WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design

Transcription

1 WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design Edited by Rudolf Tanner and Jason Woodard UbiNetics Ltd, UK

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3 WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design

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5 WCDMA -- Requirements and Practical Design Edited by Rudolf Tanner and Jason Woodard UbiNetics Ltd, UK

6 Copyright C 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on or All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some of the content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN Typeset in 10/12pt Times by TechBooks, New Delhi, India Printed and Bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 To the people who call a spade a spade. RT I would like to dedicate this book to Katherine and William. JPW

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9 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations page xvii xix xxi 1 Introduction Evolution and Revolution of Mobile Telephony The Cellular Revolution The Growth of Cellular Technology The Third Generation Partnership Project GPP Background GPP Standardization Organization GPP Standard Releases GPP Standards Evolution GPP Terminology The Journey of a Bit Structure of the Book 18 2 RF and Baseband Processing Introduction UMTS Radio Requirements Receiver Performance Requirements Transmitter Performance Requirements 21

10 viii CONTENTS Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements Radio Architecture Overview Receiver RF Design Direct Conversion Receiver Direct Conversion and Even-Order Distortion Transmit Leakage and IP Receiver Sensitivity Adjacent Channel Selectivity Blocking and IP Spurious Emissions and LO Leakage Receiver Baseband Design Baseband Demodulation Performance Pre ADC Signal Conditioning Analogue to Digital Conversion Receive Pulse Shape Filtering Automatic Gain Control and Reference Point Additional Receiver Signal Processing Functions Transmitter Baseband Design Baseband Modulation Pre Digital to Analogue Conversion Signal Processing Digital to Analogue Conversion Post Conversion Processing Transmitter RF Design RF Up Conversion Transmitter Direct up Conversion Transmitter IF Based up Conversion Transmitter Spurious and Noise Emissions Transmitter Distortion and ACLR Key Isolation Issues Transmitter Power Control and Calibration The Power Amplifier Power Efficiency Enhancement Future Trends 64 3 Physical Layer Chip Rate Processing Introduction Code Division Multiple Access The WCDMA Air Interface Role of Chip Rate Processing Spreading and Scrambling Spreading Scrambling 74

11 CONTENTS ix 3.3 Physical Channels Synchronization and Channel Estimation Channels Cell Broadcast Channels Dedicated Channels Packet and Indicator Channels Overview of Physical Channel Timing The Receiver Overview RAKE Receiver Overview RAKE Fingers The Combiner RAKE Architectures RAKE Control Cell Search P-SCH Detection S-SCH Detection Cell ID Detection P-CCPCH Transmit Diversity Status Identification Power Control Inner Loop Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Other Power Control Mechanisms Handover Introduction Soft and Softer Handover Hard Handover SSDT Transmit Diversity in the Downlink Background Open Loop Transmit Diversity Closed Loop Transmit Diversity Physical Layer Procedures RACH Procedure CPCH Procedure PICH/PCH Procedure DSCH Procedure Measurements Overview Cell Measurements Radio Link Measurements Transport Channel Measurements 112

12 x CONTENTS 3.11 Compressed Mode Introduction Effects on CRP: an Overview Compressed Mode Support in RAKE Fingers Effects of Compressed Mode on the Combiner Power Control in Compressed Mode Transmit Diversity in Compressed Mode Measurements in Compressed Mode Physical Layer Bit Rate Processing Introduction Frequently Used Symbols Transport Channels, Formats and Combinations Example TFCS Overview of the Bit Rate Processing Chain BRP Chain in the Uplink BRP Chain in the Downlink Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes Channel Coding and Code Block Segmentation TrCH Interleaving TrCH Multiplexing and Second DTX Insertion PhCH Segmentation and Interleaving Rate Matching Rate Matching Patterns Uplink Rate Matching Downlink Rate Matching Convolutional Encoding and Decoding Convolutional Encoding Terminology Decoding of Convolutionally Encoded Data: the Viterbi Algorithm Example Viterbi Decoding Use of Other Metrics in the Viterbi Algorithm Implementation of the Viterbi Algorithm Performance Results Turbo Encoding and Decoding Encoder Turbo Decoder Structure The SOVA Decoder Turbo Decoding Example The Max Log MAP Algorithm Turbo Interleaver Choice Implementation of Turbo Decoders Performance Results for Turbo Coding 187

