENTIAL 35

36 Transport Channels Service offered by Layer 1 to the higher layers Dedicated Transport Channels DCH Dedicated Channel UL/DL Common Transport Channels BCH Broadcast Channel DL FACH Forward Access Channel DL PCH Paging Channel DL RACH Random Access Channel UL CONFIDENTIAL 36

37 Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical BCH FACH PCH RACH DCH PCCPCH SCCPCH PRACH DPDCH DPCCH SCH Transport channels Physical channels carrying L2/3 data Physical channels carrying L1 data only CPICH L1 information AICH PICH CONFIDENTIAL 37

38 Physical Channels Physical channels are characterized by a specific carrier frequency, channelization code, scrambling code Physical channel parameters Radio frame 10ms (= 15 time slots) Time slot 667µs (= 2560 chips) Chip 260ns DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH Data 1 N Data1 bits TPC N TPC bits TFCI N TFCI bits Data 2 N Data2 bits Pilot N pilot bits 2560cps - Slot Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot n Slot 13 Slot 14 10ms - Frame CONFIDENTIAL 38

39 Physical layer procedures CONFIDENTIAL 39

40 Synchronization to Network NodeB NodeB NodeB More powerful = Closer BS Duration less 1 sec CONFIDENTIAL 40

41 Synchronization Channels Synchronization can be achieved relying on the transmission of 3 channels by the NodeB s: Primary Synchronization Channel (PSCH) common to all cells Secondary SCH (SSCH) (cell specific) Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) (cell specific) 1 slot (2560 chips) 256 chips PSCH #1 #2 #3 #14 #15 #1 SSCH #1 #2 #3 #14 #15 #1 CPICH 1 frame (38400 chips) PSCH #1 = PSCH #2 = = PSCH #15 SSCH #1 SSCH #2 SSCH #15 CONFIDENTIAL 41

42 Cell search step 1 1 slot (2560 chips) 256 chips PSCH #1 #2 #3 #14 #15 #1 Matched Filter (PSCH) 1 slot 1 slot Slot timing identification CONFIDENTIAL 42

43 Cell search step 2 SSCH #1 #2 #3 #14 #15 #1 Every SSC word is unique Every SSC word shift is unique Allocation of SSCs for secondary SCH Scrambling Code Group slot number #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #1 0 #1 1 #1 2 #1 3 #1 4 Group Group Group Frame synchro and scrambling code group identification CONFIDENTIAL 43

44 Cell search step 3 CPICH Scrambling code group is composed by 8 primary scrambling codes Primary scr correlators Primary scrambling code identification Cell identified Ready for PCCPCH decoding BCH cell info CONFIDENTIAL 44

45 Primary Common Control Physical Channel PCCPCH Fixed rate channel with 30kbps, SF = 256 Not transmitted at slot start to reduce interference with SCH Carries BCH system information (cell broadcasted info) 256chips Tx off 18bits 2560chips Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot n Slot 13 Slot 14 10ms Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame n Frame ms CONFIDENTIAL 45

46 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel SCCPCH Variable rate channel with kbps, SF = Optional TFCI for rate adaptation Carries PCH (paging message) & FACH (Forward Access channel - replies/acknowledgements/packets from network) TFCI N TFCI bits Data N data bits 2560cps Pilot N pilot bits Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot n Slot 13 Slot 14 10ms Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame n Frame ms CONFIDENTIAL 46

47 Random Access Procedure (I) In order to request access to a cell, the UE sends a short information burst, called Preamble RACH. Then, it waits a lapse in order to receive the response from the Base Station. This lapse is called Guard Period. If the Base Station receives the Preamble without errors, it responds with another burst called Acquisition Indication (AICH). If no Acquisition Indication is received after a pre-defined time, a new Preamble is sent. CONFIDENTIAL 47

48 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Fixed rate control 15kbps, SF = 256 Used in combination with Preamble RACH I Q RACH message data RACH message control Pilot N pilot bits Data N Data bits 2560chips TFCI N TFCI bits Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot n Slot 13 Slot 14 10ms CONFIDENTIAL 48

49 Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) Access slots twice as long as a regular time slot AICH indicates successful access to RACH 1024chips Acquisition Indicator Tx off 16 symbols (4096chips) AS 0 AS 1 AS 2 AS n AS 13 AS 14 AS = Access Slot 20ms CONFIDENTIAL 49

50 . Random Access Procedure (II) A PREAMBLE User Equipment C.> * 0 Guard Period ACQUSITION INDICATOR Base Station In case of no answer from the Base Station, the UE sends the Preamble a maximum number of times. In case of no success, the UE physical layer sends a report to upper layers. Note that successive preambles use increased RF power. CONFIDENTIAL 50

