WCDMA FOR UMTS - HSPA

Transcription

1 WCDMA FOR UMTS - HSPA EVOLUTION AND LXE Fourth Edition Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala Both of Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland 1ICENTENNIAL B1CENTENN1AL. John Wiley &. Sons, Ltd

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations xvii xxi xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 WCDMA in Third-Generation Systems Spectrum Allocations for Third-Generation Systems Requirements for Third-Generation Systems WCDMA and its Evolution System Evolution 6 References 6 2 UMTS Services 9 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services AMR-NB and AMR-WB Speech Services Video Telephony Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services Messaging Push-to-Talk over Cellular Voice over IP Multiplayer Games Content-to-Person Services Browsing Audio and Video Streaming Content Download Business Connectivity Location Services Cell-Coverage-Based Location Calculation Assisted GPS 28

3 vi Contents 2.7 QoS Differentiation Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery Capacity per Subscriber Cost of Voice and Data Delivery Summary 37 References 38 3 Introduction to WCDMA 39 Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA Spreading and Despreading Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception Power Control Softer and Soft Handovers 50 References 52 4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 53 Antti Toskala Introduction Background in Europe Wideband CDMA Wideband TDMA Wideband TDMA/CDMA OFDMA ODMA ETSI Selection Background in Japan Background in Korea Background in the United States W-CDMA N/A UWC-136 cdma2000 TR46.1 WP-CDMA Creation of 3GPP How does 3GPP Operate? Creation of 3GPP2 Harmonisation Phase IMT-2000 Process in ITU Beyonc l 3GPP Release 99 References

4 Contents vn 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 67 Fabio Longoni, Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 System Architecture UTRAN Architecture The Radio Network Controller The Node B (Base Station) General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces General Horizontal Layers Vertical Planes lu, the UTRAN-CN Interface Protocol Structure for lu CS Protocol Structure for lu PS RANAP Protocol lu User Plane Protocol Protocol Structure of lu BC, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol UTRAN Internal Interfaces RNC-RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling RNC-Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution IP Transport in UTRAN lu Flex Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface Interworking Between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface IP-Based RAN Architecture UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution Release 99 CN Elements Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem 88 References 89 6 Physical Layer 91 Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels Dedicated Transport Channel Common Transport Channels Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels Frame Structure of Transport Channels Spreading and Modulation Scrambling Channelisation Codes 96

5 viii Contents Uplink Spreading and Modulation Downlink Spreading and Modulation Transmitter Characteristics User Data Transmission Uplink Dedicated Channel Uplink Multiplexing User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel Uplink Common Packet Channel Downlink Dedicated Channel Downlink Multiplexing Downlink Shared Channel Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission Channel Coding for User Data Coding for TFCI Information Signalling Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) Random Access Channel (RÄCH) for Signalling Transmission Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Physical Layer Procedures Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure Open-Loop Power Control Paging Procedure RÄCH Procedure Cell Search Procedure Transmit Diversity Procedure Handover Measurements Procedure Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure YL Other Measurements Operation with Adaptive Antennas Site Selection Diversity Transmission Terminal Radio Access Capabilities Conclusions 137 References Radio Interface Protocols 139 Jukka Vialen and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction Protocol Architecture The Medium Access Control Protocol MAC Layer Architecture MAC Functions Logical Channels 143

6 Contents ix Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer The Radio Link Control Protocol RLC Layer Architecture RLC Functions Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer The Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP Layer Architecture PDCP Functions The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol BMC Layer Architecture BMC Functions Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service The Radio Resource Control Protocol RRC Layer Logical Architecture RRC Service States RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures Early UE Handling Principles Improvements for Call Setup Time Reduction 172 References Radio Network Planning 175 Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hämäläinen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipilä and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction Dimensioning Radio Link Budgets Load Factors Capacity Upgrade Paths Capacity per km Soft Capacity Network Sharing Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction Planning Tool Case Study Network Optimisation GSM Co-planning Inter-operator Interference Introduction Uplink versus Downlink Effects Local Downlink Interference Average Downlink Interference Path Loss Measurements Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference 215