13 CONTENTS xi 4.7 TFC Detection TFCI Transmission and Reception Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD) Compressed Mode and the BRP Compressed Mode Effects on Downlink BRP Compressed Mode Effects on the Uplink BRP BRP Limitations for Different TrCHs and CCTrCHs Conclusions Type Approval Testing: A Case Study Introduction History: the Making of the 3GPP DPCH BLER Requirements Lab Testing Typical Test Configuration for Downlink Fading Tests Selecting Test Equipment Downlink Reference Measurement Channel Test Signal Propagation Channels Test Environment and Test Uncertainty Test Requirements Lab Testing Exemplary Measurement Results Medium Access Control Introduction Data Exchange Between RLC and the Physical Layer Selection of TFC for Transmission RACH Transmission Control Traffic Volume Measurements Ciphering MAC Functional Partitioning MAC Configuration MAC Rx/Tx MAC Measurements MAC Receive Functionality Reception on BCH Reception on PCH Reception on FACH Reception on DCH Reception on DSCH Deciphering MAC Transmit Functionality TFC Selection Transmission on DCH Transmission on RACH 236

14 xii CONTENTS MAC Headers on RACH Ciphering Radio Link Control Introduction Transparent Data Transfer Service Transparent Mode Transmit Entity (TM-TX) Transparent Mode Receive Entity (TM-RX) TMD PDU Schema Transparent Mode Data Transmission Transparent Mode Data Reception Transparent Mode Discard Unacknowledged Data Transfer Service Unacknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (UM-TX) Unacknowledged Mode Receive Entity (UM-RX) UMD PDU Schema Unacknowledged Mode Data Transmission Unacknowledged Mode Data Reception Unacknowledged Mode Discard Acknowledged Data Transfer Service Acknowledged Mode Transmit Entity (AM-TX) Acknowledged Mode Receive Entity (AM-RX) AM PDU Schema Acknowledged Mode Transmission Acknowledged Mode Reception Control PDU Reception Error Correction Error Recovery Automatic Repeat Request Mechanism PDCP Introduction Overall Architecture PDCP Interface CPDCP UPDCP PDCP DATA REQ Header Compression Packet Identifier Value PID IP Header Compression (RFC 2507) Robust Header Compression (RFC 3095) SRNS Relocation Interpretation of Lossless SRNS Relocation Lossless SRNS Relocation 271

15 CONTENTS xiii PDCP Sequence Numbering SDU Management in a Lossless PDCP Entity Sequence Number Exchange During a Relocation PDCP SN Synchronization Procedure PDCP Header Formats PDCP no Header PDU PDCP DATA PDU PDCP Sequence Number PDU PDCP Header Fields Handling an Invalid PDU Type and PID Broadcast/Multicast Control Introduction CTCH Scheduling Level 1 Scheduling Level 2 Scheduling BMC Operation BMC Activation Message Handling BMC Deactivation RRC Introduction Architecture Functionality Cell Selection and Reselection PLMN Selection and Reselection Cell Selection and Reselection in Idle Mode Cell Reselection in Connected Mode Reception of Broadcast System Information Reception of System Information System Information Blocks Modification of System Information Paging and Notification Paging in Idle Mode Paging in Connected Mode Paging in Idle Mode Establishment, Maintenance and Release of an RRC Connection Between the UE and UTRAN RRC Connection Signalling Connections Establishment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Access Bearers 300

16 xiv CONTENTS 10.7 Assignment, Reconfiguration and Release of Radio Resources for the RRC Connection Cell FACH Cell DCH Cell PCH URA PCH RRC Connection Mobility Functions Routeing of Higher Layer PDUs Direct Transfer Messages Example for Mobile Originated CS Domain Call Control of Requested QoS UE Measurements General Physical Layer Measurements Measurement Types Power Control Arbitration of Radio Resources on Uplink DCH Integrity Protection Ciphering Management RRC Ciphering Actions PDCP Control Configuration Reconfiguration Relocation Release CBS Control Configuration for the BMC Initialization Procedure Scheduling of CBS Messages Design Issues Speech Coding for UMTS Introduction the Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Speech Codec AMR Structure Linear Prediction Analysis LSF Quantization Pitch Analysis Fixed Codebook with Algebraic Structure Post Processing The AMR Codec s bit Allocation Speech Codec s Error Sensitivity Conclusions 334