51 Dedicated Channel Setup using RACH The RACH message can be used to request setup of a Dedicated Channel for longer communications RACH Dedicated Channel DCH Uplink... Reservation Request Message FACH Downlink Acquisition indicator L2/3 ACK & Reservation Information Power control command 30ms CONFIDENTIAL 51

52 Random Access Procedure - Scenario Common Pilot Data (BCCH) TFCI Data (PCH / FACH) Pilot 1 frame [10 ms] SF = 256 SF = CPICH SCH P - CCPCH S - CCPCH AICH AI PRACH P P P Message UE listens to system info. (on P-CCPCH): - SC and CC to use for PRACH 2. Choose a TS and send the preamble 3+ slots 3 slots 3. No AI received. 4. Choose a new TS, increase power, send the preamble. Data (RACH) Pilot SF = 256 SF = TFCI 6. Send the Message Data (RACH) Pilot TFCI 5. AI received 7. Network allocates an RNTI to the UE CONFIDENTIAL 52

53 Receiving a Call: Paging Conflicting requirements Low call setup delay Long battery life for mobile stations UE cannot keep its receiver running continually Need to wake up periodically Determine very quickly whether a call is incoming Go back to sleep if not CONFIDENTIAL 53

54 Paging Indication Channel (PCH) Fixed rate channel with 30kbps, SF = 256 Associated with a SCCPCH carrying the PCH with the corresponding paging messages PICH is associated with PCH, 2, 4, 8 or 16 subsequent bits form a paging indicator PI i The corresponding paging message on the SCCPCH is decoded if PI i = paging indication bits 12 unused bits PICH/SCCPCH timing relation 10ms PICH frame Associated SCCPCH frame 7680 chips CONFIDENTIAL 54

55 Paging: 2-step Approach UE is assigned to a Paging Group UE monitors a Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) PICH carries short Paging Indicators (PI) (set to 0 or 1) Easy to detect For each Paging Group, a PI may occur only at specific time instants Number of UEs per Paging Group affects delay and battery life When UE detects a PI for its group, it decodes an associated frame on the parallel Paging Channel (PCH) Paging Channel message indicates which UE the call is for. CONFIDENTIAL 55

56 Paging Procedure (I) Cellular Network Base Station The The cellular cellular network receives a call call request for for a UE. UE. CONFIDENTIAL 56

57 Paging Procedure (II) PAGING INDICATOR Paging Indication Channel A set set of of UE, UE, including the the target, is is paged (transmission of ofa Paging Indicator). The The message is is sent sent in in a special channel, called Paging Indication Channel (PICH). CONFIDENTIAL 57

58 Paging Procedure (III) Wait Period PAGING MESSAGE Base Station Secondary Common Control Channel The The network waits waits during during a short short specified lapse. lapse. A paging paging message is is sent sent to to the the intended UE, UE, through a Secondary Common Control Control Channel (SCCPCH). CONFIDENTIAL 58

59 Power Control procedure Aims: Maximise system capacity Maximise UE battery life The Power Control Loop adjusts the UE transmit power Minimum Quality of Service (QoS) required by a certain service The power of the UE is changed to ensure that the QoS is met CONFIDENTIAL 59

60 DL Dedicated Physical Channel Variable rate channel kbps, SF = Power control commands (TPC) Optional transport format combination indicator (TFCI) Known pilot symbols DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH Data 1 N Data1 bits TPC N TPC bits TFCI N TFCI bits 2560chips Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot n Slot 13 Slot 14 10ms Data 2 N Data2 bits SIR estimation Pilot N pilot bits Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame n Frame ms CONFIDENTIAL 60

61 UL Dedicated Physical Channel (2) I DPDCH SIR estimation Data N Data bits Q DPCCH Pilot N pilot bits TFCI N TFCI bits FBI N FBI bits TPC N TPC bits 2560chips Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot n Slot 13 Slot 14 10ms Frame 0 Frame 1 Frame n Frame ms CONFIDENTIAL 61

62 Power Control - Near-far effect Uplink Base-station receives multiple users at the same time on the same frequency. Far users uplink signal masked by close users uplink signal causing capacity problems Near-far problem Solution: adjust sent power according to received signal at BS distance distance CONFIDENTIAL 62

63 Power Control loop Power control loop between base station and handset based on signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) measurements on both sides and comparison with service dependent Target SIR (Target QoS) Update rate 1500Hz with pre-defined power control steps Transmit power 0.5W Path loss 70dB Received power: -43dBm -30dBm Resulting SIR: -13dB +13dB Target SIR: 0dB 0dB Path loss 60dB Power down Power up Transmit power 1W CONFIDENTIAL 63

64 .. Power Control loop (II) The serving cell estimate QoS est on the received uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH) The serving cell generate Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands and transmits the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIR est > SIR tgt then transmit TPC command to UE to reduce tx power if SIR est >SIR tgt then transmit TPC command to UE to increase tx power Same thing is done at the UE side (Estimate on DL, TPC to UL) SIR est >SIR tgt TPC = 0 C > * 0 CONFIDENTIAL 64