7 X Contents 8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants UMTS Refarming to GSM900 Band GPP Blocking Requirements Uncoordinated GSM900 + UMTS Coordinated GSM900 + UMTS Remaining GSM900 Voice Capacity 220 References Radio Resource Management 223 Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management Power Control Fast Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Handovers Intra-frequency Handovers Inter-system Handovers between WCDMA and GSM Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA Summary of Handovers Measurement of Air Interface Load UplinkLoad Downlink Load Admission Control Admission Control Principle Wideband Power-based Admission Control Strategy Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy Load Control (Congestion Control) 259 References Packet Scheduling 261 Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Round Trip Time User-specific Packet Scheduling Common Channels (RACH/FACH) Dedicated Channel (DCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) Selection of Transport Channel 27' Paging Channel States Cell-specific Packet Scheduling Priorities 280

8 Contents xi Scheduling Algorithms Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover Packet Data System Performance Link Level Performance System Level Performance Packet Data Application Performance Introduction to Application Performance Person-to-person Applications Content-to-person Applications Business Connectivity Conclusions on Application Performance 297 References Physical Layer Performance 299 Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihriälä and Markku Juntti 11.1 Introduction CellCoverage Uplink Coverage Downlink Coverage Downlink Cell Capacity Downlink Orthogonal Codes Downlink Transmit Diversity Downlink Voice Capacity Capacity Trials Single Cell Capacity Trials Multicell Capacity Trials Summary GPP Performance Requirements E b /N 0 Performance RF Noise Figure Performance Enhancements Smart Antenna Solutions Multiuser Detection 350 References High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 363 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 12.1 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities HSDPA Concept HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 367

9 xii Contents High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates Mobility with HSDPA Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover Inter-Node-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover HS-DSCH to DCH Handover HSDPA Performance Factors Governing Performance Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals HSPA Link Budget HSDPA Iub Dimensioning HSPA Round-Trip Time Terminal Receiver Aspects Evolution in Release Conclusions 401 References High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 403 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho 13.1 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities HSUPA Concept HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture HSUPA Iub Operation HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase HSUPA Physical Layer Structure E-DCH and Related Control Channels Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH) Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH) E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH) E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH) E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation HSUPA Terminal Capability HSUPA Performance Increased Data Rates Physical Layer Retransmission Combining All Node B-Based Scheduling 417

10 Contents xiii HSUPA Link Budget Impact Delay and QoS Overall Capacity Conclusions 421 References Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 423 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen 14.1 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Concept MBMS Impact on Network Architecture High-Level MBMS Procedures MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections Example Radio Interface Procedure During MBMS Session Start MBMS Terminal Capability Selective Combining and Soft Combining MBMS Performance The 3GPP Performance Requirements Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity Iub Transport Capacity MBMS Deployment and Use Cases Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H GPP MBMS Evolution in Release Summary 442 References High-Speed Packet Access Evolution (HSPA+) in 3GPP Release Harri Holma, Antti Toskala, Karri Ranta-aho, Juho Pirskanen and Jorma Kaikkonen 15.1 Introduction Setup Time Reduction Peak Data Rate Increase with MIMO and 16QAM/64QAM Layer 2 Optimisation Throughput Evolution with Enhanced Terminals Mobile Power Consumption Reduction with Continuous Packet Connectivity Voice-over-IP (VoIP) Capacity Enhancements Fiat Architecture Summary 461 References 461

11 xiv Contents 16 UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 463 Antti Toskala and Harri Holma Background Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions LTE Impact on Network Architecture LTE Multiple Access OFDMA Principles SC-FDMA Principles LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters LTE Protocols Performance Peak Bit Rates Spectral Efficiency Link Budget and Coverage Summary 483 References UTRA TDD Modes 485 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Otto Lehtinen and Hell Väätäjä 17.1 Introduction Time Division Duplex (TDD) Differences in the Network-Level Architecture UTRA TDD Physical Layer Transport and Physical Channels Modulation and Spreading Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation TDD-TDD Interference TDD and FDD Coexistence Unlicensed TDD Operation Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference HSDPA Operation with TDD Release 7 TDD Enhancements Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook on UTRA TDD 505 References Terminal Radio-Frequency Design Challenges 507 Laurent Noel, Antti Toskala and Dominique Brunei 18.1 Introduction Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-off Phase Discontinuity 514

12 Contents xv 18.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements Inter-Operator Interference Impact of RF Impairments on HSDPA System Performance Multi-Mode/Band Challenges From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity New Requirements due to Coexistence Front-End Integration Strategies and Design Trends Impact on Today 's Architectures Conclusions 532 References 532 Index 535