17 12 Future Developments Introduction GPP Release 5: HSDPA Introduction to HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Protocol Structure Physical Layer Structure HSDPA MAC Architecture and MAC-hs Functionality Adaptive Modulation and Coding Hybrid ARQ HSDPA Scheduling Location-based Services Introduction UTRAN LCS Components Positioning Techniques and Methods LCS Implementation Aspects CPICH Interference Cancellation and Mitigation CPICH Mitigation Principle Performance Gains Terminal Complexity Aspects Transmit Diversity for Multiple Antennas Eigenbeamforming Closed Loop Mode for More Than Two Tx Antennas STTD with Four Antennas Channel Estimation Improved Baseband Algorithms and Technology Trends Equalization Multiuser Detection STC and MIMO Technologies Technology Trends Interworking Between 3GPP and WLAN Systems Ultra Wideband Radio 388 A Appendix A: ML detection for uncoded QPSK 391 B Appendix B: SIR computation 395 References 399 Index 417

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19 Preface During 2001 we surveyed the literature for books describing developing a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) modem. We knew the book by Young [1] which is a well written textbook with an emphasis on RF, from an engineer with many years industrial hands-on experience. Another good book, with an emphasis on digital signal processing, is by Frerking [2], who gives enough theoretical background to solve practical problems in modem design. Both books cover the technology and engineering aspects well for frequency and time division duplex systems, but not code division multiple access modems. After the release of the first version of the 3GPP standard, Release 99, it was possible to make the content of the standards available in a more accessible form. The book by Holma and Toskala [3] has become a common reference throughout our industry and beyond. This book describes the standards very well with perhaps a slight emphasis on network operation. In early 2002, the editors felt that it would also be useful to have a book which describes not only how WCDMA works, but also provides some information regarding the design of the WCDMA Access Stratum (AS) in a handset. We suggested writing such a book, and the contributing authors offered to help us. The result is a book on WCDMA for the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), with an emphasis on the development of a handset. The reader is expected to be familiar with basic communications theory, Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA), and some digital signal processing concepts. These could not be treated here in depth since the size of the book is limited and the engineering issues are complex. However, we hope that we have been able to include enough detail on the standards, and on the operation of the access stratum in a handset, to support the practical and engineering aspects of WCDMA modem design and implementation. This book is not intended to fully define the operation and implementation of a WCDMA mobile terminal, but to provide the reader with sufficient information to understand the issues associated with this, and to make the normative 3GPP specifications more accessible.

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21 Acknowledgements The editors and the authors would like to thank the following people for reviewing the chapters and providing valuable suggestions, in alphabetical order: Andrew Alexander, Francoise Bannister, Chris Esplin-Jones, Juan Garcia, Stephen Goodwin, Nick Hallam-Baker, Moritz Harteneck, Jimmy James, Gopi Krishna, Tong Liew, Richard Littlewood, Anne McAleer, Mark Norris, Debbie Opuko, Machiel Posthumus, Sergei Senin, Jon Thackray, Battula Venkateswara and John Wilson. The editors would like to thank the team at Wiley for their support and help, a special thank you goes to Sophie Evans for her assistance and Mark Hammond for his patience with us. Last but not least, special thanks to Katherine Woodard and Christine Tanner, for their help and patience with us while we dedicated a significant amount of our free time to this project over the last eighteen months.

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23 Abbreviations Use as defined by 3GPP. 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 AbS Analysis by synthesis AC Alternating current ACELP Algebraic code-excited linear predictive ACK Acknowledgement ACLR Adjacent channel leakage ratio ACP Adjacent channel power ACS Add compare select or Add compare select ADC Analogue to digital conversion AFC Automatic frequency control AGC Automatic gain control AI Acquisition indicator AICH Acquisition indicator channel AM Acknowledged mode AMC Adaptive modulation and coding AMD Acknowledged mode data AMPS Advanced mobile phone service AMR Adaptive multi rate speech codec AP Access preamble AP-AICH Access preamble acquisition indicator channel ARB Arbitrary waveform generator