65 Inner and Outer loop power control Inner loop: UE measures received SIR, compares with target, and transmits TPC commands back to BS BS adjusts transmit power Outer loop: UE adjusts SIR target for each UE to maintain required BLER Measure BLER Adjust SIR Target SIR Target CONFIDENTIAL 65

66 Power Control in Fading Conditions Normalised signal power / db Before power control After power control Time CONFIDENTIAL 66

67 Power Control on Non-Dedicated channels Aim: optimise received power by varying transmitted power to suit current channel conditions without having a feedback information (TPC) Open loop Estimate path loss from channel measurements (in reception) to adapt transmission power. Not very efficient in FDD systems. CONFIDENTIAL 67

68 Moving through the Network: Handover Handover Types Intra-frequency Inter-frequency (Hard) Soft Softer Between different NodeB s Between different sectors of same NodeB CONFIDENTIAL 68

69 Soft Handover (SHO) Two or more Node Bs communicate simultaneously with the same UE These Node Bs form the active set Node Bs use the same RF carrier frequency Node B uses its own cell-specific scrambling code. UE uses soft combining of signals from each base station UTRAN uses selection combining to select each UL frame from the Node B with the best UL quality CONFIDENTIAL 69

70 Soft Handover (SHO) Measurement reports DPCH, CPICH CPICH DPCH NodeB 1 CPICH NodeB 3 Control DPCH Network Control Control NodeB 2 CONFIDENTIAL 70

71 Inter-frequency Handover (Hard handover) RF carrier-frequency changes Used in the following situations: Handover between adjacent cells using different RF carrier frequencies. Handover between overlapping cells (hierarchical cell structures) Handover between different Operators and/or systems (e.g. UMTS/GSM). CONFIDENTIAL 71

72 Hard Handover Methods Compressed Mode used to measure and synchronize on other frequency/rat Short interruptions in UL/DL transmissions Gaps are created by: Careful scheduling Puncturing (switching off the transmitter for certain bits) Spreading Factor reduction Dual Receiver 2 data streams can be switched Simpler Higher implementation cost Increased power consumption Compressed Mode Ability to handover to GSM is essential in Europe T f Idle period available for interfrequency measurements CONFIDENTIAL 72

73 Handover schematic Core Network HO decisions SC 1 SC 2 SC 3 SC f 1 f 2 Soft Handover Softer Handover Soft Handover Inter-freq Handover UMTS-GSM Inter-freq Inter-freq Handover Handover GSM-UMTS UMTS f1 UMTS f2 CONFIDENTIAL 73

74 Transmit Diversity - Introduction UMTS uses Antenna Diversity: either Open Loop (STTD) or Closed Loop (FBM) 2 decorrelated antennas USER BASE STATION CONFIDENTIAL 74

75 Transmit Diversity - Open Loop (STTD) Diversity antenna at BTS transmits pilot symbol/pilot channel following a special modulation scheme Specific recombining algorithm using a priori information of antennas diversity scheme are applied at the UE Same transmit power on both Tx antennas No feedback information from UE CONFIDENTIAL 75

76 Transmit Diversity - Closed Loop (FBM) Diversity antenna at BTS transmits pilot symbol/pilot channel following a special modulation scheme Feedback information (FBI) calculated at UE and transmitted in uplink BTS computes weights from FBI to adjust amplitude & phase on Tx antennas, for maximum received power at UE CONFIDENTIAL 76

77 Major Impacts on performance Cell search and synchronization Initial synchronisation time Neighborhood cells monitoring -> Handover Paging procedure Idle mode power consumption Random access procedure Call establishment Handover procedures Soft HO increases receiver performance at cell boundary -> cell capacity Power control Reduces interference between Users in the cell -> cell capacity CONFIDENTIAL 77

78 Abbreviations ARQ Automatic Repeat Request BCH Broadcast Channel BER Bit Error Rate BLER Block Error Rate BS Base Station CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check DCH Dedicated Channel DL Downlink (Forward link) DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access FACH Forward Access Channel FDD Frequency Division Duplex FER Frame Error Rate MAC Medium Access Control Mcps Mega Chip Per Second MS Mobile Station OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (codes) PCCC Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code (Turbo encoder) PCH Paging Channel PhCH Physical Channel PRACH Physical Random Access Channel RACH Random Access Channel RSC Recursive Systematic Convolutional Coder RX Receive SCH Synchronisation Channel SF Spreading Factor SFN System Frame Number SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio SNR Signal to Noise Ratio TF Transport Format TFC Transport Format Combination TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator TPC Transmit Power Control TrCH Transport Channel TTI Transmission Time Interval TX Transmit UL Uplink (Reverse link) UE User equipment CONFIDENTIAL 78

79 Thanks for your attention It is time for your questions! CONFIDENTIAL 79