WCDMA UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications Third Edition

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1 WCDMA UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications Third Edition Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala Both of Nokia, Finland John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations xv xix xxi 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma, Antti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen 1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems Schedule for Third Generation Systems Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces Core Networks and Services 9 References 10 2 UMTS Services and Applications 11 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services AMR Speech Service ' Video Telephony Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services Images and Multimedia Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) Voice over IP (VoIP) Multiplayer Games Content-to-person Services Browsing Audio and Video Streaming Content Download Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service, MBMS Business Connectivity IP Multimedia Sub-system, IMS 30

3 vi WCDMA for UMTS 2.7 Quality of Service Differentiation Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery Capacity per Subscriber Cost of Capacity Delivery Service Capabilities with Different Terminal Classes Location Services in WCDMA Location Services Cell Coverage Based Location Calculation Observed Time Difference Of Arrival, OTDOA Assisted GPS 44 References 45 3 Introduction to WCDMA 47 Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA Spreading and Despreading Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception Power Control Softer and Soft Handovers 58 References 60 4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 61 Antti Toskala Introduction Background in Europe Wideband CDMA Wideband TDMA Wideband TDMA/CDMA OFDMA ODMA ETSI Selection Background in Japan Background in Korea Background in the United States W-CDMA N/A UWC cdma TR WP-CDMA Creation of 3GPP How does 3GPP Operate? Creation of 3GPP2 Harmonisation Phase

4 Contents vii 4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU Beyond 3GPP Release'99 72 References 73 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75 Fabio Longoni, Atte Ldnsisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 System Architecture UTRAN Architecture The Radio Network Controller The Node B (Base Station) General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces General Horizontal Layers Vertical Planes Iu, the UTRAN-CN Interface Protocol Structure for Iu CS Protocol Structure for Iu PS RANAP Protocol Iu User Plane Protocol Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the SABP Protocol UTRAN Internal Interfaces RNC-RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling RNC-Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution IP Transport in UTRAN Iu Flex Stand Alone SMLC and lupc Interface Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the lur-g Interface All IP RAN Concept UMTS Core Network Architecture and Evolution Release '99 Core Network Elements Release 5 Core Network and IP Multimedia Sub-system 96 References 98 6 Physical Layer 99 Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels Dedicated Transport Channel Common Transport Channels Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels Frame Structure of Transport Channels Spreading and Modulation Scrambling 104

5 viii WCDMA for UMTS Channelisation Codes Uplink Spreading and Modulation Downlink Spreading and Modulation Transmitter Characteristics User Data Transmission Uplink Dedicated Channel Uplink Multiplexing User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel Uplink Common Packet Channel Downlink Dedicated Channel Downlink Multiplexing Downlink Shared Channel Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission Channel Coding for User Data Coding for TFCI Information Signalling Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission Acquisition Indicator Channel (A1CH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Physical Channels for the CPCH Access Procedure Physical Layer Procedures Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure Open Loop Power Control Paging Procedure RACH Procedure CPCH Operation Cell Search Procedure Transmit Diversity Procedure Handover Measurements Procedure Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure Other Measurements Operation with Adaptive Antennas Site Selection Diversity Transmission Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 145 References Radio Interface Protocols 149 Jukka Vialen and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction Protocol Architecture The Medium Access Control Protocol 151

6 Contents ix MAC Layer Architecture MAC Functions Logical Channels Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer The Radio Link Control Protocol RLC Layer Architecture RLC Functions Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer The Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP Layer Architecture PDCP Functions The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol BMC Layer Architecture BMC Functions Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service The Radio Resource Control Protocol &7 RRC Layer Logical Architecture RRC Service States RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures Early UE Handling Principles 183 References Radio Network Planning 185 Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hdmdldinen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipild and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction Dimensioning Radio Link Budgets Load Factors Capacity Upgrade Paths Capacity per km Soft Capacity Network Sharing Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction Planning Tool Case Study Network Optimisation GSM Co-planning Inter-operator Interference Introduction Uplink vs. Downlink Effects Local Downlink Interference Average Downlink Interference 223

7 WCDMA for UMTS Path Loss Measurements Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference WCDMA Frequency Variants Introduction Differences Between Frequency Variants WCDMA1900 in an Isolated 5 MHz Block 228 References Radio Resource Management 231 Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management Power Control Fast Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Handovers Intra-frequency Handovers Inter-system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA Summary of Handovers Measurement of Air Interface Load Uplink Load Downlink Load Admission Control Admission Control Principle Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy Load Control (Congestion Control) 267 References Packet Scheduling 269 Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Round Trip Time User-specific Packet Scheduling Common Channels (RACH/FACH) Dedicated Channel (DCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) J.5 Selection of Transport Channel J.6 Paging Channel States Cell-specific Packet Scheduling Priorities Scheduling Algorithms 289

8 Contents Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover Packet Data System Performance Link Level Performance System Level Performance Packet Data Application Performance Introduction to Application Performance Person-to-person Applications Content-to-person Applications Business Connectivity Conclusions on Application Performance 305 References High-speed Downlink Packet Access 307 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Karri Ranta-aho 11.1 Release '99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities HSDPA Concept HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase HSDPA Physical Layer Structure High-speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates Mobility with HSDPA Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover HS-DSCH to DCH Handover HSDPA Performance Factors Governing Performance Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage S. 4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals Terminal Receiver Aspects Evolution Beyond Release Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Conclusion 344 References 345

9 xii WCDMA for UMTS 12 Physical Layer Performance 347 Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihridld and Markku Juntti 12.1 Introduction ' Cell Coverage Uplink Coverage Downlink Coverage Downlink Cell Capacity Downlink Orthogonal Codes Downlink Transmit Diversity Downlink Voice Capacity Capacity Trials Single Cell Capacity Trials Multicell Capacity Trials Summary GPP Performance Requirements E b /N 0 Performance RF Noise Figure Performance Enhancements Smart Antenna Solutions Multiuser Detection 398 References UTRA TDD Modes 411 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Otto Lehtinen and Heli Vddtdjd 13.1 Introduction Time Division Duplex (TDD) Differences in the Network Level Architecture UTRA TDD Physical Layer ' Transport and Physical Channels Modulation and Spreading Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures All 13.3 UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation TDD-TDD Interference TDD and FDD Co-existence Unlicensed TDD Operation Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference HSDPA Operation with TDD Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook on UTRA TDD 431 References 431

10 Contents xiii 14 cdma Antti Toskala 14.1 Introduction Logical Channels Physical Channels Multicarrier Mode Spreading and Modulation Uplink Spreading and Modulation Downlink Spreading and Modulation User Data Transmission Uplink Data Transmission Downlink Data Transmission Channel Coding for User Data Signalling Pilot Channel Synch Channel Broadcast Channel Quick Paging Channel Common Power Control Channel Common and Dedicated Control Channels Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission Physical Layer Procedures Power Control Procedure Cell Search Procedure Random Access Procedure Handover Measurements Procedure 444 References 445 Index 447

WCDMA FOR UMTS - HSPA

WCDMA FOR UMTS - HSPA EVOLUTION AND LXE Fourth Edition Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala Both of Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland 1ICENTENNIAL B1CENTENN1AL. John Wiley &. Sons, Ltd Contents Preface