24 xxii ABBREVIATION ARIB ARPU ARQ AS ASC ASN.1 AWGN BB BCCH BCH BER BLER BMC BO bps BPSK BRP BS BTFD C/I C-RNC C-RNTI C-SAP CBMC CBS CC CCC CCCH CCTrCH CD CD/CA-ICH CDMA CDP CFN CID CMAC CN CPCH CPDCP CPHY CPICH CQI CR Association of radio industries and business Average revenue per user Automatic repeat request Access stratum Access service class Abstract syntax notation no.1 Additive white Gaussian noise Baseband Broadcast control channel Broadcast channel Bit error ratio Block error rate Broadcast/multicast control Buffer occupancy bits per second Binary phase shift keying Bit rate processing Base station Blind transport format detection Carrrier/interference ratio Controlling radio network controller Cell-RNTI Control SAP Control BMC interface Cell broadcast service Call control or certification criteria CPCH control commands Common control channel Coded composite transport channel Collision detection Collision detection/channel assignment indicator channel Code division multiple access Collision detection preamble Connection frame number Context identifier Control MAC interface Core network Common packet channel Control PDCP interface Control physical layer interface Common pilot channel Channel quality indicator Chip rate

25 ABBREVIATION xxiii CRC CRLC CRP CS CSICH CTCH CW CWTS D-RNC DAC DC DCCH DCH DCR DCS DD DECO DL DLL DPCCH DPCH DPDCH DRAC DRNC DRP DRX DSCH DSP DSSS DTCH DTX DUT EDGE EFR EFSM EIRP ENOB ETSI EVM FACH FB FCC FDD Cyclic redundancy check Control RLC interface Chip rate processing Circuit switched CPCH status indicator channel Common traffic channel Continuous wave Chinese wireless telecommunications standard Dynamic radio network controller Digital to analogue conversion Direct current Dedicated control channel Dedicated channel Direct conversion receiver Digital cellular standard Delay diversity Decorrelation detector Downlink Delay locked loop Dedicated physical control channel Dedicated physical channel Dedicated physical data channel Dynamic resource allocation procedure Drift radio network controller Digital reference point Discontinuous reception Downlink shared channel Digital signal processing Direct sequence spread spectrum Dedicated traffic channel Discontinuous transmission Device under test Enhanced datarate for the GSM evolution Enhanced full rate speech codec Enhanced finite state machine Equivalent isotropic radiated power Effective number of bits European telecommunications standard institute Error vector magnitude Forward access channel Feedback Federal communications commission Frequency division duplex

26 xxiv ABBREVIATION FEC Forward error correction FFT Fast Fourier transform FHT Fast Hadamard transforms FIR Finite impulse response FM Frequency modulation GCF General certification forum GERAN GSM/EDGE radio access network GMSK Gaussian minimum shift keying GPRS General packet radio system GPS Global positioning system GSM Global system for mobile communications GSM-MAP GSM-mobile applications part H-RNTI HS-DSCH radio network temporary identifier HS-DSCH High speed downlink shared channel HS-PDSCH High speed physical downlink shared channel HS-SCCH High speed shared control channel HARQ Hybrid automatic repeat request HC Header compression HDF Hard decision feedback detector HHO Hard handover HLS Higher level scheduling HNN Hopfield neural network receiver HPSK Hybrid phase shift keying HSCSD High speed circuit switched data HSDPA High speed downlink packet access HS-DPCCH High speed dedicated physical control channel ICI Interchip interference ID Indentifier IE Information element IF Intermediate frequency IFFT Inverse fast fourier transform IMS IP multimedia subsystem IMSI International mobile subscriber identity IMT-2000 International mobile telecommunications 2000 IP Internet protocol IPR Intellectual properly rights IP2/3 Intercept point 2/3 IPDL Idle periods in the downlink IQ In-phase quadrature-phase IR Incremental redundancy IS-95 Interim standard 1995 ISDN Integrated services digital network ISPP Interleaved single-pulse permutation

27 ABBREVIATION xxv ITP kbps L1 L2 L3 LAN LC LCS LI LLR LMU LNA LO LOS LPC LSB LSF LSN LSR M-LWDF MAC MAI MAP Mbps Mcps MCS MF MGW MIB MIMO Mips ML MLP MLSE MMSE MOSFET MR MRC MSB MSC MSE MUD NACK Initial transmit power kilo bits per second Layer 1 (physical layer) Layer 2 (data link layer) Layer 3 (network layer) Local area network Inductor capacitor (filter) Location-based services Length indicator Log likelihood ratio Location measurement unit Low noise amplifier Local oscillator Line of sight Linear predition coding Least significant bit Line spectrum frequency Last sequence number Lossless SRNS relocation Modified largest weight delay first Medium access control Multiple access interference Maximum a posteriori Mega bits per second Mega chips per second Modulation and coding scheme Matched filter Media gateway Master information block Multiple input multiple output channel Million instructions per second Maximum likelihood Multilayer perceptron neural network Maximum likelihood sequence estimator Minimum mean square error detector Metal oxide silicon field effect transistor Maximum rate Maximum ratio combining Most significant bit Mobile switching centre Mean square error Multiuser detection Negative acknowledgement

28 xxvi ABBREVIATION NAS NBAP NF NLMS NNB Node B NT OCNS OFDM OLPC OOR OSI OTD OTDOA OVSF P-CCPCH P-CPICH P-SCH PA PAPR PBP PBU PC PCCH PCH PCP PCPCH PCS PDC PDCP PDP PDSCH PDU PED PER PF PhCH PHY PIC PICH PID PL PLMN Non access stratum Node B application part Noise figure Normalized least mean square Neural network based receivers 3GPP term for a base station Notification Orthogonal channel noise source/simulator Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Outer loop power control Out of range Open system interconnection Orthogonal transmit diversity Observed time difference of arrival Orthogonal variable spreading factor Primary common control physical channel Primary commom pilot channel Primary synchronization channel Power amplifier Peak to average power ratio Paging block periodicity Piggybacking unit Power control Paging control channel Paging channel Power control preamble Physical common packet channel Personal communication system Pacific digital cellular Packet data convergence protocol Packet data protocol Physical downlink shared channel Protocol data unit Polynomial expansion detector Packet error rate Proportionally fair Physical channel Physical layer interface Parallel interference cancellation detector Page indicator channel Packet identifier value Puncturing limit Public land mobile network

29 ABBREVIATION xxvii PN PPP PRACH PS PSTN QAM QoS QPSK RAB RACH RB RC RF RL RLC RNC RNN RNTI ROHC RPP RR RRC RRM RSC RSCP RSSI RTD RTP RTT R&TTE Rx S-CCPCH S-CPICH S-RNC S-SCH SAD SAI SAP SAS SaW SAW SCDMA SCH Pseudo noise Point-to-point protocol Physical random access channel Packet switched Public switched telephone network Quadrature amplitude modulation Quality of service Quadrature phase shift keying Radio access bearer Random access channel Radio bearer Resistor capacitor (filter) Radio frequency Radio link Radio link control Radio network controller Recurrent neural network receiver Radio network temporary identity Robust header compression Recovery period power Round robin Radio resource controller Radio resource manager Recursive systematic convolutional code Received signal code power Received signal strength indicator Relative time difference Real time protocol Round trip time Radio and telecommunications terminal equipment Receive Secondary common control physical channel Secondary common pilot channel Serving radio network controller Secondary synchronization channel Simulated annealing detector Service area identifier Service access point Stand alone service Stop and wait (ARQ type) Surface acoustic wave (filter) Space code division multiple access Synchronization channel

30 xxviii ABBREVIATION SD SDF SDU SEGSNR SF SFN SFR SGSN SHO SIB SIC SIM SIR SMLC SMS SN SNR SOC SOHO SOVA SR SRNS SSDT STC STTD SVD SVQ TA TACS TB TBS TSF TCP TCP/IP TCTF TDD TDMA TF TFC TFCI TFCS TFRI TFS Spectral distortion Soft decision feedback detector Service data unit Segmental SNR Spreading factor System frame number Spreading factor reduction Serving GPRS support node Soft handover System information block Serial interference cancellation detector Subscriber identity module Signal to interference ratio Serving mobile location centre Short message service Sequence number Signal to noise ratio System on a chip Softer handover Soft output viterbi algorithm Selective repeat or Symbol rate Serving radio network subsystem Site selection diversity TPC Space time coding Space time transmit diversity Singular value decomposition Split vector quantization Type approval Total access communication system Transport block Transport block size Technical construction file Transmission control protocol TCP/Internet protocol Target channel type field Time division duplex Time division multiple access Transport format Transport format combination Transport format combination indicator Transport format combination set Transport format resource indicator Transport format set